Sexual Health News

[Big Sexy]

HIV drugs provide added benefit of protecting against hepatitis B virus
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/10/151012180922.htm

Date:October 12, 2015
Source:Johns Hopkins Medicine
Summary: In a study involving 2,400 men who have sex with men who were also enrolled in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, researchers report that men with HIV who were treated effectively with HIV therapy — defined as no detectable HIV virus in the blood — were the least likely (80 percent less likely) to get infected with HBV over a median follow-up of approximately 9.5 years

Previous studies of individuals with HIV have suggested that HIV drug regimens that included drugs active against hepatitis B virus (HBV) can decrease the risk of infection with the liver-damaging HBV. Now, in a study involving 2,400 men who have sex with men who were also enrolled in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, researchers report that men with HIV who were treated effectively with HIV therapy -- defined as no detectable HIV virus in the blood -- were the least likely (80 percent less likely) to get infected with HBV over a median follow-up of approximately 9.5 years, compared with men with HIV who were not on HIV therapy or men who had detectable HIV virus while on HIV therapy. In fact, the men on effective HIV therapy had the same risk of HBV infection as the men who did not have HIV.

report of the finding, published in the October issue of Annals of Internal Medicine, is based on analysis of information on men who have sex with men who were not infected with HBV when they first enrolled in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study, which began in 1984 in four U.S. cities, 12 years before effective HIV therapy became available.

"What this means to us is that effective HIV therapy appears to restore an impairment in the immune response that protects someone with HIV from acquiring hepatitis B infection," says senior author Chloe Thio, M.D., professor of medicine at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.

This study also confirmed what researchers have known for some time: that vaccination against HBV protects individuals from acquiring a new HBV infection regardless of HIV infection status, Thio says.

"We found a 70 percent reduction in new HBV infections in the men who reported receiving at least one dose of HBV vaccine," says lead author Oluwaseun Falade-Nwulia, M.D., M.P.H., an assistant professor of medicine at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. Sadly, she reports, "vaccination rates, even in high-risk individuals, such as men who have sex with men, remain low, and we need to do a better job of encouraging vaccination."

At the start of the study in 1984, 41 percent of men with HIV had been vaccinated against HBV, compared with 28 percent of men without HIV. The proportion of men who received more than one dose of HBV vaccine increased to 60 percent by the end of the study period in 2013 -- 67 percent versus 58 percent among men with and without HIV, respectively. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, adults getting the HBV vaccine should get three doses, all within six months.

While the findings highlight the benefits of effective HIV therapy in those with HIV that go beyond suppressing the virus, the researchers say, without increased HBV prevention in men who have sex with men, control of the epidemic in this population cannot be achieved. Approximately 15 to 25 percent of new HBV infections in the United States occur in men who have sex with men.

Thio and Falade-Nwulia say they plan to study next whether effective HIV therapy also reduces the risk of developing a chronic hepatitis B infection and to learn which parts of the immune system are being restored by effective HIV therapy to protect against HBV.

[Big Sexy]

Alcohol and first sexual experience: Risks for young women
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/10/151015141417.htm

Date:October 15, 2015
Source:University at Buffalo
Summary: If a young woman's first sexual experience involves alcohol, she is more likely to be at risk for problems such as sexual assault, and this risk may persist in her future, new research finds.

f a young woman's first sexual experience involves alcohol, she is more likely to be at risk for problems such as sexual assault, and this risk may persist in her future, new research finds.

The study, authored by Jennifer A. Livingston, PhD, senior research scientist at the University at Buffalo Research Institute on Addictions (RIA), surveyed 228 women, ages 18 to 20, about their sexual experiences and drinking habits. The average age the women began drinking was 14 and the average age for first sexual intercourse was 16.

Livingston found that first sexual experiences involving alcohol were most likely to occur outside the context of a relationship (a "hook-up"), with a partner who was also using substances and after a social gathering involving alcohol. Alcohol-involved first experiences were less planned, less desired and rated more negatively overall than those not involving alcohol, which usually occurred in the context of a romantic relationship and were described as wanted, planned and more positive.

"Drinking to intoxication places adolescent females at increased risk through exposure to high-risk sexual partners found in drinking contexts such as parties. These partners may be significantly older, more aggressive, not well-known or substance users themselves," Livingston says. "Over time, these young women continued to use alcohol in conjunction with sex, which further exposed them to high-risk partners. In these contexts, there is less discussion of birth control and greater risk of sexually transmitted diseases, sexual assault and unintended pregnancy."

Disturbingly, nearly 20 percent of the young women in the alcohol-involved group reported their first intercourse experiences were without consent, or rape. Even more troubling, these young women were found to be three times more likely to be victims of incapacitated rape in the future.

Livingston says this study raises questions about how schools and parents approach talking about drinking and sex. "Traditionally, substance use prevention efforts and sexuality education aimed at middle and high school students have been approached separately," Livingston says. "Results of this study suggest that it would be beneficial to combine the two. Alcohol-related risks should be addressed in sexuality education and sexual risks included in substance use prevention. Interventions aimed at delaying the initiation of alcohol use or reducing heavy drinking may have the added benefit of reducing risky sexual behavior."

[Big Sexy]

Updated Pap smear test guidelines lead to decreased STI screening, study finds
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/10/151015144701.htm

Date:October 15, 2015
Source:St. Michael's Hospital
Summary:Following the introduction of Cancer Care Ontario's 2012 cervical cancer screening guidelines, female patients were 50 per cent less likely to undergo screening for sexually transmitted infections, a new study has found.

Following the introduction of Cancer Care Ontario's 2012 cervical cancer screening guidelines, female patients were 50 per cent less likely to undergo screening for sexually transmitted infections, a new St. Michael's study has found.

The research, published in Canadian Family Physician, tracked patient charts across five primary care sites at St. Michael's Hospital in the year before the guidelines changed and the year after.

The study found that the guidelines not only reduced Pap smear tests by 60 per cent (from 42 to 17 per cent), but also resulted in decreased screening rates for gonorrhea and chlamydia -- the two most common STIs in women aged 15 to 24 -- from 40 to 20 per cent.

"Historically, we know that Pap tests and STI screening are linked because they're often performed at the same time," said Dr. Tali Bogler, a family physician at St. Michael's and the study's lead researcher. "Now that the Ontario guidelines delay cervical cancer screening until age 21 and also recommend less frequent intervals, we found that women weren't visiting family physicians as often for Pap tests, causing a drop in STI screening as well."

Female patients were also less likely to be screened for syphilis, hepatitis C and HIV under the new guidelines. The findings are concerning, especially because over the past 10 years chlamydia and gonorrhea rates in Canadians rose by 72 and 53 per cent, respectively.

"Based on prevalence trends, our findings suggest a possibly harmful public health consequence," said Dr. Bogler. "These infections are extremely common in young women; therefore it's critical that family physicians find new and innovative ways to screen for STIs in sexually active women under 25."

Before 2012, women were advised to start cervical cancer screening within three years of becoming sexually active, followed by annual screening. After three normal Pap results, screenings were recommended every two or three years until the age of 70.

However, Cancer Care Ontario released new guidelines in May 2012 advising screening start at age 21 in women who are or ever have been sexually active, with three-year screening intervals if Pap results are normal. Most Ontario physicians follow these guidelines, but to the researchers' knowledge, there have been no studies investigating the impact of the new Ontario guidelines on STI screening.

"Primary care providers must explore other opportunities to discuss sexual health with their female patients and screen for STIs in at-risk women," said Dr. Bogler. "Self-administered swabs and urine tests are highly accurate for detecting STIs and can be easily extended into community settings."

The researchers suggest that these non-invasive testing methods could be used in high schools, universities and other community outreach sites to help young women access treatment and avoid the long-term health issues caused by untreated STIs -- such as pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility and ectopic pregnancy.

[Big Sexy]

Researchers propose novel solution to HIV prevention
Rectal microbicides delivered as enemas or douches as a possible tool to prevent HIV
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/10/151015183450.htm

Date:October 15, 2015
Source:University of California - Riverside
Summary: Enemas are commonly used by men who have sex with men (MSM) and transwomen (TW) before sexual intercourse. But these groups are vulnerable to HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) because enemas can seriously damage the thin tissue lining the rectum. A research group that worked recently with Peruvian MSM and TW proposes a rectal microbicide formulated as an enema to prevent HIV and possibly other STIs.

Enemas are commonly used by men who have sex with men (MSM) and transwomen (TW) before sexual intercourse. But these groups are vulnerable to HIV and a host of other sexually transmitted infections because enemas -- even those that use tap water -- can seriously damage the thin tissue lining the rectum, allowing for easier transmission of harmful viruses and bacteria.

A research group that worked recently with Peruvian MSM and TW now proposes an approach: a rectal microbicide formulated as an enema to prevent HIV and possibly other sexually transmitted infections.

"A douche-based rectal microbicide that is safe and effective could play an important role by providing another HIV prevention option for these highly vulnerable groups," said Brandon Brown, an assistant professor in the School of Medicine at the University of California, Riverside, who led the research project. "In view of the expanding global HIV epidemics in MSM and TW, there is an urgent and immediate need for novel HIV prevention options, such as the douche-based rectal microbicides we propose, that can be readily incorporated into existing sexual practices."

Study results appeared online this week in AIDS and Behavior.

"While we conducted the study among MSM and TW in Peru, our findings may extend to these groups locally and globally," said Brown, a member of the Center for Healthy Communities at UCR. "Unfortunately, little is known about rectal douching practices among these groups and the damage such practices may cause."

For the study, the team led by Brown examined during February 2012-February 2013 the prevalence of enema use among 415 MSM and 68 TW in Lima, Peru. Participants completed a self-administered interview on rectal douching practices to inform rectal microbicide douche development. In the previous 6 months, 18 percent of participants reported rectal douching, and those who reported douching were mainly those who had some receptive sexual role.

"We found that men who douched prior to sex did it primarily for hygiene and pleasure. We should capitalize on these reasons to increase this practice and eventually include a rectal microbicide for HIV prevention," Brown said.

The study was conducted in Epicentro, a gay men's health center in Lima that provides free and low-cost health and social services for MSM and TW. During the study period, the researchers invited MSM and TW who attended Epicentro for any reason to participate in the study. The researchers also recruited participants at bars, clubs and volleyball courts frequented by MSM and TW, and via social media. Participants referred other MSM and TW to the study.

"Based on the findings from this study and previous studies on rectal microbicides, we need to learn more about the sexual practices and beliefs among diverse MSM and TW," Brown said. "In the absence of the availability of oral antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis or PrEP in Peru and globally we need to explore additional venues for HIV prevention. Rectal microbicides are one possible cost-effective tool to prevent HIV."

Brown explained that oral PrEP may not be for everyone, and not all MSM and TW use lubes for sex.

"The more we know about rectal douching practices, the better situated we will be for developing interventions with rectal microbicides," he said.

[Big Sexy]

Better communication about sex is just as effective as 'female Viagra'
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/10/151019072032.htm

Date:October 19, 2015
Source: Medical University of Vienna
Summary: A hormone treatment with oxytocin improves the sexual experience of women suffering from sexual dysfunction. However, a control group that only received a placebo via a nasal spray, showed similar improvements. Sexual dysfunction in women is therefore not merely a question of a chemical hormone deficiency but is often also a sign of a lack of communication with a partner and an expression of everyday stress, emphasizes an expert.

A hormone treatment with oxytocin improves the sexual experience of women suffering from sexual dysfunction. This is the finding of a study conducted at MedUni Vienna, which has now been published in the journal Fertility and Sterility. However, a control group that only received a placebo via a nasal spray, showed similar improvements. Sexual dysfunction in women is therefore not merely a question of a chemical hormone deficiency but is often also a sign of a lack of communication with a partner and an expression of everyday stress, emphasizes Michaela Bayerle-Eder, specialist in internal medicine and sexual medicine at MedUni Vienna.

Oxytocin, which is known as the "bonding hormone," is also thought to enhance sexuality. In order to investigate this, 30 women taking part in an eight-month long-term study conducted by the Department of Clinical Pharmacology at MedUni Vienna used an oxytocin nasal spray immediately before intercourse. The test subjects were women with sexual dysfunction (arousal problems, inorgasmia, painful intercourse etc.). Together with their partners, the women kept a diary and used a questionnaire to assess how sexual function changed for them during the treatment. A control group was given a placebo for the same period of time.

The result: although the sex lives and sexual satisfaction of the women receiving oxytocin treatment improved significantly, the group that only received a placebo also had significantly improved scores.

Sexuality as the "highest" form of communication between two people

For project leader Michaela Bayerle-Eder, doctor of internal medicine and sexual medicine at MedUni Vienna (currently working in the Endocrinology Division of the University Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology), this proves just how important communication with one's partner is to sexual satisfaction: "Clearly the fact that the women thought more about their sexuality and spoke with their partners about sex during the course of the study in itself brought about measurable improvements." This therefore suggests that it is often only misunderstandings that prevent couples from fully expressing and enjoying their sexuality. "Sexual problems are often caused by the stress of everyday life rather than any chemical deficiency in a woman's hormone balance." If sexual problems arise, it is therefore advisable to seek medical advice as soon as possible to try to track down the cause.

"Female Viagra" is not a wonder drug

A drug called flibanserin, which was only approved by the US FDA (Federal Drug Administration) at the third attempt and is being marketed in the US in October 2015 under the name "Addyi," produced similar results in clinical trials. This drug, which is being called a sex pill for women or "Female Viagra" changes the hormone balance in the brain and in this way increases a woman's sexual desire, thus resulting in more enjoyable sex. But, once again, clear improvements in sexual function were also found in the placebo group. Moreover, this drug has unpleasant side-effects such as dizziness, fatigue and nausea and can only be prescribed by doctors who have been trained in its use and are authorized to do so by the FDA. "So we are still a long way from a sex pill for women," explains Bayerle-Eder and makes the plea: "Up to 40% of women and more than 30% of men suffer from some form of sexual dysfunction, which detracts from their quality of life, and this figure is even as high as 90% amongst chronically ill patients. In order to meet the "WHO criteria 2006" for maintaining health, it is important that sexual medicine should be an important part of medical training and advanced training."

The "Interdisciplinary Sexual Medicine" symposium, which takes place in the MedUni Vienna auditorium center in Vienna General Hospital (Währinger Gürtel 18-20) on 20 -- 21 November 2015 will look at this subject from different perspectives. It is directed at representatives of all medical disciplines that are concerned with sexual dysfunction.

[Big Sexy]

Outreach increases completion of HPV vaccination series by adolescent girls
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/10/151019103752.htm

Date:October 19, 2015
Source:UT Southwestern Medical Center
Summary:A multicomponent outreach program increased completion of the three-dose human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination series that reduces the risk of cervical cancer caused by the virus, say researchers.

A joint study by UT Southwestern Medical Center and Parkland Health & Hospital System investigators found that a multicomponent outreach program increased completion of the three-dose human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination series that reduces the risk of cervical cancer caused by the virus.

"Delivery of the HPV vaccine in safety-net settings is critically important because uninsured African-American and Hispanic women have higher rates of cervical cancer," said Dr. Jasmin Tiro, Associate Professor of Clinical Sciences at UT Southwestern, who led the study.

According to the National Cancer Institute (NCI), HPVs are the most common types of sexually transmitted infections in the United States and can be spread by vaginal, anal, or oral sex. Completing the HPV vaccine series before beginning sexual activity reduces risk of infection from the HPV types targeted by the vaccine. HPV infection can cause cervical, head and neck, and anal cancers, plus genital warts.

Despite the HPV vaccine being available since 2006, challenges remain in persuading parents and their teenage children to complete the vaccine series.

"Teens should receive all three recommended doses to protect against HPV infections that can persist and lead to cervical cancer," added Dr. Tiro, also Co-Leader of the Cancer Control and Population Science Program at UT Southwestern's Harold C. Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center.

Published in the journal Pediatrics, this study is the first to compare effectiveness in safety-net populations of HPV-specific information and follow-up calls to those overdue for later doses of the vaccine versus more traditional general vaccine information. The work was funded by the Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas.

The study was conducted at Parkland, the public health system for Dallas County, the ninth largest county by population and one of the most ethnically diverse counties in the U.S. From Parkland's system of 10 neighborhood-based pediatric clinics, researchers identified four clinics with the largest volume of patients aged 11 to 18. All of the clinics use electronic health records. At the time of this study (2010-2011), the vaccine was only recommended for girls. Since then, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices has recommended that boys also receive the vaccine.

The 814 girls in the study were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Those in one group received a general adolescent vaccine brochure. Members of the other group received an HPV vaccine-specific brochure, plus telephone calls to parents who declined, and reminder calls to patients overdue for the second and third doses of the vaccine. One year later, HPV one-dose and three-dose coverage rates were assessed via electronic health records. Study participants were diverse -- 68 percent Hispanic and 28 percent African-American.

The HPV vaccine-specific educational brochure, designed to motivate parents to start the series, had mixed results by race/ethnicity. Developed with feedback from Parkland parents to explain the value of the cancer-fighting HPV vaccine in a culturally sensitive manner, the brochure was effective for Hispanic parents only.

"Our study shows that one brochure does not work for all parents at Parkland. Parents have different information needs, and different messages will motivate them to start the series. As a follow-up to this study, our current grant from the NCI supports testing a tablet-based self-persuasion intervention to address the needs of different subpopulations at Parkland -- adolescent girls and boys, Hispanics, and African-Americans," said Dr. Tiro.

The senior author of the study is Dr. Donna Persaud, Parkland's Chief of Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine, Population Health Division.

"As a result of this research partnership, Parkland has focused on improving vaccine outreach, education, and parent-provider discussions with African-American families," said Dr. Persaud. "We are implementing a quality improvement program funded by the state's Delivery System Reform Incentive Payment (DSRIP) Program. Preliminary results show a small, steady increase in HPV vaccine completion among African-American girls by their 13th birthday. The rate increased from 14.8 percent to 21.1 percent during the period October 2014 through September 2015."

"HPV vaccine delivery is challenging because of the dosing schedule and parental hesitation about vaccines," said contributing author Dr. Celette Sugg Skinner, Interim Chair of the Department of Clinical Sciences, Associate Director for Population Research at the Simmons Cancer Center, and holder of the Parkland Community Medicine Professorship at UT Southwestern. "Given these challenges, we must offer both education and vaccine opportunities at all health care visits. UT Southwestern and Parkland are committed to eliminating health care disparities and improving cancer prevention services."

The authors recommend that future research test mechanisms that may mediate intervention effects for different racial/ethnic groups, such as different informational needs, experiences, norms, or cultural beliefs.

[Big Sexy]

Sex May Boost Female Immune System to Aid Fertility
http://health.usnews.com/health-news/articles/2015/10/07/sex-may-boost-female-immune-system-to-aid-fertility

WEDNESDAY, Oct. 7, 2015 (HealthDay News) -- Sex at any time in a woman's monthly cycle may trigger immune system changes that boost the likelihood of getting pregnant, a new study suggests.

The findings could eventually prove useful for couples trying to conceive, researchers from Indiana University at Bloomington said.

"It's a common recommendation that partners trying to have a baby should engage in regular intercourse to increase the woman's changes of getting pregnant -- even during so-called 'nonfertile' periods -- although it's unclear how this works," said lead investigator Tierney Lorenz, from the university's Kinsey Institute.

"This research is the first to show that the sexual activity may cause the body to promote types of immunity that support conception," she said in a university news release. "It's a new answer to an old riddle: How does sex that doesn't happen during the fertile window still improve fertility?"

The findings are based on information from 30 women who participated in the Kinsey Institute's Women, Immunity and Sexual Health Study. Half of the women were sexually active, half were abstinent.

Previous studies found that immune system changes occur during pregnancy, after childbirth and across the menstrual cycle, but this is the first research to show that sexual activity affects immune function, the researchers said.

"The female body needs to navigate a tricky dilemma," Lorenz said. "In order to protect itself, the body needs to defend against foreign invaders. But if it applies that logic to sperm or a fetus, then pregnancy can't occur. The shifts in immunity that women experience may be a response to this problem."

The researchers found clear differences in immune system regulation between women who are sexually active and those who are not.

"We're actually seeing the immune system responding to a social behavior: sexual activity," Lorenz said. "The sexually active women's immune systems were preparing in advance to the mere possibility of pregnancy."

The researchers also said these findings could potentially have an impact on treatments for autoimmune disorders in the future.

The findings were published recently in the journals Fertility and Sterility and Physiology and Behavior.

[Big Sexy]

Health Buzz: More Sex May Mean Better Fertility
http://health.usnews.com/health-news/health-wellness/articles/2015/10/07/more-sex-may-mean-better-fertility

Timing is everything, right? Not so fast. Two new studies suggest that having sex at any time may boost a woman's chances for getting pregnant, even if it's outside of the ovulation cycle.

The studies, based on data collected from 30 women who participated in the Kinsey Institute's WISH Study – Women, Immunity and Sexual Health – were both lead by Tierney Lorenz, a visiting research scientist at the Kinsey Institute of Research in Sex, Gender and Reproduction at Indiana University in Bloomington.

"It's a common recommendation that partners trying to have a baby should engage in regular intercourse to increase the woman's changes of getting pregnant – even during so-called 'non-fertile' periods – although it's unclear how this works," Lorenz said in a press release. "This research is the first to show that the sexual activity may cause the body to promote types of immunity that support conception."

In the paper published in Fertility and Sterility, Lorenz and colleagues collected saliva samples from 30 healthy premenopausal women, 16 of which were abstaining from sex – and 14 who were sexually active – at the four phases of the women's cycle: menstrual, follicular, ovulatory and luteal phases.

Lorenz and colleagues found significantly higher levels of type 2 helper T cells, which are believed to help the body accept changes associated with pregnancy, during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. They also found higher levels of type 1 helper T cells, which act as the body's defense against illness or disease, in the same women during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle.

"We're actually seeing the immune system responding to a social behavior: sexual activity," Lorenz said in the release. "The sexually active women's immune systems were preparing in advance to the mere possibility of pregnancy."

In the paper published in Physiology and Behavior, Lorenz and colleagues collected the same type of saliva samples from 32 healthy premenopausal women – 15 sexually active and 17 abstinent. Once again, the sexually active women showed greater changes to helper T cells and proteins that T cells use to communicate to the body that it's ready for pregnancy.

[Big Sexy]

Beyond Sex: Erectile Dysfunction Could Spell Heart Trouble
http://health.usnews.com/health-news/patient-advice/articles/2015/10/14/beyond-sex-erectile-dysfunction-could-spell-heart-trouble

Judging by the ubiquity of ads touting drugs that treat erectile dysfunction, or ED, marketing campaigns would have you believe that 21st-century medicine has revolutionized modern men's sexual performance, improved couples' romantic lives and all but eradicated a disorder that was once only whispered about.

But what TV commercials tend to leave out is that ED has an even darker side: It can herald cardiovascular trouble.

Furthermore, ED – defined as the inability to achieve or maintain erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse – is very common, affecting 40 percent of men older than 40 and 70 percent of those over 70. Yet relatively few men seek help for this.

ED: It's Not All in Your Head

Stress often gets the blame for most cases of ED, hence the sometimes erroneous assumption that once the demands of modern life subside, "things" will invariably get back to normal. While anxiety, depression and stress can all contribute to ED – a condition known as psychogenic ED – it can also signal the presence of more ominous medical conditions, including pelvic trauma, nervous system disorders and diseased arteries. The latter, known as vascular ED, is the most common nonpsychogenic form of ED.

Complicating matters further, ED often stems from several factors, and determining the main driver can be challenging. For example, a history of sexual frustration caused by an underlying organic disorder can lead to feelings of anxiety in subsequent sexual encounters, fueling a vicious feedback loop.

ED and Your Heart

Vascular ED stems from poor blood flow inside arteries that have been hardened and narrowed by the buildup of fat and calcium deposits – a condition known as atherosclerosis, the main culprit behind heart attacks and strokes. Another cause of vascular ED is a condition known as endothelial dysfunction, which is marked by the inability of blood vessels to relax properly. The condition is caused by the insufficient release of an all-important chemical called nitric oxide, which is needed for blood vessel relaxation, the underlying mechanism of erection. Atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction are closely related processes that are both fueled by smoking, lack of physical activity, obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure and high cholesterol, all well-known players in cardiovascular disease.

This is why vascular ED can often signal the presence of processes that also lead to heart attack and stroke.

A 2013 Australian study of 95,000 men with no known heart problems found that those with severe ED had a 60 percent higher risk of developing heart disease and nearly twice the risk of dying compared with those without ED. Other studies have reaffirmed these findings. Research published earlier this year also showed a link between ED and dementia, a condition that often stems from diseased blood vessels in the brain.

Experts estimate that more than 40 percent of men with ED and risk factors for cardiovascular disease are unaware of their heart risk.

A study published this year in The Journal of Sexual Medicine estimated that screening men with ED for cardiovascular disease risk would be a cost-effective strategy that would not only help avert heart attacks and strokes, but would also save more than $21 billion in health care expenses over 20 years in the United States alone.

Because of the shared risk factors with cardiovascular disease, a diagnosis of vascular ED can signal the presence of atherosclerosis in other vessels, including the arteries of the heart. And the presence of atherosclerosis in those vessels boosts the risk of heart attack or stroke.

Thus, a diagnosis of vascular ED should be heeded as a warning bell, an alarm signaling there may be something wrong in the arteries.

An Ounce of Prevention

Although ED is often deemed a normal consequence of aging, both atherosclerosis and endothelial dysfunction are abnormal processes that can occur at almost any adult age. Most importantly, they can be prevented.

Vascular ED is fueled by the same factors that lead to cardiovascular damage, so preventing either takes the exact same approach – a healthy lifestyle, marked by a good diet, regular exercise, no smoking and maintaining normal blood pressure, cholesterol and weight.

I Already Have ED. Now What?

Tell your doctor. Social progress notwithstanding, ED still carries a stigma that can deter some men from discussing this problem. But being at the doctor's office is no place to be bashful. Speak up and let your physician know about it. After all, there's more at stake than your sex life. Your doctor will help determine the underlying cause of ED and, if necessary, refer you to a specialist for treatment.

A culprit in the medicine cabinet? Some medications used to treat depression and high blood pressure can cause or exacerbate ED. Certain drugs used to treat heart disease, called nitrates, can make for a dangerous mix when used with an ED medication, as the combination can lead to a precipitous drop in blood pressure.

Get screened for heart disease. ED may be the very first warning sign of cardiac trouble, even in the absence of other heart-related symptoms.Men with ED and no obvious causes, such as pelvic or neurologic disease, should be evaluated for underlying heart disease before starting ED treatment.

Know your cardiovascular risk score. ED symptoms often precede the onset of heart symptoms by at least two years, so the detection of ED offers a window to intervene and stop cardiac disease in its tracks. What this means is that even in the absence of heart disease signs, you should have your cardiovascular risk score calculated and managed accordingly. Your physician will determine your 10-year risk for suffering a heart attack or stroke by using a formula that factors in your age, gender, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, smoking and any conditions that drive up that risk, such as diabetes.

Better performance through healthier lifestyle. Patients at high risk for cardiovascular disease may benefit from treatment with cholesterol-lowering statin medications. Regardless of drug treatment, research shows that adopting a healthy lifestyle can also improve ED symptoms and at the same time reduce the risk of heart attacks and strokes.

The Eight Pillars of ED Prevention

Quit smoking. Smoking worsens the function of the cells that line the walls of the arteries, and inflammation contributes to atherosclerosis. Nicotine causes blood vessels to constrict, which can reduce blood flow to the penis.

Exercise regularly. Physical activity can reduce cardiovascular risk, lower stress and improve blood flow.

Eat your way to a healthier heart and better sex life. The same diet that is good for the heart can also prevent ED. Opt for a menu rich in fruits, vegetables, lean protein and legumes, and low in processed and fatty foods.

Maintain normal body weight. Being overweight can cause or worsen ED. Having a waist circumference above 40 inches is associated with lower testosterone, the main male sex hormone.

Control blood pressure and cholesterol levels. These factors are not merely harbingers of heart attack and stroke – they can also cause sexual dysfunction.

If you have diabetes, keep your blood sugar in check. At least half of men with diabetes experience ED symptoms. Controlling blood sugar can help prevent ED and improve symptoms in men who already have ED.

Limit alcohol. You might think that alcohol might get you in the mood, but overindulging can limit sexual performance.

Manage anxiety and stress. Talk to your doctor about healthy ways to manage stress and boost mental health. Consider seeing a mental health expert if things don't get better.

[Big Sexy]

Pill for Low Libido in Women Goes on Sale on Saturday
http://health.usnews.com/health-news/articles/2015/10/16/pill-for-low-libido-in-women-goes-on-sale-on-saturday

FRIDAY, Oct. 16, 2015 (HealthDay News) -- The so-called "little pink pill" -- the controversial drug intended to boost flagging sex drive in women -- goes on sale on Saturday.

Flibanserin (Addyi) is the first U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved drug designed to help women with low libido. But that approval, announced in August, came with significant restrictions because the drug can cause severely low blood pressure and loss of consciousness, the FDA warned.

Addyi's label will include a boxed warning saying the drug shouldn't be taken while drinking alcohol, and shouldn't be used with certain other drugs and by women with liver problems.

And the once-daily pill, to be taken at night, can only be prescribed or dispensed by doctors and pharmacists who have been thoroughly briefed on the drug and its benefits and risks, the FDA added.

"Today's approval provides women distressed by their low sexual desire with an approved treatment option," Dr. Janet Woodcock, director of the FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, said in a statement released Aug. 19. "The FDA strives to protect and advance the health of women, and we are committed to supporting the development of safe and effective treatments for female sexual dysfunction."

Woodcock said Addyi will only be available through certified health care professionals and certified pharmacies "because of a potentially serious interaction with alcohol."

Addyi is being marketed by Sprout Pharmaceuticals, based in Raleigh, N.C.

Dr. Holly Thacker, a women's health specialist at the Cleveland Clinic, said the FDA's approval of Addyi "provides an additional, helpful option for women across the country who experience sexual dysfunction. The medication has been studied in 11,000 women and it does improve sexual function in women who have certain sexual problems.

"It doesn't treat all sexual dysfunction, it won't help all women with sexual problems, but it will have a role in the therapy," Thacker added. "Just like with any medication -- adult women in conjunction with their physician can make an informed decision about whether this is an appropriate therapy for them."

Dr. Elizabeth Kavaler, a urologist at Lenox Hill Hospital in New York City, said: "Although the efficacy [effectiveness] of flibanserin is not clear, it seems to be safe. Couples will have the option of finding out for themselves whether or not it enhances their sexual relationship. It is clear that flibanserin will not address interpersonal or emotional problems. Nor will it address issues related to painful intercourse."

The pursuit of a drug for women with low libido has been like a Holy Grail for the pharmaceutical industry, given the enormous popularity and financial windfall from the erectile dysfunction drugs Viagra and Cialis for men since the late 1990s.

And Addyi's long road to FDA approval -- it had been rejected twice by the agency since 2010 -- was a contested affair.

Proponents said the drug would provide an important option for millions of American women who suffer from hypoactive sexual desire disorder, which causes a persistent or recurring lack of desire.

"This would bring another option to the table that doesn't currently exist," said Fred Wyand, spokesman for the American Sexual Health Association, a group that testified in favor of flibanserin during an FDA hearing in June.

But opponents cited a host of concerns about the drug. Among the concerns: symptoms of extreme fatigue and the potential for accidental injuries, as well as questions about the medication's effectiveness.

An FDA advisory panel voted 18 to 6 in June to recommend the drug's approval, but the endorsement was somewhat muted. The committee called the drug's benefits "moderate" or "marginal," and the panel members who voted yes said full FDA approval should come with conditions.

cond...http://health.usnews.com/health-news/articles/2015/10/16/pill-for-low-libido-in-women-goes-on-sale-on-saturday?page=2

[Big Sexy]

8 Things Doctors Tell Patients About Abortion
http://health.usnews.com/health-news/patient-advice/articles/2015/10/23/8-things-doctors-tell-patients-about-abortion

Scan the headlines for "abortion," and you won't come up empty. You may read about lawsuits against abortion providers, funding cuts to Planned Parenthood or controversy over how clinics should be designed and regulated.

What you won't learn? What exactly the procedure is like for the providers who perform it and the women they treat.

"There's so much hype about it, you'd think it's sort of [like] brain surgery," says Dr. Eve Espey, chair of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of New Mexico School of Medicine. In reality, she says, most abortions are "pretty minor" procedures.

The women she sees aren't always more informed. "Sometimes, people really don't have any idea what it's about," she says. Here's what Espey (and other providers) tell them:

1. You have three options.

Providers counsel all women with unintended pregnancies on their options, including parenthood, adoption and abortion. For women who've already thought about the decision thoroughly and discussed it with loved ones, the process can be quick. For others – especially those who have a tough personal situation or a fetal anomaly – it can take several visits, Espey says.

Either way, providers are trained to discuss the options in a way that doesn't judge women or push them to one decision or another – regardless of the providers' personal stance on each choice, Espey says. (Only in rare cases, such as when women seem to be forced into the abortion or are really undecided, would providers steer women away from abortion until they've had more time to consider it.) Over time, "[doctors] really become nonjudgmental, nondirective, supportive and help women make the choice that's best for them," Espey says.

2. Your feelings are valid.

"It is OK for you to feel like the decision to have or not have an abortion is difficult," says Rachna Vanjani, an OB-GYN at Contra Costa Regional Medical Center in Martinez, California. "It's normal to have emotions about it."

Even when women feel that the decision is the best one for them, it's not always easy to make, says Farnaz Farhi, a fourth-year medical student at Boston University School of Medicine who's applying for residencies in obstetrics and gynecology. She's seen how difficult it is time and again when sitting by women's bedsides before and after abortions. "The decision to have an abortion is not one that any woman ever makes without considerable thought," she says.

3. Your reasons are valid.

About one-third of women who've had an abortion cite other caregiving responsibilities as a reason, while 73 percent say they can't afford a baby and 13 percent worry about the fetus's health problems, a 2004 survey of about 1,200 women found. "It's often demonized as a selfish decision, but incorrectly so," says Colleen McNicholas, an assistant professor of obstetrics and gynecology at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis. "The vast majority of women I see describe the impacts of continuing the pregnancy on everyone else and rarely, if ever, talk about themselves."

Whatever your reasons, they don't need to be justified to your provider, Vanjani says. "If you want to talk about it, that's great. We are here to listen," she says. "But don't feel like you have to."

4. You're not alone.

By age 45, about 30 percent of women have had an abortion, according to the Guttmacher Institute, a nonprofit organization that promotes reproductive health. More than 60 percent of them are already moms, the institute found. "These are our friends, our neighbors, our sisters, our mothers," says Dr. Neha Bhardwaj, an OB-GYN in Albuquerque, New Mexico. They are also women of all ages, religions, political affiliations and income levels, McNicholas says. "It is impossible to characterize the procedure or the women who undergo the procedure as just one thing," McNicholas says.

5. There are two common ways to go about it.

Women in their first trimester of pregnancy can usually choose between a medical abortion, in which pills essentially induce a miscarriage, or a surgical abortion, in which a provider removes the embryo through the vagina using a suctioning instrument. Which procedure a woman chooses is a personal decision. The former can be done at home and is not an invasive procedure, while the latter is quick (the actual "abortion" part of the procedure takes less than a minute, Espey says) and slightly ​more effective. However, women who are more than nine ​weeks out from their last period usually aren't offered a medical abortion, since the pills become less effective as a pregnancy progresses. (Women beyond the first trimester of pregnancy – only about 10 percent of abortion cases, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention​ – usually undergo a more invasive and complicated type of surgery.) Here's what to expect:

Medical abortion: If you choose (and are cleared for) a medical abortion, you'll first take a pill, usually mifepristone​, which causes an embryo to detach from the uterine lining. One to three days later, you take misoprostol (usually by putting the dissolving tablets in your vagina or between your cheek and gums, but sometimes by swallowing them)​​​, which causes contractions so that the pregnancy tissues and fluid​ pass through the vagina. Women rarely feel pain or experience other side effects after taking mifepristone, but should experience increasingly heavy bleeding and cramping about 30 minutes after taking the second set of pills. The cramping and bleeding usually peaks a few hours later when the embryo expels​, although the tissues may be too small to notice​. While women may bleed or spot for a couple of weeks afterward​, they usually don't have to take time off work, particularly if they plan to take the second set of pills over the weekend, Espey says. A week or two after taking the misoprostol, women return to their doctor to make sure the pregnancy has terminated.
Surgical abortion: If you choose a surgical abortion, you'll first receive some sort of pain relief – either an oral medication like oxycodone or a sedative​ through an IV – and then lie on an exam table with your legs in stirrups, as if you're preparing for a Pap smear or annual gynecological exam. After opening the vagina with a speculum​, the provider cleans the cervix and may numb it. He or she then dilates the cervix with a plastic tool and removes the fetus with a suctioning tool. While it can feel like a bad menstrual cramp, the pain passes quickly, Espey says. "It's less than a 10-minute procedure from start to finish."

6. It's safe. ​​

One of the biggest concerns women have about an abortion is how it will affect their future fertility, Bhardwaj​ says. If you can relate, rest easy. "Having an abortion doesn't make it less likely to carry a pregnancy to term or miscarry," she says. Complications from the procedure are rare, affecting ​less than 1 percent of women in the United States who get them from trained clinicians in safe conditions, according to the Guttmacher Institute. (To find a qualified professional, search the National Abortion Federation's database ​of members.)

"I counsel patients that they have a higher risk of getting in a car accident on their way to the clinic than having a complication from the procedure," Vanjani​ says.

Women also have a much higher risk of complications from pregnancy and childbirth, McNicholas points out. (Preeclampsia, a pregnancy complication, for example, affects at least 5 to 8 percent of all pregnant women, according to the Preeclampsia Foundation.) A 2012 study in Obstetrics & Gynecology found that women are 14 times more likely to die from childbirth than from abortions, though the risk of death from either is small.​​ "In general, women and families assume the risk [of pregnancy] because the reward at the end is so desired," she says. "But occasionally, assuming the risk for some woman means a real risk of death."

cond http://health.usnews.com/health-news/patient-advice/articles/2015/10/23/8-things-doctors-tell-patients-about-abortion?page=2

[Big Sexy]

'Super-Gonorrhea' Breaks Out in Northern England
http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2015/09/18/super-gonorrhea-breaks-out-in-northern-england

A new strain of antibiotic-resistant gonorrhea — known affectionately as "The Clap" or "The Drip" — is spreading throughout Northern England.

The Telegraph reports that the STD superbug has been identified in 16 patients.

According to the British Association for Sexual Health and HIV, the outbreak was first detected in Leeds in March 2015.

This particular kind of gonorrhea, typically treated with a two-drug cocktail, has developed a resistance to azithromycin, one of the antibiotics used in treatment.

Drug-resistant gonorrhea is hardly a new phenomenon.

A 2013 study found that 6.7 percent of patients with gonorrhea at a Toronto health clinic still had the disease after a round of treatment. Of 133 patients who returned, nine still had gonorrhea.

Symptoms include burning when urinating, discharge, and painful or swollen testicles. To reduce your risk of getting the disease, the CDC recommends getting tested regularly and using condoms the right way every time you have sex.

[Big Sexy]

Can I Take it? And Other Questions About The Female Libido Pill

http://www.nbcnews.com/health/sexual-health/can-i-take-it-other-questions-about-female-libido-pill-n412276

Federal health officials have approved the first-ever prescription drug intended to treat women suffering from a lack of sexual desire, ending a vigorous debate over the drug's fate.

The daily pill, called Addyi, comes with warnings about risks of fainting if it is combined with certain other drugs or alcohol. Additionally, doctors won't be able to prescribe it unless they complete an online certification test.

Here are answers to questions about the new drug from Sprout Pharmaceuticals:
How does it work?

Addyi, known generically as flibanserin, acts on brain chemicals associated with mood and appetite, similar to antidepressant drugs. In fact, it was originally studied as a treatment for depression before being repurposed into a libido drug. It's not entirely clear why the drug increases sexual desire but researchers point to its ability to increase dopamine - a brain chemical associated with appetite - while lowering serotonin - another chemical linked with feelings of satiation.
Who will take this drug?

The FDA approved Addyi for premenopausal women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder, described as a lack of sexual appetite that causes emotional distress.

Surveys estimate that between 5.5 million to 8.6 million U.S. women have the condition, or roughly 8 to 14 percent of women ages 20 to 49. Because so many other factors affect sexual appetite, there are a number of alternate causes doctors must rule out before diagnosing the condition, including relationship problems, medical conditions and mood issues caused by other medications like sleeping aids and painkillers.

The diagnosis is not universally accepted and many psychologists argue that low sex drive should not be considered a medical condition.
I've heard this decision was controversial. Why?

The drug followed a long, contentious path to approval, including two previous rejections by the FDA. For years, two opposing sides have argued over the fate of the drug.

On one hand, drugmakers and some medical experts argue that women need FDA-approved medications to treat sexual disorders, which they consider serious medical problems. On the other side, consumer-safety advocates have said the drug's side effects are too risky, and there are those who question whether low libido is a medical condition.

On top of this debate, Sprout Pharmaceuticals enlisted outside politicians and women's groups to lobby the FDA to approve the drug.
Does the drug work?

Experts usually describe Addyi's effect as "modest." In company studies, women taking flibanserin reported a slight increase in sexually satisfying events each month. Their answers to separate questionnaires indicated they experienced a slight increase in desire and a slight decrease in stress.

While FDA scientists describe these effects as "small," they were significant enough to meet FDA effectiveness standards.
What are the side effects?

About 10 percent of patients in Sprout's studies experienced the most common problems: dizziness, fatigue and nausea. The drug will also bear a boxed warning that women should not drink or take certain types of other medications, including antifungal drugs, because of an interaction that can cause low blood pressure and fainting.
How much will it cost?

Sprout says women who have health insurance will pay between $30 and $75 for a month's supply of Addyi, depending on their coverage terms. They intend to make the price similar to what men pay for Viagra.
Why did the FDA approve Addyi this time around?

When FDA regulators first rejected Addyi in 2010 they noted that the drug failed to achieve a key study goal - increasing desire based on patients' daily journal entries. Because of that lack of effectiveness, they said, the drug's negative side effects outweighed its benefits.

Since then, Sprout conducted another study of sexual desire using a different method that achieved statistical significance. The company also conducted several safety studies to more clearly define the drug's risks, which are outlined in its warning label.

While the FDA is required to make all decisions based on science, critics say that the concerted lobbying effort by Sprout-funded supporters also played a role in Addyi's approval.
When will the drug be available?

Sprout plans to launch the drug in mid-October.

[Big Sexy]

Chronically Ill? Your Sex Life Need Not Be Over
http://health.usnews.com/health-news/patient-advice/articles/2015/10/26/chronically-ill-your-sex-life-need-not-be-over

After working through the "hard to believe, hard to understand and hard to accept" aspects of a chronic illness diagnosis, and having faced and answered the questions and worries you had when initially given the news about the illness, questions about managing and controlling your sexuality may arise.

Chronic diseases are long lasting and cannot be cured, but they can be controlled and managed. Seeing as control and management of a chronic disease feature a great deal in the maintenance of active sexual functions, you are obviously at the center of this process and the one person who determines your future health and sexuality.

However, let me reassure you, regardless of the level of advancement of your chronic illness: Your sex life is not over. You are, and always will be, a sexual being. Chronic illnesses obviously impact each person differently, and usually vary in advancement according to the person's attention to and control of the three modifiable risk factors for a chronic disease. These modifiable risk factors include an unhealthy diet, physical inactivity and tobacco use.

Sexual dysfunctions are prevalent within the U.S., with 43 percent of women and 31 percent of men who experience sexual symptoms that cause great distress, and sexual dysfunctions and sexual disorders are increased in people with a chronic illness. Chronic illnesses include diabetes, hypertension, renal failure, stroke, heart disease, cancer, AIDS, multiple sclerosis, obesity, spinal cord injury and intellectual, physical and developmental disabilities, among others. Let me emphasize that chronic illnesses vary a great deal in the way they demonstrate their impact on sexuality. Some sexual dysfunctions may take some time to happen, and some may not happen at all, so please do not assume that you are going to be impacted sexually overnight.

It's impossible to describe every chronic illness with its associated sexual conditions, interventions and specific levels of severity. Consequently, let's look at chronic diseases and sexuality from three different points along a timeline that includes some descriptions of signs and symptoms of both the chronic disease and the potential sexual issues that might develop. Here are three potential representations of the chronic illness and some of their potential associated sexual issues:

Person or Partner With a Chronic Illness Who Is Independent and Without Symptoms That Compromise Health

Depending upon your control of the modifiable risk factors for chronic illness, your sexuality (with or without a partner) may continue unchanged or lessen.

You will continue to enjoy sexual activities, especially intercourse, and may need more penile or clitoral stimulation.

Prior sexual rituals may assume a different format, with a little more preparation time needed.

Addition of some variety of location, time and activities often helpful.

Use of soft music, props, pillows, lotions, oils, candles and other creative activities is helpful.

Use romantic videos before soft-core pornography, and before hard-core pornography videos when using for first time.

Medications for erectile dysfunction (Cialis, Levitra, Viagra) in men, and Flibanserin for low sexual desire in women on an as needed basis.

Open communication about sex is essential between you and your partner. Sex therapy probably not needed.

Continue treatment and risk factor prevention for chronic illness.

Person or Partner With a Chronic Illness Who Is Moderately Dependent, With Some Symptoms That Compromise Health

If you and your partner have the sexual desire, but chronic illness symptoms require a change or modification to your usual coital positions, do not select one of the exotic positions depicted in sex magazines. Instead, adopt positions that provide comfort and support, minimize pressure and do not tire you out too quickly. A physiotherapist can suggest positioning that is best for you both, and how to maintain with position pillows.

If you are not able to maintain a body position of comfort, discuss the use of oral sex with your partner. If this is new sexual activity between you both or outside your value system, a sex counselor or pastor would be very helpful to facilitate discussion.

There are many sexual assistive devices that are available at reasonable prices to enhance the sexual experience for both partners, such as sex toys, lubricants, clitoral stimulants and devices.

If easily fatigued, work a little differently; perhaps become less intercourse-oriented and become more proficient in the use of the soft, gentle touch of Sensate Focus. Its emphasis is on lubricated, moisturized touch and stimulation of all of the senses, and its temporary ban of intercourse can be very satisfying, comforting and soothing, together with promotion of intimacy.

If you have other chronic disease symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, depression, anxiety and pain, medications will alleviate such symptoms and facilitate a symptom-free sexual experience.

Counseling approaches include couple therapy (counseling about any couple or sexual problems), cognitive behavioral therapy (changing adverse learned behaviors), sex therapy and bibliotherapy (reading therapy).

Open communication between both partners is absolutely essential, especially if difficulties are experienced. Sex therapy or social worker intervention are also helpful.

Continue treatment and risk factor prevention for chronic illness.

More here (http://health.usnews.com/health-news/patient-advice/articles/2015/10/26/chronically-ill-your-sex-life-need-not-be-over)

[Big Sexy]

Silicone vaginal ring may help protect underprivileged women against HIV, herpes
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/299601.php

The silicone vaginal ring can deliver hydrophilic molecules such as tenofovir, which is active on the most common strain of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) - HIV-1 - and acyclovir, which is active on the herpes virus. It is hoped the ring will benefit vulnerable women at risk of exposure to HIV and sexually transmitted diseases (STIs).

Its development at the University Jean Monnet of Saint-Etienne, France, was made possible through the collaboration of a team of virologists, chemists and a silicone engineer, who designed the apparatus used to create the ring.

The concept of controlled release technology made from polymeric materials was first established in the 1960s and has been successfully used in vaginal ring devices for delivering long-acting steroids for the treatment of menopausal symptoms and contraception. Drug permeability has been an issue in the design of a successful ring.

The difficulty in creating this ring was that silicone is a hydrophobic compound. The problem was circumvented by adding a hydrophilic compound to the silicone, which allows the drugs to be released from their reservoirs.
Effective method will help women to protect themselves

Meriam Memmi, author of the study and PhD candidate, explains that some of the rings are able to release concentrations of drugs between 1.5-3.5 mg/day for acyclovir and 3-5 mg/day for tenofovir for up to 50 days.

Such doses are capable of preventing viral STIs such as HIV-1 infection, hepatitis B and genital herpes. The new device demonstrates the ability of silicone rings to continuously deliver hydrophilic antiviral drugs for a long period of time at a concentration that can neutralize the viruses present in semen.

It is now planned to have the rings evaluated in clinical trials, after which it is hoped that they can be produced in large numbers and at low cost.

Cost is important, considering who the rings are designed for. Among women from low-income countries, STIs of viral origin constitute a major public health concern. Many of these women become infected with HIV-1 early in their sexual life, while men tend to contract the disease 7-10 years later in life.

"It is difficult for women in these countries to master the prevention of STIs since the use of condoms is mainly under the control of men," says Memmi. Vaginal rings can be inserted and removed by the woman herself.

Memmi adds:

"The aim of our study was to develop a vaginal silicone ring that was nontoxic to the health of users but was capable of delivering multiple active antiviral molecules against various STIs, including HIV, for a long duration."

Medical News Today have previously reported on the development of a vaginal ring to deliver dapivirine, also to be used against HIV. The technology is soon expected to be on the market.

Written by Yvette Brazier

[Big Sexy]

Ebola virus found in semen 9 months after symptom onset
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/301057.php

The Ebola outbreak that nearly bested the global health care community in March 2014 has remained a major focus for scientists and researchers, as preventing further spread of the disease has been a prime target. Now, a new study suggests that the virus is still detectable in semen samples from male survivors for at least 9 months after onset of symptoms.

The study is published in the New England Journal of Medicine and shows preliminary results of a long-term study conducted by the Sierra Leone Ministry of Health and Sanitation, the World Health Organization (WHO) and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

According to the researchers, the number of new cases of Ebola virus disease (EVD) has declined in Western Africa from a high of 1,063 cases during the week of October 9, 2014, to fewer than 10 cases each week for 11 straight weeks as of October 7, 2015.

They note that, though rare, suspected cases of sexual transmission of EVD have been reported, which is why they are further investigating the topic.

In 1967, there was a confirmed case of sexual transmission of the related Marburg filovirus from a male survivor to a female partner, supporting the view that Ebola can be passed through semen.

The main source of transmission of Ebola is through direct contact with the body or bodily fluids of a person with the virus - or from the body of a person who died from it. The researchers note, however, that EVD can persist in the bodily fluids of survivors during recovery, which could result in transmission.
'Further evidence survivors need continued support'

As part of the study, a total of 93 men aged 18 or over in Freetown, Sierra Leone, submitted semen samples that were tested for the presence of EVD genetic material. These men enrolled in the study between 2-10 months after their symptoms began.

Fast facts about EVD

The average EVD fatality rate is around 50%
First outbreaks occurred in remote villages in Central Africa
The recent 2014 outbreak in West Africa involved major urban and rural areas, with cases traveling to other parts of the world.

Of the men who were tested during the first 3 months of their illness, 100% tested positive for presence of EVD in their semen; of the men who were tested between 4-6 months after symptoms began, 65% tested positive.

Results also showed that 26% of the men tested between 7-9 months after their illness began had semen that tested positive for EVD.

The researchers say it is unclear as to why some study participants had cleared remnants of the virus from semen earlier than others, but the CDC are carrying out further tests of the samples to establish whether the virus is live and possibly infectious.

"These results come at a critically important time," says WHO's Bruce Aylward, "reminding us that while Ebola case numbers continue to plummet, Ebola survivors and their families continue to struggle with the effects of the disease."

He continues:


"This study provides further evidence that survivors need continued, substantial support for the next 6-12 months to meet these challenges and to ensure their partners are not exposed to potential virus."

CDC Director Dr. Tom Frieden adds that survivors of the disease "face an increasing number of recognized health complications. This study provides important new information about the persistence of Ebola virus in semen and helps us make recommendations to survivors and their loved ones to help them stay healthy."

Safe sex and Ebola

The researchers note that until more is known, the thousands of male Ebola survivors need education, counseling and regular testing so they know if the virus remains in their semen.

During this time, WHO have issued some recommendations, including:

-Ebola survivors should be issued with condoms

-Survivors and their sexual partners should either abstain from all types of sex or observe safe sex until their semen has tested negative two times

-Until their semen has twice tested negative, survivors and partners should immediately wash their hands with soap and water after any physical contact with semen - including after masturbation.

The recommendations also advise that "all survivors, their partners and families should be shown respect, dignity and compassion."

Yusuf Kabba, national president of the Sierra Leone Association of Ebola Survivors, says that the "EVD survivors who volunteered for this study are doing something good for themselves and their families and are continuing to contribute to the fight against Ebola and our knowledge about this disease."

[sg50]

About 3.7 billion worldwide are infected with the herpes virus

http://mashable.com/2015/10/28/billions-infected-with-herpes-simplex-virus/?utm_cid=mash-com-fb-main-link#8H2Eb4TUUmqb

[IAmAwesome]

About 3.7 billion worldwide are infected with the herpes virus

http://mashable.com/2015/10/28/billions-infected-with-herpes-simplex-virus/?utm_cid=mash-com-fb-main-link#8H2Eb4TUUmqb

No surprise as herpes is very common actually :o

[Big Sexy]

New test could make chemo unnecessary for many with testicular cancer
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/301153.php

798

Scientists have developed a new test to identify patients who are at risk of a relapse from testicular cancer, according to a report published in Clinical Cancer Research.

By assessing just three features of a common kind of testicular cancer, known as non-seminomatous germ cell tumor, scientists believe they can identify those at most at risk of relapse, even where there is no evidence of tumor spread.

Testicular germ cell tumors are the most common solid malignant tumor in young Caucasian men.

Patients diagnosed with disease in the early stages face a choice between monitoring with treatment, if relapse occurs, or moving directly on to chemotherapy with its associated long-term side effects.

Predicting who does or does not need chemotherapy is important in order to minimize treatment, with its undesirable side effects. The new test could be used in clinics to make decisions about which patients should be given chemotherapy.

Scientists at The Institute of Cancer Research in the UK analyzed 177 tumor samples from patients with stage 1 non-seminomatous tumors, enrolled in clinical trials through the Medical Research Council (MRC) Clinical Trials Unit.

94.3% of patients in low-risk group did not relapse

They found that three different features of the tumors were important indicators of relapse risk:

The levels of a molecule called CXCL12
The percentage of the tumor with an appearance of cancer stem cells
Whether or not blood vessels were present in the tumor.

They scored tumors based on these features, and found that by combining scores, they could divide patients up into three different risk groups based on how likely patients were to suffer a relapse of the disease within 2 years. It is rare for a patient to relapse from testicular cancer beyond this time.

The vast majority of patients were in the low-risk group: 94.3% did not relapse in 2 years. In the moderate-risk group, 65.9% did not relapse. Strikingly, only 30% of patients did not relapse in the high-risk group.

The tests were validated in an additional group of 80 patients at the UK's The Royal Marsden Hospital.

Study leader Prof. Janet Shipley explains that the test will be able to detect who really needs chemotherapy.

Chemotherapy is extremely effective in treating testicular cancer, but can have long-term consequences for a patient's health and well-being. Long-term effects include cardiovascular disease, second malignancies, Reynaud's syndrome, neuropathies, fertility and emotional disorders.

Minimizing exposure to chemotherapy is especially important in testicular cancer, as they can affect young adults for decades.

Now, low-risk patients could simply be monitored and potentially avoid chemotherapy and its side effects.

The researchers would now like to test this prognostic index in larger groups of men, with a view to protecting future quality of life in what is, essentially, a curable disease.

[mrclen]

No surprise as herpes is very common actually :o

3.7 Billion--Wow! No think about how much money the drug companies make treating this problem!!! Do we really have to wonder why they haven't found, or released, a "CURE".??

[sammyboyfor]

3.7 Billion--Wow! No think about how much money the drug companies make treating this problem!!! Do we really have to wonder why they haven't found, or released, a "CURE".??

3.7 billion are the number of people infected but the vast majority don't need any treatment because they have no symptoms whatsoever.

Anyone who has had chickenpox already has a strain of Herpes which cannot be cured.

[Big Sexy]

Fears that sterilization procedure is unsafe
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/300921.php

825

Patients undergoing hysteroscopic sterilization have a far higher risk of undergoing reoperation compared with patients undergoing laparoscopic sterilization, according to research published in The BMJ.

The benefits and risks of both procedures should be discussed with patients to help them decide on the best option, conclude the team from Cornell University in Ithaca, NY.

Female sterilization is one of the most commonly used methods of contraception globally, and is used by over 10 million women of reproductive age in the US.

Laparoscopic sterilization has been the primary method of sterilization for decades. It is a surgical procedure that clips, stitches or burns the fallopian tubes to prevent pregnancy, and requires general anesthetic.

Hysteroscopic sterilization was developed more recently as a less invasive alternative; it involves implanting the "Essure" device to block the fallopian tubes. It does not require general anesthetic or surgery. 


Approved, but is it safe?

826

The Essure device received approval in Europe in 2001 and was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2002. Its safety has been considered to be similar or superior to that of laparoscopic sterilization.

It is used in North America, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Central and South America and the Middle East.

However, a number of problems have been reported following the hysteroscopic approach.

The procedure has a 3-month post-procedure waiting period before sterilization becomes effective. Reports have also associated it with a higher risk of unintended pregnancy.

Other reported complications related to the device have included pelvic pain, hemorrhage and device migration or incompatibility, necessitating reoperation.

After thousands of concerns were received by the FDA, the device failure became a subject of litigation in 2014.

No randomized controlled trial or large comparative cohort study had been conducted to compare the efficacy and safety of hysteroscopic and laparoscopic sterilization.

The researchers therefore carried out the study to compare the performance, safety and other outcomes of the two procedures. They also conducted sub-group analyses by age and important risk factors.


Using statewide and all-inclusive population data, they analyzed information on 8,048 women who underwent hysteroscopic sterilization and 44,278 who underwent laparoscopic sterilization in outpatient settings between 2005 and 2013 in the New York State.

Increased risk of reoperation and complications


They looked at complications within 30 days of the initial sterilization procedure and investigated unintended pregnancies and reoperation up to 3 years after the initial sterilization procedure.

They found that both methods have a similar risk of unintended pregnancy, but the risk of reoperation associated with hysteroscopic sterilization is more than 10 times higher - the equivalent to around 21 additional reoperations per 1,000 patients undergoing surgery. The authors warn that this is a "serious safety concern."


The likelihood of reoperation was eight times higher at 2 years after the initial operation and six times higher after 3 years.

Women who underwent hysteroscopic sterilization were more likely to be over 40 years old and have a history of pelvic inflammatory disease and cesarean section. Nevertheless, the higher risk of reoperation persisted in the various age groups and women with history of pelvic inflammatory disease.



 The overall risk of unintended pregnancy for both groups was comparable; with the Essure device it was approximately 1 in 100, which is higher than reported in previous studies. 



The authors also found that as the laparoscopic procedure has declined in popularity, the hysteroscopic procedure has become more common.

The use of laparoscopic sterilization decreased from 7,852 cases in 2005 to 3517 cases in 2013, while the use of hysteroscopic sterilization significantly increased from 45 cases in 2005 to 1,231 cases in 2013.


The authors comment:


"With an estimated 600,000 sterilization procedures performed in the US every year, the device-based hysteroscopic sterilization has a major public health impact."


Limitations of the study include the fact that, being an observational study, some unmeasured factors may have influenced the relationship between use of the Essure device and the increased risk of reoperation.


[sammyboyfor]

My erection won't go down. What shall I do??? :confused:

[ah rat]

My erection won't go down. What shall I do??? :confused:

Don't log in.Log out :D

[Big Sexy]

New single-tablet HIV treatment wins FDA approval
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/302153.php

996
The US Food and Drug Administration have approved a new single tablet as a complete treatment for the treatment of HIV-1 infection in people aged 12 years and over.

The new treatment, called Genvoya, from Gilead Sciences, is a fixed-dose combination of elvitegravir, cobicistat, emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide.

It is intended for patients aged 12 and over, weighing at least 35 kg (77 lbs) and who have never been treated for HIV before, or for infected adults whose HIV is currently suppressed.

The drug was tested against other HIV treatments approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in four clinical trials involving a total of 3,171 participants. Results showed that it reduced viral loads and was comparable to other treatments.

Genvoya contains a new version of tenofovir - a powerful HIV inhibitor - that has not been approved before. Gilead say that because the new version (called TAF) enters cells - including HIV-infected cells - more efficiently than the previous version (TDF), it can be given at a lower dose that results in 91% less tenofovir in the bloodstream.

The new drug was developed to reduce side effects, and the trial results show it appears to be associated with less kidney toxicity and reductions in bone density than previously approved drugs containing tenofovir.

Suitable for patients with moderate kidney impairment

The FDA note that while Genvoya is not recommended for patients with severe kidney impairment, those with moderate impairment can take Genvoya.

However, the US regulator also comments that "patients receiving Genvoya experienced greater increases in serum lipids (total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein) than patients receiving other treatment regimens in the studies."

The drug's Boxed Warning says it can cause lactic acid to build up in the blood and lead to severe liver problems, both of which can be fatal.

The most common side effect is nausea, and serious side effects include new or worsening kidney problems, reduced bone mineral density, fat redistribution and changes in the immune system.

The warning also says Genvoya should not be given with other antiretroviral drugs and may interact with a number of commonly used medications.

Dr. Edward Cox, director of antimicrobial products in the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research at the FDA, said on Thursday:

"Today's approval of a fixed-dose combination containing a new form of tenofovir provides another effective, once daily complete regimen for patients with HIV-1 infection."

Estimates suggest around 1.2 million Americans aged 13 and over know they have HIV, and more than 150,000 others are infected but do not know it. In the last 10 years, the annual number of new HIV infections has remained relatively stable.

HIV-1 is the predominant strain of HIV that causes the vast majority of HIV infections worldwide. When people refer to HIV, they usually mean HIV-1.

[DoctorTan]

This is the new 4 in 1 pill for treating HIV by Gilead.

The first 4 in 1 pill for treating HIV was also by Gilead. It is called Stribild in Singapore and Quad in the US.

Stribild costs something like $1,600 per month in Singapore. I can only imagine what this new one will cost.

[ironmaiden2015]

This is the new 4 in 1 pill for treating HIV by Gilead.

The first 4 in 1 pill for treating HIV was also by Gilead. It is called Stribild in Singapore and Quad in the US.

Stribild costs something like $1,600 per month in Singapore. I can only imagine what this new one will cost.

It's really expensive! HIV is an expensive disease.. I wonder why government did not subsidize this.. What about the convicted HIV patient? Will they get free medication or wait to die?
But really, how effective is this drug? Have to take for the rest of the life? Can it can prolong life until 80 years old? Why can't we supress the hiv first, and then do blood transfusion? That could work right? Remove all the "dirty" blood!

[Big Sexy]

There are already ways to lower your chance of getting HIV.- read PEP (https://www.sammyboyforum.com/showpost.php?p=7852601&postcount=6) and PrEp (https://sammyboyforum.com/showpost.php?p=13804681&postcount=857)

And HIV isnt a death sentence anyway, many outlive their non HIV partners.



Why can't we supress the hiv first,

[ironmaiden2015]

There are already ways to lower your chance of getting HIV.- read PEP (https://www.sammyboyforum.com/showpost.php?p=7852601&postcount=6) and PrEp (https://sammyboyforum.com/showpost.php?p=13804681&postcount=857)

And HIV isnt a death sentence anyway, many outlive their non HIV partners.

Oh no.. I mean a two step suppress-remove procedure.. Like suppress then do blood transfusion..that could lower the hiv level up to sub-ppt level?
Agree that it's not a death sentence but it's a selective death sentence.. The poor will die for sure..

[Big Sexy]

HIV isnt just found in the blood, it infects the organs and tissues, so the method u suggest would not be a solution.

as for it being a sure death sentence for the poor, the same applies for patient who cannot afford cancer treatment.
the best advice one can give is to always practice safe sex and avoid causal/commercial sex.

Oh no.. I mean a two step suppress-remove procedure.. Like suppress then do blood transfusion..that could lower the hiv level up to sub-ppt level?
Agree that it's not a death sentence but it's a selective death sentence.. The poor will die for sure..

[Big Sexy]

Alcoholism drug could help cure HIV, study finds
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/302724.php

A drug used to treat alcoholism - called disulfiram - could bring us closer to a cure for HIV, according to the results of a new study led by researchers from the University of Melbourne in Australia.

Study leader Prof. Sharon Lewin, of The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity at Melbourne, and colleagues publish their findings in The Lancet HIV.

Disulfiram (brand name Antabuse) is a drug given to individuals with an alcohol use disorder to discourage them from drinking. It works by blocking an enzyme called dehydrogenase, which plays a role in metabolizing alcohol intake.

Inhibiting dehydrogenase causes acute sensitivity to alcohol; if patients consume alcohol while taking disulfiram, they will experience a number of unpleasant side effects, including headache, nausea, chest pain, vomiting, weakness, blurred vision, sweating and mental confusion.

But as well as helping to treat alcoholism, Prof. Lewin and colleagues found the drug could lead to a cure for one of the world's most serious and challenging diseases: HIV.

Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is the primary treatment for HIV, involving a combination of at least three antiretroviral drugs that slow disease progression. While the treatment has led to reductions in HIV death rates worldwide, it is not a cure.

ART is unable to eliminate HIV from patients completely; the virus can lay dormant in cells, hiding from immune system attack.

But in their phase 2 clinical trial, the researchers found disulfiram helped "wake up" dormant HIV cells, allowing them to be destroyed - a "shock-and-kill" approach that researchers believe is key to curing the virus.

Disulfiram 'could be the game changer we need'

Numerous studies have investigated such an approach. In September, for example, Medical News Today reported on a study that suggested a class of drugs being tested for the treatment of cancer could rewaken dormant HIV cells.

However, Prof. Lewin and colleagues note that to date, the drugs trialed to reawaken latent HIV have produced toxic side effects - a major barrier to moving the shock-and-kill approach forward.

For their study - conducted in collaboration with researchers from the University of California-San Francisco - the team gave disulfiram to 30 HIV-positive patients in the US and Australia who were receiving ART.

Disulfiram was administered daily for 3 days. Patients received 500 mg of the drug on the first day, 1,000 mg on the second day and 2,000 mg on the third day.

The researchers found that the 2,000 mg dose activated dormant HIV in patients' cells without producing any toxic side effects.

"The dosage of disulfiram we used provided more of a 'tickle' than a 'kick' to the virus, but this could be enough," says Prof. Lewin. "Even though the drug was only given for 3 days, we saw a clear increase in virus in plasma, which was very encouraging."

Prof. Lewin adds:
"This trial clearly demonstrates that disulfiram is not toxic and is safe to use, and could quite possibly be the game changer we need."

First study author Dr. Julian Elliott, head of clinical research in the Department of Infectious Diseases at Monash University and Alfred Hospital in Australia, notes that waking dormant HIV is only the first step to eliminating it; they now need to find a way to destroy it.

"This is a very important step as we have demonstrated we can wake up the sleeping virus with a safe medicine that is easily taken orally once a day," he adds. "Now we need to work out how to get rid of the infected cell. A kick-start to the immune system might help. We have an enormous amount still to learn about how to ultimately eradicate this very smart virus."

[Big Sexy]

Pesticide exposure during teens linked to later-life sperm abnormalities
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/302012.php

Men exposed to pesticides known as organochlorines during adolescence may be at higher risk for abnormal sperm, according to new research.

Lead author Melissa Perry - professor and chair of the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health at the Milken Institute School of Public Health at George Washington University in Washington, DC - and colleagues publish their findings in the journal Environmental Health Perspectives.

In the US, organochlorine pesticides - such as dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) - were widely used in agriculture and insect control between the 1950s and 1970s.

By the late 1970s, however, such compounds were banned in the US due to overwhelming evidence of the harm they may pose to the environment and animal and human health; they have been associated with increased risk for cancer, developmental delays and endocrine disruption.

Despite these risks, some tropical countries continue to use organochlorines, and even in countries that have banned their use, the chemicals can persist in soil and water for many years. In the US, individuals may be exposed to organochlorines through high consumption of meat, dairy products and fatty fish.

For their study, Perry and colleagues set out to determine how, for the first time, exposure to organochlorines during adolescence may impact sperm quality.

Higher rates of sperm disomy with higher organochlorine exposure

The team assessed the blood and sperm samples of 90 men aged 22-44 who lived in The Faroe Islands, where exposure to organochlorines is higher than normal due to high consumption of fish, including pilot whale meat and blubber.

For 33 of the men, blood samples were also taken at the age of 14, allowing researchers to measure levels of organochlorines and determine their exposure to the pollutants during adolescence, as well as in adulthood.

The researchers used an imaging technique created in Perry's lab to assess the men's sperm samples for signs of sperm disomy, where the sperm cells possess an abnormal number of chromosomes - a condition that has been associated with infertility.

The team found that the men whose blood samples contained higher levels of DDT and PCBs both in adolescence and adulthood had higher rates of sperm disomy than men whose blood samples contained lower levels of the pesticides.

The researchers say their findings support those of a previous study they conducted, which found American men who were part of a couple being treated for infertility and who had higher organochlorine concentrations in their blood were more likely to have sperm disomy.

Pesticide exposure 'may cause reproductive problems years later'

According to the investigators, their findings should prompt policymakers to enforce harsher regulations for the use of pesticides and other chemicals that may pose harm to public health.

"This study, and others like it, suggest that any decisions about putting biologically active chemicals into the environment must be made very carefully as there can be unanticipated consequences down the road," says Perry.

In addition, the team believes their findings emphasize the need for further investigation into how pesticide exposure may affect a man's sperm quality. Perry adds:
"We need more research to find out how these organochlorine pollutants may be affecting the maturation of the testicles and their function. Exposure to these chemicals in adolescence may lead to reproductive problems years later."

In the meantime, the researchers say there are a number of steps individuals can take to reduce their exposure to potentially harmful pesticides, such as reducing intake of foods that are high in animal fats and carefully selecting fish.

The Washington Toxins Coalition recommend checking with state advisories before consuming sport-caught fish or shellfish, as they can be high in DDT and PCBs. Atlantic salmon, wild striped bass, blue crab and American eel are some of the commercial fish that contain higher pesticide levels.

[IAmAwesome]

Anyone who has had chickenpox already has a strain of Herpes which cannot be cured

Never knew that actually, thanks for sharing it

[Big Sexy]

abit more info on the chickenpox virus

once u get chickenpox...u are sort of immune to the virus...however the virus could lie in your nerves... the next time the virus reactivate and attack you...you get shingles(herpes zoster) instead of chickenpox.

shingles isnt as contagious as chicken pox and it isnt passed from person to another... but note that the virus can be pass on to someone who has never had chicken pox...e.g if u have not had chicken pox and come in contact with someone with shingles then u could get chicken pox.

Never knew that actually, thanks for sharing it

[Big Sexy]

A window into sexuality
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/303528.php


New research from of the Sexuality and Gender Laboratory at Queen's University shows that heterosexual women have more diverse patterns of sexual response than previously reported.

Research on women's sexual orientation and patterns of sexual response has previously focused on women's genital and subjective sexual arousal relative to their sexual identity, as heterosexual, bisexual or lesbian. Among women, however, there is significant diversity among women in their sexual attractions to other women and men, regardless of sexual identity. For example, a substantial minority of heterosexual women (20 per cent in some studies) also report some attraction to women.

In the first study, women watched short videos, and in the second study, women listened to stories about interacting sexually with a woman or a man. Genital response was measured with a vaginal photoplethysmograph (a clear acrylic device that illuminates the capillary bed of the vaginal wall) and participants also self-reported their sexual arousal.

In both studies, Meredith Chivers (Psychology) showed that only heterosexual women who were exclusively attracted to men showed similar genital responses to both female and male sexual stimuli. Heterosexual women who also report some attraction to women, however, showed a different pattern of response; their genital responses were greater to female stimuli, similar to other sexually-diverse women.

"Both exclusively and predominantly androphilic women (women attracted to men) showed sexual response patterns that differed from their self-reported sexual attractions. Sexually-diverse women showed genital and self-reported arousal responses that were more similar to their self-reported sexual attractions," says Dr. Chivers. "As a whole, this research illustrates the complex relationship between sexual identity, sexual attraction, sexual arousal and genital responses to sexual stimuli."

Recently, research has misinterpreted this current study to suggest that heterosexuality doesn't exist in women because heterosexual women show sexual responses to female stimuli.

The current study highlights how this interpretation is incorrect; women's sexual identity, attractions and patterns of sexual response are not interchangeable, such that a woman's sexual desires and attractions cannot be deduced from her sexual response patterns.

"Instead, this research provides a window of opportunity to understand how women's sexual response relates to her experience of sexual attraction and desire, addressing gaps in contemporary models of sexual response," says Dr. Chivers.

Based on the findings that self-identified heterosexual women respond to both female and male sexual stimuli, researchers could next explore how exposure to mainstream sexual media, in which women are routinely objectified, and where sexual interactions between two women are becoming commonplace, affects patterns of sexual response.

The results of the research were published in PLOS ONE.

[DoctorTan]

Thanks man.

This is better than some Medical Education talks I attend!

Much more informative.

[sammyboyfor]

Thanks man.

This is better than some Medical Education talks I attend!

Much more informative.

sammyboyforum.com is one of the best online resources for all things sexual. It's even better than wikipedia. :p

[Big Sexy]

Shared genetics in humans and roundworms shed light on infertility, Rutgers study finds
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/303607.php

Discovery could lead to more effective treatments and better contraceptives.

A discovery by Rutgers scientists links a protein in sperm to the same molecule needed for reproduction in tiny roundworms and provides clues to human infertility.

In a study published in Current Biology, Andrew Singson, a professor in the Department of Genetics in the School of Arts and Sciences, and colleagues from the National Institutes of Health and the College of William and Mary in Virginia, identified a protein, SPE-45, on the sperm of C. elegan worms that help bind sperm to eggs during fertilization. It is the same as the Izumo protein considered essential for humans and other mammals to reproduce that was discovered a decade ago by Japanese scientists who named it after a marriage shrine in Japan.

"Humans and worms are connected by a common ancestor that lived more than 700 million years ago and this discovery will give us insight into their shared genetics and fertility pathways," said Singson, a principal investigator at the Waksman Institute of Microbiology.

The research suggests that a common ancestor to both worms and humans had a SPE-45/Izumo-like gene that was required for sperm to function properly at fertilization, said Singson, who has been researching the biological process of fertility for the past two decades.

"Twenty years ago when we started this research, we predicted that we would find the genes that are required for fertility from worms to humans," said Singson. "Now we know that this kind of molecule functions the same way beyond the mammalian branch of the tree of life."

In the United States, one in eight couples has fertility problems. While about 70 percent of the cases can be attributed equally to the man or woman, 30 percent of the time no explanation can be found.

In the new Rutgers study, scientists found that worms produced normal-looking sperm but could not create offspring because the sperm cell lacked the SPE-45 protein on its surface similar to sperm in humans and other mammals that lacked the Izumo protein. Blocking the protein prevents sperm from binding and fusing with the egg.

"The protein works like molecular Velcro and helps the sperm and egg bind and fuse," said Singson. "This type of finding can play an indispensable role in understanding the biological process."

The discovery was corroborated by a team of scientists working at Emory University in Georgia and Setsunan University in Japan. Taking a different approach and using computer analysis to look at DNA sequences, this international team came up with the same conclusion which was also published in Current Biology. Comparing the worm and mammalian DNA sequences they created a hybrid SPE-45/Izumo molecule that can cure infertility in worms.

"This makes the results much more solid because two research groups have basically validated the results of the other," Signson said.

Since studying human infertility directly is very challenging due to many ethical and experimental limitations, making a genetic connection between worms and humans will help in future treatments because scientists can do experiments in worms to learn more about the function of Izumo-like molecules that they cannot do in mammals, Singson said.

"Finding new fertility genes in the worm can help us further understand the molecular basis of human fertility," he said. "The end result of this knowledge could be more informed and effective treatments for human infertility and reliable contraceptives for both sexes."


thanks doc :)
Thanks man.

This is better than some Medical Education talks I attend!

Much more informative.

[Big Sexy]

Scientists draw evidence-based blueprint for HIV treatment, prevention
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/12/151201114753.htm


For many years, clinicians debated the best time to start antiretroviral therapy (ART) for HIV infection, with some worrying that the risks of treatment in terms of drug toxicities could outweigh the benefits of controlling the virus. In a new commentary, scientists from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health, argue that the results of three large clinical trials definitively prove that the benefits of starting ART early in infection outweigh any theoretical risk. Together, the findings from the NIH-funded SMART study reported in 2006, HPTN 052 study in 2011 and START study this year conclusively demonstrate that starting ART promptly after HIV diagnosis protects the health of the infected individual while preventing HIV transmission to uninfected sexual partners, the authors write.

NIAID Director Anthony S. Fauci, M.D., and colleague Hilary D. Marston, M.D., M.P.H., also note that the results of the IPERGAY study, published concurrently with their commentary online by the New England Journal of Medicine, represent important new data on HIV prevention. The study, conducted in France and Canada, focused on the use of ART for HIV prevention, a practice known as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). The IPERGAY researchers found that men who have sex with men and transgender women at high risk for HIV infection who took PrEP around the time of sexual activity were 86 percent less likely to acquire HIV than similar individuals who took a placebo. According to Drs. Fauci and Marston, this finding is further evidence of the power of PrEP to prevent HIV infection in high-risk populations. The combination of PrEP and prompt initiation of ART for infected individuals offers a promising blueprint to bring about an end to the HIV/AIDS pandemic, the authors write.

Now, the scientists conclude, realizing the promise of early ART and PrEP depends on whether sufficient global political will can be mustered to provide sufficient human and financial resources to scale up HIV testing and treatment throughout the world.

[Big Sexy]

"male circumcision reduces the risk of heterosexually acquired HIV infection in men by approximately 60%"
http://www.who.int/hiv/topics/malecircumcision/en/

There is compelling evidence that male circumcision reduces the risk of heterosexually acquired HIV infection in men by approximately 60%. Three randomized controlled trials have shown that male circumcision provided by well trained health professionals in properly equipped settings is safe. WHO/UNAIDS recommendations emphasize that male circumcision should be considered an efficacious intervention for HIV prevention in countries and regions with heterosexual epidemics, high HIV and low male circumcision prevalence.

Male circumcision provides only partial protection, and therefore should be only one element of a comprehensive HIV prevention package which includes: the provision of HIV testing and counseling services; treatment for sexually transmitted infections; the promotion of safer sex practices; the provision of male and female condoms and promotion of their correct and consistent use.

3162
photo source from http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/malecircumcision/VMMC_infographic_2015.pdf

[ds88]

abit more info on the chickenpox virus

once u get chickenpox...u are sort of immune to the virus...however the virus could lie in your nerves... the next time the virus reactivate and attack you...you get shingles(herpes zoster) instead of chickenpox.



Re: Shingles
researchers believe that the virus is triggered as the immune system weakens with age or in conditions of stress.

[Big Sexy]

The hunt for the perfect condom continues
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/303357.php

Condoms prevent the spread of disease and, of course, unwanted pregnancy. Globally, more than 5 billion are sold each year, but is there still room for improvement?

Since 1988, the 1st of December has been dedicated to raising awareness, fighting stigma and commemorating those lost to the disease.

World AIDS Day was the first global health day, and each year since 1995, the president of the United States has made an official proclamation.

By the end of 2012, there were 3.5 million people living with HIV globally and an estimated 2.3 million new HIV infections.

Sub-Saharan Africa is the worst hit by the epidemic. In some countries, 20% of the population are infected. However, nowadays, Central Asia and Eastern Europe are experiencing the fastest spread of the disease.

On a positive note, since 2001, new infections have fallen by 33% and the number of children newly infected by HIV has dropped by 52%.

The battle is clearly not over. Science is dedicated to discovering better treatment, more effective prevention and, eventually, the cure for this most pervasive and destructive disease.

Mahua Choudhury, PhD, assistant professor at the Texas A&M Health Science Center Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, is part of this push.

The future of condoms

Chowdhury has come up with an ingenious and revolutionary design for a new condom. Rather than latex, which many people are either allergic to or simply dislike, she plans to use a hydrogel infused with plant-based antioxidants.

The hydrogel in question is a strong, elastic polymer that consists predominantly of water. It is already used in contact lenses, so the challenge of safety testing is at least partially removed.

What makes this condom particularly special is the addition of a plant-based antioxidant. This compound has been found to have anti-AIDS properties. If this innovative condom breaks, the antioxidant is released and prevents the virus from replicating.

But the innovation does not end there. These particular antioxidants - flavonoids - are also predicted to heighten sexual enjoyment.
What is a flavonoid antioxidant?

Flavonoid antioxidants are found in many fruits, vegetables, leaves and grains. Some types of flavonoids, like quercetin, are already available in supplement form.

These flavonoid antioxidants can enhance feelings of pleasure by promoting the relaxation of smooth muscle and raising arterial blood flow. Thirdly, flavonoids help keep nitric oxide levels elevated, which work to stimulate and maintain erection.

Chowdhury's mission was to create a condom that would not only be an effective AIDS barrier, but also something that people would actually want to use. She says:

"If you can make it really affordable, and really appealing, it could be a life-saving thing."

Funding will come from the Grand Challenge in Global Health award courtesy of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The award was set up to fund individuals working to solve pressing global health challenges.

The competition this year was focused on finding an extremely low-cost, latex-free condom. Choudhury was one of 54 applicants selected out of 1,700 to receive the funding.

The condom is not yet ready for market - extra testing is needed - but the product is well underway. "We are trying to find how fast the enmeshed antioxidant can release, and we don't know if it will automatically release, or if you have to apply pressure," Chowdhury says.

Over the next 6 months or so, the final testing will have been completed. The potential benefits of a condom that people actively want to wear and that protects against AIDS with a double-edged attack are obvious.

[Big Sexy]

Men with HIV engaging in risky sexual behavior
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/303670.php

Young men with detectable levels of the human immunodeficiency virus who have sex with men are more likely to have anal sex without a condom, including sex with a partner who does not have the virus, according to research published in JAMA Pediatrics.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) continues to affect men who have sex with men (MSM) more than other populations in the US.

Recent data from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) suggests that the HIV epidemic is growing among MSM, while remaining relatively stable in heterosexual populations.

Young MSM, or YMSM, aged 13-29 years, are particularly vulnerable to HIV, accounting for more than 25% of new infections in the US, and more than 70% of all new HIV infections among youths.

Black YMSM are disproportionately affected, accounting for 61% of all new HIV infections in the US in 2009. Young transgender women are also at risk, with more than 20% of new HIV cases reported in this subgroup.

Methods and aims of HIV treatment

HIV testing, antiretroviral treatment, adherence and viral suppression among YMSM with HIV play a key role in preventing new infections.

Treatment for HIV aims to decrease the level of virus in the blood to an undetectable viral load. If a person has a detectable viral load, this means the amount of virus in the blood is high enough to be reliably detected; a cut-off point is fixed, below which the virus is said to be undetectable.

It is thought that behavioral approaches, together with interventions to reduce risky sexual behaviors, could help improve rates of engagement in care and adherence to medication. Risky sexual behavior includes condomless anal intercourse (CAI).

Patrick A. Wilson, PhD, of the Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health in New York, and coauthors examined differences in demographic and psychosocial factors between YMSM with and without a detectable viral load for HIV.

The team also looked at psychosocial factors associated with CAI and CAI among YMSM with detectable viral load.

The authors studied 991 YMSM with a detectable viral load, aged 15-26, at 20 adolescent HIV clinics in the US from 2009-12.

Higher CAI activity among those with detectable HIV

Among these participants, 69.4% had a detectable HIV viral load; 46.2% reported CAI in the past 3 months, and 31.3% reported CAI with someone of a different HIV status.

More than half (54.7%) of YMSM with detectable HIV reported CAI, compared with 44.4% of those who were virologically suppressed, or without detectable HIV.

Likewise, 34.9% of YMSM with detectable HIV reported CAI with a partner who was HIV-negative, while 25% of YMSM without HIV reported CAI with a different HIV status.

Analyses suggest that among YMSM with HIV, those with problematic substance use are more likely to report CAI or CAI with someone of a different HIV status.

Black YMSM with HIV were less likely to report CAI or CAI with someone of a different HIV status, as were transgender participants. The authors suggest that more research is needed into these subgroups, for whom relatively high rates of infection do not appear to be matched by risky behavior.

YMSM with detectable HIV who told their sex partners about their HIV status were more likely to report CAI compared with YMSM who did not tell their partner about their status.

Employed YMSM with detectable HIV were less likely to report CAI with a partner without HIV than those who were unemployed.

The authors conclude:
"Combination HIV prevention and treatment interventions, which include behavioral, biomedical and structural strategies to increase viral suppression and reduce HIV transmission risk behaviors, that target HIV-infected YMSM are needed. To truly curb HIV incidence among YMSM, we cannot solely rely on one strategy to prevent and treat HIV."

The team points out that the study does not prove a cause, only a link; they also caution that results could be affected by the fact that all the YMSM with HIV who were involved in the study were receiving care.

[Big Sexy]

80 percent of cervical cancers found to be preventable with latest 9-valent HPV vaccine

http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/05/150511163018.htm

The new 9-valent human papillomavirus vaccine, can potentially prevent 80 percent of cervical cancers in the United States, if given to all 11- or 12-year-old children before they are exposed to the virus.

In addition to protecting against 80 percent of cervical cancers, the new 9-Valent human papillomavirus vaccine, which includes seven cancer causing HPV-types -- 16,18,31,33,45,52 and 58 -- has the potential to protect against nearly 19,000 other cancers diagnosed in the United States, including anal, oropharyngeal and penile cancers. This is a 13 percent increase in protection against HPV-related cancers in comparison to the first vaccines on the market, Gardasil and Cervarix, which protected against HPV types 16 and 18.

These findings come from a seven-center study published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention initiated the research effort, in conjunction with Cedars-Sinai.

"This is the first comprehensive study of its kind and shows the potential to not only reduce the global cancer burden, but also guide clinical decision-making with regard to childhood vaccinations," said Marc T. Goodman, PhD, MPH, senior author of the study and director of Cancer Prevention and Genetics at the Cedars-Sinai Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute.

The study found the 9-Valent vaccine, under the trademark of Gardasil-9, also has the potential to protect against an additional 8 percent of oropharyngeal cancers, which include the base of the tongue and tonsils. This disease is the second-most-common HPV-associated cancer.

"We found that 70 percent of patient DNA tissue samples with cancer of the oropharynx harbored HPV," added Goodman. "This is a much higher percentage of HPV than observed in other studies, likely because of changes in sexual behaviors, such as increased oral-genital contact."

The 9-Valent vaccine was also found to potentially increase protection from other HPV-related cancers including those of the vulva, from 71 to 92 percent; vagina, from 73 percent to 98 percent; the penis, 76 percent to 90 percent; and the anus, 87 percent to 96 percent.

To compile these data, researchers examined 2,670 HPV DNA tissue samples from seven population-based cancer registries.

Study authors intend to perform additional research in the future to follow up on their estimate of how well the current vaccines protect against HPV-associated cancers.

[Big Sexy]

Age of first sexual intercourse may impact teens' risk of acquiring sexually transmitted infections
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/304398.php

A new study shows that earlier initiation of sexual intercourse increases the odds of experiencing sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Also, if the age at the time of first sexual intercourse is during or near to an adolescent's sexual maturation period, the likelihood of experiencing STIs increases.

The findings, which are published in The Journal of Sexual Medicine, suggest that it is important to consider the time period of first sexual intercourse when considering STI risk. The results will also be a useful reference for further studies of adolescents' health and behavior.

Studies
Keywords:

Sexually Transmitted Infection;Sexual Health;Timing;Adolescent

Abstract

Introduction
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are major causes of medical and psychological problems globally, while adolescents in South Korea have recently shown rapid changes in sexual behaviors.

Aims
We aimed to examine the association between the age of first sexual intercourse and the experience of STIs among adolescents. Additionally, in which specific time period would more likely to get infected from sexual intercourse.

Methods
We used data from the 2007–2013 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey. Only adolescents with sexual intercourse experience (N = 22,381) were included, and multiple logistic regression analysis was performed.
Main Outcome Measures

One dichotomized measure and one continuous measure were assessed: (i) STIs experience (defined as having had STIs); and (ii) association between STIs experience and absolute age gap (defined as temporal differences between secondary sexual character emergence age and first sexual intercourse age).

Results
Approximately 7.4% of boys and 7.5% of girls reported had STI. For both boys and girls, the chance of experiencing STIs increased as the age of first sexual intercourse decreased (boys: before elementary school [age 7 or under]: odds ratio [OR] = 10.81, first grade [age 7 or 8]: OR = 4.44, second grade [age 8 or 9]: OR = 8.90, fourth grade [age 10 or 11]: OR = 7.20, ninth grade [age 15 or 16]: OR = 2.31; girls: before elementary school: OR = 18.09, first grade: OR = 7.26, second grade: OR = 7.12, fourth grade: OR = 8.93, ninth grade: OR = 2.74). The association between the absolute age gap and STI experience was examined additionally (boys: OR = 0.93, girls: OR = 0.87).

Conclusions
This study shows that earlier initiation of sexual intercourse increases the odds of experiencing STIs. Also as the age gap gets shorter, the odds of experiencing STIs increase. Our study suggests that it is important to consider the time period of first sexual intercourse and to reinforce a monitoring system along with the development of other preventive strategies. Lee SY, Lee HJ, Kim TK, Lee SG, and Park EC. Sexually transmitted infections and first sexual intercourse age in adolescents: the nationwide retrospective cross-sectional study. J Sex Med 2015;12:2313–2323.

[sammyboyfor]

Age of first sexual intercourse may impact teens' risk of acquiring sexually transmitted infections
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/304398.php




Stupid study and a waste of time and money. It goes without saying that the earlier you start being sexually active, the higher the chance of getting infected by some nasty.

You don't need to gather statistics to draw that conclusion. It's plain common sense.

[Big Sexy]

Researchers take first step in precision medicine for penile cancer
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/304150.php

Researchers have identified potential genetic alterations in penile cancer that could pave the way for targeted treatments.

For many patients with this rare cancer, surgery is all that's needed. But in aggressive forms of penile cancer, few therapeutic options exist, particularly targeted therapies.

The new study, led by researchers at the University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, describe a complex landscape that could suggest potential clinical trials of targeted therapies - and potential limitations in some patients.

"We saw that determining the best targeted therapies may be more complicated in penile cancer than in other cancers based on the combinations of genetic changes and variability between primary tumor and metastases," says senior study author Scott A. Tomlins, M.D., Ph.D., assistant professor of pathology and urology at the University of Michigan Medical School.

Researchers performed next generation sequencing on 43 cases of penile squamous cell carcinoma. The cases varied in stage, grade and subtype. Fourteen samples were matched to include the primary tumor and metastatic tissue.

The researchers found a common combination of alterations in the genes KRAS, HRAS and NRAS, as well as alterations in the gene EGFR. Although tumors such as colon cancer are commonly treated with EGFR inhibitors, tumors with KRAS or NRAS mutations are resistant to EGFR inhibitors. Importantly, clinical trials are planned using EGFR inhibitors in penile cancers based on anecdotal examples of clinical response.

"In colon cancer, there are so few HRAS mutations that they haven't been tested for predicting resistance to EGFR inhibitors. But based on the biology of HRAS, NRAS and KRAS, we would predict that they do cause resistance. As HRAS mutations are relatively common in penile cancer, this alteration may impact the tumor's response to an EGFR inhibitor in this cancer type," Tomlins says.

In addition, the researchers found differences between the original primary tumor and metastases in the pelvic lymph nodes. In most cancers, the best therapeutic targets are the same in primary tumors and metastases, suggesting that genetic changes occur early in cancer's development. These findings indicate that aggressive forms of penile cancer mutate as they begin to spread and more than one area of tumor may need to be studied to identify the best therapeutic target for a given patient.

"It may not be as simple as matching one drug with one mutation based on a single sample in penile cancer. We may need to take the genomic profile in total from one or more areas to determine best strategies," Tomlins says.

Sequencing was done using the Oncomine Comprehensive Panel, a new assay that assesses the most common genetic variants across cancer types. The assay is filtered to include variants associated with potential therapies that are approved or being studied in clinical trials. The assay is being used in the National Cancer Institute MATCH trial. It was developed and validated by researchers at the University of Michigan and Thermo Fisher Scientific.

The study is published in Cancer Research.

Penile cancer represents about 17 percent of all cancers in men. While a rare disease, the study also revealed key similarities with other squamous cell cancers, such as lung cancer, head and neck cancer, and cervical cancer.

"This provides a roadmap to design better, more informed trials for penile cancer. We have some good leads for potential therapeutic approaches. This is the basic knowledge we need to open the door to more individualized trials and treatments in the future," Tomlins says.

[Big Sexy]

Surgical treatment restores penis length
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/304399.php

A new study shows that a surgical treatment can be effective for treating Peyronie's disease, a disorder that leads to scarring and shortening of the penis.

After undergoing surgery involving a "sliding technique" and penile prosthesis implantation, 28 patients experienced an average penile lengthening of 3.2 cm. In questionnaires relating to erectile dysfunction, scores improved significantly at various times points after surgery, indicating improvements in function. The study is the first multi-center prospective study on the surgical technique.

"The sliding technique is also currently under study as applied to conditions other than Peyronie's, with early promising results," said the University of Turin's Dr. Marco Falcone, co-author of the BJU International study.

study abstract here (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bju.13371/abstract)

[Big Sexy]

Have sex workers revealed a connection between semen exposure and HIV resistance?
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/12/151209135759.htm

Researchers have studied how long-term sex work may change susceptibility to the HIV-1 virus

Date: December 9, 2015
Source:The Wistar Institute
Summary: In a new study, scientists have found that continued semen exposure in sex workers sustains changes in the cervical and vaginal microenvironment in a way that may actually increase HIV-1 resistance. This information may lead the way to better preventative strategies that block the transmission of the virus and improved designs for future HIV vaccine studies that can monitor the described changes when recruiting sex workers into vaccine trials.

More than half of all people infected by the HIV-1 virus worldwide are women. Commercial sex workers, who are at increased risk of contracting HIV because of repeated exposure to the virus, have long been studied to test preventive behavioral and vaccine approaches aimed at decreasing the number of infections. In some areas of the world where HIV prevalence is higher, a small number of female sex workers continue to test negative for the infection despite repeated sexual activity and low rates of condom use. However, the reason as to why these women are protected from HIV infection has eluded scientists, since they seem to have none of the known immune responses against HIV itself.

Scientists at The Wistar Institute have now hypothesized that these women experienced changes in their tissues as well as alterations in how their immune systems responded that are different from the type of responses that vaccines generate. Now, newly published data shows that continued semen exposure in these sex workers sustains changes in the cervical and vaginal microenvironment that may actually increase HIV-1 resistance. This information may lead the way to better preventative strategies that block the transmission of the virus and improved designs for future HIV vaccine studies that can monitor the described changes when recruiting sex workers into vaccine trials.

The results of the study were published in the November issue of the journal Mucosal Immunology.

"Making the link between sex work, changes in immune state and semen exposure gives us an important piece of information that will hopefully help us establish whether or not chronic semen exposure and its effects on to the female reproductive tract can contribute to HIV resistance in sex workers that remain uninfected despite low condom use," said Luis J. Montaner, D.V.M., D.Phil., the Herbert Kean, M.D., Family Professor at The Wistar Institute, director of Wistar's HIV-1 Immunopathogenesis Laboratory, and lead author of the study. "It also clearly indicates that women are equipped to activate mechanisms of resistance due to sex itself, which we did not expect to find at the start of this research."

Prior studies have shown that long-term sex work does not always result in infection. For example, groups of long-term female sex workers in Africa have consistently remained uninfected despite the fact that condom use among these women is low, therefore subjecting these women to chronic exposure to both semen and HIV-1. Even though female sex workers in San Juan, Puerto Rico are within an area that has 5-10 times lower HIV-1 prevalence than Africa, the Wistar team was able to address how long-term sex work, frequency of intercourse and condom use may change the immune and female reproductive areas exposed to virus.

Wistar's team collaborated with investigators from the University of Puerto Rico Maternal Infant Studies Center and analyzed a cohort of long-term female sex workers in San Juan who tested negative for the HIV-1 virus and compared them with a group of women with self-reported low semen exposure recruited in the same area. Among the sex workers in the cohort, the median age was 35.50 years and they had been working in the trade for at least three years. The groups were also compared based on rates of unprotected sex, what types of contraceptives were used (if any) and excluded sex workers who had any active sexually transmitted infections such as chlamydia or syphilis.

The researchers identified three distinct mechanisms that may contribute to the decreased rate of infection among these sex workers.

First, they observed lower rates of immune activation in the blood and mucosal tissue of these women. This is an important observation because the HIV virus actually thrives in activated immune systems, with the activation actually helping the virus achieve infection and spread once it has been transmitted. Second, these women had enhanced expression of interferon ε in epithelial cells, which are signaling proteins responsible for protecting the female reproductive tract from viral and bacterial infections. The researchers also showed that levels of interferon ε were associated with the number of condomless sex acts and that semen could increase the expression of this protein in cervical cell lines grown in the laboratory. Third, factors in this mucosal tissue that the HIV virus needs to infect were expressed at lower levels in these women. Genes like CD4 and Nucleoporin 153 are critical for HIV to survive and spread, so lower levels of these and other similar genes keep the virus at bay.

"It is important to note that the study does not make a case for sexual intercourse without a condom, as doing so will increase the overall risk of HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases," Montaner said. "Instead, this study identifies unexpected effects that long-term semen exposure may have on the cervix and vagina that may lower but not remove the likelihood of infection."

"This work could provide insight into why cohorts of women at risk recruited for preventive trials in the United States have demonstrated lower sero-conversion rates than expected based on community prevalence," said Carmen D. Zorrilla, M.D., professor of obstetrics and gynecology at the University of Puerto Rico and one of the authors of the study. Zorrilla was one of the investigators in a cohort study of 799 participants, including sex workers with sustained condomless sex, that did not have high enough HIV incidence to pursue a prevention study even though the researchers used geography and sexual network characteristics that would normally warrant further study.

This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health grants CA AI08414, R01 AI094603, and T32 AI070099, with additional support provided by The Philadelphia Foundation (Robert I. Jacobs Fund), Henry S. Miller, Jr. and Kenneth Nimblett, AIDS funds from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Universal Research Enhancement (CURE) Program, the Pennsylvania Department of Health, the Penn Center for AIDS Research (P30 AI 045008), and the Duke University Center for AIDS Research (CFAR) Immunology Core NIH Grant (5P30 AI064518). Core facilities support was provided by the Cancer Center Support Grant (CCSG) CA010815.

Other co-authors of this study from The Wistar Institute include Shaheed Abdulhaqq, Xiangfan Yin, Jocelin Joseph, Livio Azzoni, Andrew Kossenkov, and Louise Showe. Other co-authors of the study from other institutions include Vivian Tamayo-Agrait and Sheyla Garced from the Maternal-Infant Studies Center at the University of Puerto Rico; Guobin Kang and Qingsheng Li from the Nebraska Center for Virology at the University of Nebraska; Kelly E. Seaton and George D. Tomaras at the Duke Human Vaccine Institute at Duke University; Kristin A. Linn from the Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology at the University of Pennsylvania; Andrea S. Foulkes from the Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology at the University of Massachusetts; and Matthew VerMilya and Christos Coutfaris from the University of Pennsylvania Health System.

[MrMuscleman]

So dun use condom better prevention for hiv?

[Big Sexy]

Men's sexual health: are the supplements safe?
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/305124.php

Over-the-counter dietary supplements and therapies sold to improve male sexual health may be ineffective and even unsafe, says a report published in the Journal of Sexual Medicine.

Around 40-70% of men experience sexual dysfunction at some time.

To avoid paying for prescription drugs, or the embarrassment of discussing such matters with their physicians, many turn to over-the-counter (OTC) products.

Sales of dietary supplements doubled in the US from 1999-2007, and around 50% of Americans use them for a variety of conditions.

The dazzling array of products, from horny goat weed to ginseng, costs from $0.83 to $5.77 per day. But lack of regulation on dosage, purity or ingredients, and limited information regarding health effects confuses patients and medical practitioners alike.

Researchers from Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center in Winston-Salem, NC, reviewed the scientific evidence for the effectiveness and safety of the most common ingredients in top-selling men's health products.

They wanted to provide urologists with a guide for counseling patients who present with sexual health problems and who are taking such supplements.
Prescription ingredients sold OTC

There was no scientific evidence to support claims that many products positively impact erectile function, libido and sexual performance, and some were likely to be unsafe.

Some products advertised as "natural" contain traces of phosphodiesterase-5-inhibitors (PDE5Is), the same class of medication that includes prescription drugs such as Viagra, which is used to treat erectile dysfunction. PDE5Is cannot be legally sold over the counter in the US, because using them without a physician's supervision could be risky.

Patients with advanced heart disease or who take nitrates, such as nitroglycerin, should not use PDE5Is, as it may cause an unsafe drop in blood pressure.

PDE5Is should also be avoided by men with severe liver impairment or end-stage kidney disease. Those with enlarged prostates who take medications such as Flomax (tamsulosin), terazosin or doxazosin should only take it with supervision, as interactions may cause dizziness, leading to falls and fractures.

In one study, 81% of OTC products purchased in the US and Asia contained PDE5Is.
Pros and cons of popular ingredients

The findings on some of the best-selling products can be summarized as follows:

DHEA is a hormone naturally made by the human body and produced in laboratories from chemicals found in wild yam and soy. While findings do not suggest a benefit, it appears to be relatively safe, as the impact on hormone levels is not significant
Fenugreek features in 1 in 3 top-selling men's health supplements. It may improve sexual arousal and orgasm, muscle strength, energy and well-being. There was no evidence of adverse effects
Ginkgo biloba is taken for numerous conditions, but data does not support its use in erectile dysfunction. It can cause headache, seizures and significant bleeding, especially if taken alongside Coumadin
Ginseng is the most common ingredient in top-selling men's health supplements; it can cause headache, upset stomach, constipation, rash and insomnia. It can also lower blood sugar, risky in cases of diabetes
Horny Goat Weed is generally safe with rare reports of toxicity leading to fast heart rate and hypomania; it has no apparent benefit for sexual function
L-arginine is the top amino acid in men's health supplements, featuring in 1 in 3 best sellers. It may improve erectile function in some patients and seems relatively safe. It has been associated with a drop in blood pressure but without significantly changing the heart rate
Maca is the most common vegetable among top-selling men's health supplements. Maca has been associated with increased sexual behavior in animals but not in humans. Rare cases of toxicity and a mild increase in liver enzymes and blood pressure have been reported.

Tribulus promises to treat a range of conditions, but evidence is lacking to prove its effectiveness; two young men suffered liver and kidney toxicity after taking high doses. Yohimbine is a well-established product that may improve male sexual function, but it can also cause hypertension, headache, agitation, insomnia and sweating. Zinc appears to be safe but not beneficial.
How pure is my product?

Purity is a concern. Because dietary supplements are currently classified as foods rather than drugs, the manufacturers themselves are largely responsible for ensuring the safety, purity and efficacy of the products.

Four major retailers have recently been targeted by the New York attorney general for selling misleading or adulterated dietary supplements.

Dr. Ryan Terlecki, associate professor of urology and senior author, says:
"While certain natural supplements we reviewed show promise for improving mild sexual dysfunction, they lack robust human evidence."

Dr. Terkecki adds that his team is unlikely to recommend the products to patients due to concerns that they are impure or ineffective.

[Big Sexy]

Men, take note: eat more fruits to reduce risk of erectile dysfunction
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/305046.php

Erectile dysfunction can be one of the most distressing conditions a man experiences. But a new study suggests eating more foods rich in flavonoids - such as blueberries, strawberries, blackberries and citrus fruits - could reduce the risk of erectile dysfunction for middle-aged men by more than a fifth.

Lead researcher Prof. Aedin Cassidy, from the UK's University of East Anglia (UEA), and colleagues from the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health in Boston, MA, publish their findings in The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

It is estimated that around 30 million men in the US have erectile dysfunction - the inability to get or keep an erection firm enough to engage in sexual intercourse.
6682
Men over the age of 60 are at greatest risk for erectile dysfunction, though it occurs in around 12% of men under this age.

Previous research has shown that regular exercise may lower men's risk for erectile dysfunction. However, in this latest study, Prof. Cassidy and her team suggest that eating more flavonoid-rich foods is as beneficial for erectile dysfunction as walking briskly for up to 5 hours weekly.

"We already knew that intake of certain foods high in flavonoids may reduce the risk of conditions including diabetes and cardiovascular disease," notes Prof. Cassidy. "This is the first study to look at the association between flavonoids and erectile dysfunction, which affects up to half of all middle-aged and older men."
Exercise, flavonoid-rich diet reduced erectile dysfunction risk by 21%

The researchers analyzed population-based data of more than 50,000 middle-aged men. Information was collected on the men's ability to get and maintain an erection firm enough for intercourse, and dietary data was collected every 4 years from 1986.

More than a third of study participants reported new onset erectile dysfunction.

The researchers found that men who consumed foods high in flavonoids - particularly anthocyanins, flavones and flavanones - had a lower risk of erectile dysfunction than men who did not consume such foods.

Anthocyanins are present in blueberries, cherries, strawberries, blackberries, radishes and blackcurrants, while flavones and flavanones are found in citrus fruits.

"The top sources of anthocyanins, flavones and flavanones consumed in the US are strawberries, blueberries, red wine, apples, pears and citrus products," notes Prof. Cassidy.

Men with a higher total fruit intake were found to have a 14% reduced risk of erectile dysfunction, compared with men with lower total fruit intake, and men who regularly consumed foods rich in anthocyanins, flavones and flavanones had a 10% reduced risk of erectile dysfunction.

"In terms of quantities, we're talking just a few portions a week," says Prof. Cassidy.

What is more, men who combined a flavonoid-rich diet with regular exercise were found to have a 21% reduced risk of erectile dysfunction, compared with men with low flavonoid consumption and low physical activity.

After accounting for potential confounding factors, including physical activity, body weight, caffeine consumption and smoking status, the findings remained.

Overall, the link between a flavonoid-rich diet and reduced risk of erectile dysfunction was stronger for younger men.
There are benefits for heart health, too

While the findings suggest a flavonoid-rich diet could benefit sexual health for middle-aged men, senior author Dr. Eric Rimm, professor of epidemiology and nutrition at Harvard, says such a diet may also benefit the heart:

"Erectile dysfunction is often an early barometer of poor vascular function and offers a critical opportunity to intervene and prevent cardiovascular disease, heart attack and even death.

Men with erectile dysfunction are likely to be highly motivated to make healthier lifestyle choices, such as exercising more and eating the right foods - which would greatly benefit their long-term cardiovascular health as well."

[Big Sexy]

Global Fund rushes HIV drugs to Uganda amid shortage
http://www.reuters.com/article/us-uganda-health-idUSKCN0V321T

The Global Fund, a partnership that sends HIV drugs to poor countries, says it plans to send an advance supply of antiretroviral therapy to Uganda, after the East African country ran out three months before the end of last year.

Health activists say the shortage, which began last September, hit about 240,000 patients on publicly funded treatment programs, forcing them to modify their treatment or stop altogether. Private-sector clinics were not affected.

The government said a weak currency and insufficient foreign exchange had hampered its ability to finance drug imports.

Some activists said they suspected runaway election spending was behind the shortfall, but officials denied the charge.

President Yoweri Museveni is seeking to extend his three decades in power in a presidential election on Feb. 18.

In Uganda, about 1.5 million people, or about 4 percent of the population, live with the HIV virus, of whom about 820,000 receive antiretroviral (ARV) drugs, which help keep the patient's viral load low and prevent transmission.

"The Global Fund has already delivered shipments of drugs as scheduled for existing patients and is front-loading an additional 12-month supply of drugs," Seth Faison, the Fund's head of communications, said in an email response to questions.

"The first consignment of the 12-month front-load will arrive next month, he said. But he acknowledged that front-loading the delivery of drugs, while not increasing the total amount of drugs it sends, was a "short-term solution."

"The government needs to mobilize resources to fill the gaps and find a long-term solution," Faison said.

The Geneva-based Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, a public-private partnership set up in 2002 which has made considerable progress in tackling epidemics of those three deadly infectious diseases.

Uganda has made dramatic gains against HIV/AIDS, bringing the infection rate down from about 18.5 percent in 1992, according to United Nations figures.

But Joshua Wamboga, who heads the Uganda Network of AIDS Service Organisations (UNASO), said "drug holidays" - when a patient stops taking prescribed medication - could spur the development of drug-resistant HIV strains and cause patients to be more vulnerable to opportunistic infections, like malaria.

"NO ARVs means death," he said. "If you have a virus that kills you and you don't get treatment, you die."

[Big Sexy]

Study examines associations of HPV types, risk of head and neck cancers
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/305432.php

A new study suggests detection of human papillomavirus (HPV)-16 in the oral cavity was associated with 22-times increased risk of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. The study by Ilir Agalliu, M.D., Sc.D., of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, and coauthors also reports positive associations of other oral HPVs usually detected on the skin with the risk of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), which suggests the role of HPV in HNSCC may be more important than currently recognized.

The study was carried out among 96,650 participants from two large study groups who were cancer-free at baseline and had available mouthwash samples. There were 132 cases of HNSCC identified during an average follow-up of almost four years. The study included 396 healthy individuals (three for every case of HNSCC). The authors note limitations of the study because of its small sample size, which reflects the rarity of HNSCC. "The use of easily collected oral mouthwash samples can provide a prospective marker for risk of HNSCC and oropharyngeal SCC," the study concludes.

Article: Associations of Oral α-, β-, and γ-Human Papillomavirus Types With Risk of Incident Head and Neck Cancer, Ilir Agalliu MD, ScD, Susan Gapstur PhD, Zigui Chen PhD, Tao Wang PhD, Rebecca L. Anderson MPH, Lauren Teras PhD, Aimée R. Kreimer PhD, Richard B. Hayes PhD, Neal D. Freedman PhD, Robert D. Burk MD, JAMA Oncology, doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.5504, published online 21 January 2016.

The study includes funding/support disclosures. Please see the article for additional information, including author contributions and affiliations, financial disclosures, funding and support, etc.

[Big Sexy]

Can herpes contribute to cognitive decline?
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/306175.php

Worldwide, an estimated 417 million people under the age of 50 have the type of herpes simplex virus typically associated with genital herpes. Given that this is a significant chunk of the world's population, it would be disquieting if the virus was linked to something more nefarious. Prepare to be disquieted: a new study finds that certain chronic viral infections - including the herpes simplex virus - may contribute to cognitive decline in healthy older adults.

The study, published in the journal Alzheimer's Disease and Associated Disorders, is led by Dr. Vishwajit Nimgaonkar, of the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine in Pennsylvania.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) define cognition as a "combination of mental processes that includes the ability to learn new things, intuition, judgment, language and remembering."

When someone experiences cognitive impairment, they have trouble with these processes, affecting their everyday life. For example, they may be unable to care for themselves or carry out everyday tasks, such as preparing their own meals or managing their money.

And when an individual has cognitive decline or dementia, their ability to effectively manage medications and existing medical conditions becomes a concern.

Needless to say, as our population begins to age, understanding cognitive decline risk factors becomes a public health concern.

'These infections are common,' so this is a public health concern

Dr. Nimgaonkar and colleagues say that previous cross-sectional studies (studies that look at data from a single time point) have found a link between exposure to certain viruses and decreased cognitive functioning.

These viruses include: cytomegalovirus (CMV), herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV) and the protozoa Toxoplasma gondii, which many people are familiar as the parasite found in cat feces.

"Our study is one of the few to assess viral exposure and cognitive functioning measures over a period of time in a group of older adults," Dr. Nimgaonkar says.

He adds that it is possible that these viruses "are triggering some neurotoxic effects."

To further investigate, the researchers used the Monongahela-Youghiogheny Healthy Aging Team (MYHAT) study, which involved over 1,000 adults over the age of 65 years who were evaluated annually for 5 years to detect any cognitive change.

After looking for signs of viral exposures in blood samples, the researchers found that exposure to CMV, HSV-2 or toxoplasma is linked with aspects of cognitive decline typically considered to be age-related decline.

Commenting on their findings, study author Dr. Mary Ganguli says:

"This is important from a public health perspective, as these infections are very common and several options for prevention and treatment are available.


As we learn more about the role that infectious agents play in the brain, we might develop new prevention strategies for cognitive impairment."

HSV-1 not linked to cognitive decline

Although the results give us cause for concern, there is some good news in the findings: HSV-1, which is the type of herpes associated with cold sores - and which an estimated 3.7 billion people under the age of 50 have worldwide - is not associated with greater temporal cognitive decline.

The researchers do note that their findings are independent of general age-related variables, so the link between CMV, HSV-2 and toxoplasma exposure and cognitive deterioration is significant.

For future study, they are aiming to determine if there are subgroups of people who are more vulnerable to the effects of these chronic viral infections.

HSV spreads through direct contact, and some people have no symptoms, which means they may be at risk without knowing.

[Big Sexy]

Study examines associations of HPV types, risk of head and neck cancers
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/305432.php

A new study suggests detection of human papillomavirus (HPV)-16 in the oral cavity was associated with 22-times increased risk of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. The study by Ilir Agalliu, M.D., Sc.D., of the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, and coauthors also reports positive associations of other oral HPVs usually detected on the skin with the risk of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), which suggests the role of HPV in HNSCC may be more important than currently recognized.

The study was carried out among 96,650 participants from two large study groups who were cancer-free at baseline and had available mouthwash samples. There were 132 cases of HNSCC identified during an average follow-up of almost four years. The study included 396 healthy individuals (three for every case of HNSCC). The authors note limitations of the study because of its small sample size, which reflects the rarity of HNSCC. "The use of easily collected oral mouthwash samples can provide a prospective marker for risk of HNSCC and oropharyngeal SCC," the study concludes.

Article: Associations of Oral α-, β-, and γ-Human Papillomavirus Types With Risk of Incident Head and Neck Cancer, Ilir Agalliu MD, ScD, Susan Gapstur PhD, Zigui Chen PhD, Tao Wang PhD, Rebecca L. Anderson MPH, Lauren Teras PhD, Aimée R. Kreimer PhD, Richard B. Hayes PhD, Neal D. Freedman PhD, Robert D. Burk MD, JAMA Oncology, doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2015.5504, published online 21 January 2016.

The study includes funding/support disclosures. Please see the article for additional information, including author contributions and affiliations, financial disclosures, funding and support, etc.

[Big Sexy]

............ double post

[Big Sexy]

Testosterone gel boosts sexual function, mood for older men
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/306752.php

Testosterone treatment in the form of a topical gel boosts sexual function, mood and walking ability for older men with low levels of the hormone. This is the conclusion of new research published in The New England Journal of Medicine.

The study - co-led by Dr. Ronald Swerdloff, a researcher at the Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute (LA Biomed) in California - reveals the results of the first three trials that form part of the Testosterone Trials (TTrials).

The TTrials are a set of seven double-blind, placebo-controlled studies that aim to determine the safety and effectiveness of testosterone treatment among men aged 65 and older.

The initial results suggest that over a 1-year period, daily application of a testosterone gel boosted blood testosterone levels of older men to levels normally seen in younger men, which improved their sexual function, mood and walking ability.

The results are likely to be welcome news for men, who often experience a reduction in testosterone levels as they age; levels of the hormone typically fall by around 1% annually after the age of 30 or 40.

Testosterone - primarily produced in the testicles - helps preserve men's muscle strength and mass, sex drive, sperm production, bone density, red blood cell production, fat distribution and facial and body hair.

As such, a reduction in testosterone may lead to reduced sexual function, physical changes - such as weight gain and reduced bone density, which can cause mobility problems - and emotional changes, including depression and a reduction in motivation and self-confidence.

Testosterone gel vs. placebo

While some studies have hailed testosterone therapy as effective for treating some of these problems in older men, other research has suggested the opposite, making it hard to draw conclusions about the treatment.

"Although testosterone treatment consistently increased muscle mass and decreased fat mass, effects on physical performance, sexual function, and energy have been inconsistent," say Dr. Swerdloff and colleagues.

The TTrials were launched to gain a better understanding of how testosterone therapy impacts men aged 65 and older who have low testosterone levels.

For the three trials - the Sexual Function Trial, the Physical Function Trial and the Vitality Trial - the researchers screened 51,085 men over the age of 65, identifying 790 men who had low testosterone levels and who met all other criteria.

The men were divided into two groups. One group was required to apply a testosterone gel - called AndroGel - daily for 1 year, while the other group applied a placebo gel daily.

At the start of treatment and 6, 9 and 12 months after, participants were required to complete questionnaires disclosing their sexual and physical function, as well as their vitality, mood and symptoms of depression.

Incidence of heart attack, stroke, death from cardiovascular causes, prostate problems and other adverse events were assessed during the treatment periods for each trial.
Testosterone therapy improved all areas of sexual function

On analyzing the men's blood samples, the researchers found that those who received testosterone therapy demonstrated blood testosterone levels that were comparable to those of men aged 19-40.

Compared with men who used the placebo gel, the researchers found that those who used the testosterone gel experienced significant improvements in all areas of sexual function - including sexual desire, sexual activity and the ability to get an erection.

What is more, testosterone therapy also improved men's mood and symptoms of depression. While the treatment did not increase walking distance in the Physical Function Trial alone, it did increase the distance participants could walk within 6 minutes when the results of all three trials were considered.

The researchers identified no improvements in energy with testosterone treatment.

Across all three trials, the team found no differences in adverse events between men who received testosterone therapy and those who received the placebo. However, they stress that because there were a small number of study participants, no firm conclusions can be made about the safety of testosterone therapy.

"To fully evaluate the potential risks of testosterone treatment, a larger and longer study may be needed," notes study co-leader Dr. Christina Wang, also of LA Biomed.

Commenting on their findings, Dr. Swerdloff says:

"These initial results from the TTrials show some benefit from testosterone treatments in older men who have low testosterone levels.

While these initial findings are encouraging for men with low testosterone levels, the TTrials will continue to analyze the data to determine whether testosterone treatment improves cognitive function, bone density, cardiovascular health and anemia, as well as the risks of testosterone treatment."

[hugs]

So dun use condom better prevention for hiv?

Have sex revealed a connection between semen exposure and HIV resistance?
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/12/151209135759.htm
Researchers have studied how long-term sex may change susceptibility to the HIV-1 virus

Date: December 9, 2015
Source:The Wistar Institute
Summary: In a new study, scientists have found that continued semen exposure in sex sustains changes in the cervical and vaginal microenvironment in a way that may actually increase HIV-1 resistance.

"a small number of female continue to test negative for the infection despite repeated sexual activity and low rates of condom use. However, the reason as to why these women are protected from HIV infection has eluded scientists, since they seem to have none of the known immune responses against HIV itself"

"Making the link between chronic semen exposure and its effects on to the female reproductive tract"

"It also clearly indicates that women are equipped to activate mechanisms of resistance due to sex itself, which we did not expect to find at the start of this research."

"Prior studies have shown that long-term sex does not always result in infection. frequency of intercourse may change the immune and female reproductive areas exposed to virus."

"It is important to note that the study does not make a case for sexual intercourse without a condom, as doing so will increase the overall risk of HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases," Montaner said. "Instead, this study identifies unexpected effects that long-term semen exposure may have on the cervix and vagina that may lower but not remove the likelihood of infection."

I think it basically means girls should not stop having sex and should have it as often as they want.:)

[Big Sexy]

take that post with a grain of salt mate....

i am skeptical abt such news... i remember reading many years ago abt this group of prostitutes from africa being immune to HIV but later got it when they stop the trade..


I think it basically means girls should not stop having sex and should have it as often as they want.:)

[hugs]

take that post with a grain of salt mate....

i am skeptical abt such news... i remember reading many years ago abt this group of prostitutes from africa being immune to HIV but later got it when they stop the trade..

Yes Ma'am!:p

[Big Sexy]

HPV rates fallen sharply in young women since vaccine introduced
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/306962.php

Since 2006 in the US, routine human papillomavirus vaccination has been recommended for girls aged 11-12 years and also for other young women up to 26 years of age who were not immunized earlier.

now, new research finds that in the 6 years following human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine introduction, rates of infection of the four strains targeted by the vaccine have plummeted in teen girls, and they have also fallen significantly in other young women.

The study - from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) - is published in the journal Pediatrics.

The authors say the findings extend previous results about the impact of the HPV vaccine in the US and provide the first national evidence of its effect on women in their 20s.

The aim of the HPV vaccination campaign is to protect against cancer. More than 40 types of HPV can infect the genital areas of males and females. These types can also infect the mouth and throat. The virus is transmitted from one person to another during sexual activity.

HPV can cause cervical, vaginal and vulvar cancers in women and cancer of the penis in men. It can also cause anal cancer, cancer of the back of the throat (oropharynx), and genital warts in both men and women.

HPV is very common: the CDC estimate that currently in the US, there are around 80 million people infected with HPV, with 14 million new infections - including among teenagers - occurring every year.

Most people infected with HPV do not know they have it.

The HPV vaccine is recommended for pre-teen males and females aged 11-12 so that they are protected before there is a chance of exposure. The vaccine also produces a more robust immune response if received at this age.

Another reason to give the vaccine to pre-teens is because later on, they are less likely to get regular health checks, thus providing fewer opportunities to receive the vaccine routinely.

HPV vaccine is given in three shots - with the second shot 1 or 2 months after the first, and the third 6 months after the first.
64% reduction in teen girls

For the study, researchers looked for genetic evidence of HPV in cervical/vaginal samples that were self-collected by females aged 14-34 years who took part in National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys.

They compared data from 2,587 females whose samples were collected before the vaccine was introduced (2003-2006) with those of 2,061 females whose samples were collected afterward (2009-2012).

The results showed that the percentage of females who reported receiving at least one dose of HPV vaccine following its introduction ranged from 3.3% of those aged 30-34 years to 51% of those aged 14-19 years.

They also show there was a 64% reduction in prevalence of the four strains of HPV included in the vaccine in teen girls aged 14-19 years and a 34% decrease among young women aged 20-24 years.

The HPV vaccine immunizes against HPV types 6, 11, 16 and 18, the strains thought to cause the most cancer cases. The researchers note that:

"There were no statistically significant changes in other HPV type categories that indicate cross-protection."

[Big Sexy]

Herpes virus and EBV could be tackled by heart drug
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/307852.php

Spironolactone, commonly used in cases of heart failure, has surprised scientists by blocking infection by Epstein-Barr virus, in a breakthrough that could help people with a wide variety of herpes-related conditions.

In 1996, Medical Microbiology reported that there were over 100 known herpes viruses, eight of which can normally affect humans.

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is transmitted by mouth and causes cold sores. HSV-2 is responsible for genital herpes, causing painful blisters or ulcers in the genital area. HSV-3, or herpes zoster, leads to chicken pox and potentially shingles.

HSV-4, also called Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is responsible for infectious mononucleosis, commonly known as glandular fever or "kissing disease," because it spreads through saliva.

EBV has also been linked to a number of other conditions, including cancers in humans. People who undergo a transplant, or whose immune system is already compromised, are especially at risk of EBV.

According to the authors of the current study, EBV "infects the majority of humans worldwide." The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) call it "one of the most common human viruses in the world." Most people, they say, will have this virus, but often there are no symptoms.
Limited options for treatment of herpes

There is only one class of antiviral medicine to treat herpes viruses, which means there is no alternative in cases of resistance.

Scientists from the University of Utah School of Medicine, led by Dr. Sankar Swaminathan, have been searching for new drugs to treat viral infections. They were screening for drugs that might be effective against the herpes virus through a different mechanism than currently available therapies.

The current drugs work by preventing a virus from replicating DNA, thus blocking a middle step of the viral infection cycle.

Spironolactone (SPR), like existing drugs, was found to block a key step in viral infection that features in all herpes viruses, but a different step than the one targeted by current drugs. It prevented replication of the virus in cells by blocking the so-called SM protein, needed for a late step in the infection cycle.

Based on these findings, the researchers see SPR as a good candidate for development into a new class of anti-herpes drug.

Dr. Swaminathan, who is chief of infectious diseases at University of Utah Health Care and professor of internal medicine, comments:

"It's remarkable that a drug we have used safely in the clinic for over 50 years is also an effective EBV inhibitor. It goes to show how basic research can reveal things we would never have found otherwise."

SPR is normally used to treat heart failure through a metabolic mechanism, but in dealing with viral infection, a different pathway appears to be at work.

The authors of the current study found that a drug similar to SPR has a similar ability to treat heart failure but does not affect the development of the herpes virus. These results suggest that the actions of spironolactone are separable.

Since all herpes viruses depend on SM-like proteins to spread infection, the results have broad implications.

The researchers envisage SPR becoming a template for a new class of drug to treat all herpesviruses. They believe it can be modified to work as an antiviral without adverse effects, and that it can help in the fight against drug-resistant infections.

[IAmAwesome]

The HPV vaccine is recommended for pre-teen males

This vaccine for adult males also can be taken :o

[Big Sexy]

Male birth control: non-hormonal injection could be effective
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/308466.php

Whereas women have several options for long-lasting contraception, men currently have a limited selection available to them. Vasectomy is the only effective long-acting method available for men, but a new, non-hormonal, injectable gel could change the game.

Results of a study testing the effectiveness of the injectable male contraceptive, conducted in rabbits, are published in the journal Basic and Clinical Andrology.

According to the study, both the availability and use of contraceptives has major implications for public health and well-being. Around the world each year, an estimated 85 million unintended pregnancies happen, half of which end in abortion.

There is increasing demand for male contraceptive options. Although it is safe and effective, vasectomy is typically regarded as permanent because its reversal is expensive, difficult and has the chance of being unsuccessful in restoring fertility.

Recently, Medical News Today reported on a birth control pill for men, which is being developed by tweaking the structure of chemical compounds that could potentially be used to inhibit male fertility.

There are, of course, concerns over potential side effects. Though scientists have focused on hormonal approaches to male birth control, the authors of this latest study note that many men prefer a non-hormonal option to avoid side effects and safety risks.

One target that appears to be a good starting point for male contraception is the vas deferens, which is the tube that carries sperm from each testicle.

'No detectable sperm in semen samples'

For their study, the researchers injected the gel - called Vasalgel - into the vas deferens of 12 rabbits. The gel is made of styrene-alt-maleic acid (SMA) that is dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide.

The team tested two different formulations of the gel - either using 100% SMA acid or 80% SMA acid/20% SMA anhydride.

After analyzing the semen of the 12 rabbits, the researchers found that 11 of them were azoospermic in all samples, meaning that they had no detectable sperm in the semen samples.

Although one of the rabbits had a few samples containing small numbers of sperm, he, too, eventually became azoospermic. Furthermore, both formulations were equally effective.

The researchers say the contraceptive effect of the gel lasted during the 12-month study period, and the response of the rabbits' vas deferens "was minimal with characteristics of a normal foreign body response."
Will the gel work in humans?

The way the gel works is that, once it is injected into the vas deferens, it forms a hydrogel, which remains in a soft, gel-like state. This means it is able to flex and adhere to the walls of the vasa deferentia.

Because hydrogels allow many water-soluble molecules to pass through - but not larger structures, such as sperm - this technique could reduce pressure in the sperm storage and production areas, the researchers say.

In the rabbit model, the researchers were able to successfully remove the gel to return the sperm flow and thus restore fertility. However, whether this technique will work in humans remains to be seen. The first clinical trial in men is planned for late 2016.

Commenting on their findings, lead study author Dr. Donal Waller, from the University of Illinois-Chicago, says:

"Results from our study in rabbits were even better than expected. Vasalgel produces a very rapid contraceptive effect which lasted throughout the study due to its unique hydrogel properties. These features are important considerations for a contraceptive product to be used in humans."

[Big Sexy]

Sex After Pregnancy: When Can I Resume Intercourse?
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/308480.php

Written by Lori Smith BSN MSN CRNP
Knowledge center
Published: Friday 1 April 2016

Most mothers will agree that the last thing on their mind after having a baby is sex. However, this is not often the case with their partner! On the other hand, some women may be ready to resume sexual intercourse shortly after having a baby. But when is the right time to resume sexual intercourse?

In general, it is recommended that sexual intercourse is avoided for the first 4-6 weeks following a vaginal or cesarean (C-section) delivery; however, it is important to speak with your health care provider before resuming sex.

Most often, especially in cases of a C-section, perineal tear or episiotomy, it is recommended to wait until after you are seen for your 6-week postpartum visit for the green light from a health care provider to resume sexual activity.

Following childbirth, your body is in a healing phase in which bleeding stops, tears heal and the cervix closes. Having intercourse too early, especially within the first two weeks, is not recommended due to a risk of postpartum hemorrhage or uterine infection.

When a woman is ready to resume sexual intercourse following the birth of a baby depends on several factors, including:

Pain levels
Fatigue
Stress
Sex drive
Fear of sex or pregnancy
Vaginal dryness
Postpartum depression.

What will sex after giving birth feel like?

Due to the hormonal changes experienced during the postpartum period, many women experience vaginal dryness, which may continue past the typical 4-6 week timeframe if breastfeeding; this is due to low levels of circulating estrogen.

Breastfeeding can also lower your sex drive. In addition to lower levels of circulating hormones, painful sex may accompany a perineal tear or episiotomy, which can last for several months following the birth of a baby.

Steps that can reduce pain associated with sex after pregnancy include:

Controlling the depth of penetration with varied sexual positions
Increasing vaginal lubrication
Taking pain medication
Emptying the bladder
Taking a warm bath.

Vaginal lubrication such as over-the-counter creams or gels may be useful in relieving the symptoms of vaginal dryness. If you are using barrier method birth control, using a water-based lubricant is recommended to avoid weakening the latex.

Alternatively, oral or manual stimulation may be an option during the healing process. For some people, an appointment with a pelvic floor rehabilitation specialist may be recommended to evaluate and treat painful postpartum sex.

Sex following childbirth may feel different due to decreased vaginal muscle tone and stretching. Typically, this laxity in vaginal tone is temporary, however, and is affected by factors such as genetics, the size of the baby, the number of previous births and the use of Kegel exercises.

Instructions on how to do Kegel exercises can be accessed here.

Hormones can cause a variety of interesting - and, at times, inconvenient - symptoms. For example, during sexual intercourse, your breasts may leak milk due to the hormonal response to orgasm. Try pumping before having sex to reduce this symptom.

Birth control options following childbirth

Having a reliable method of birth control following delivery is important to prevent an unintended pregnancy. If you are interested in immediate contraception, you can consider barrier options such as condoms or progestin-only contraceptives (Depo-Provera or the mini-pill).

The timing for a copper or hormonal intrauterine device or utilizing a fitted barrier method of contraception such as a diaphragm or cervical cap should be discussed with your health care provider.

If you are interested in combination birth control methods containing both estrogen and progesterone (such as pills or a vaginal ring), speak with your health care provider to see if this option is right for you.

Learn more about birth control methods, including hormonal contraception, barrier methods and implanted devices.

The timing when a woman and her partner resume sexual intercourse following the birth of a child is ultimately a personal decision. Women should speak with their partner and health care team about any concerns that may be present.

[Big Sexy]

A new drug may help relieve menopausal vulvar and vaginal atrophy symptoms
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/308624.php

A new low-dose vaginal estrogen capsule may help relieve symptoms of menopausal vulvar and vaginal atrophy, including dyspareunia (pain during sex), new industry-sponsored research reports. The study results were presented in a late-breaking poster Saturday, April 2, at ENDO 2016, the annual meeting of the Endocrine Society, in Boston.

Vulvar and vaginal atrophy affects roughly 50 percent - 32 million - of postmenopausal women in the United States. This widespread condition involves decreased estrogenization of vaginal tissue and can cause painful sexual activity and urination, as well as vaginal dryness, itching and irritation.

"This study provides a new easy-to-use option for vulvar and vaginal atrophy, for which only about 7 percent of women are currently treated with a prescription product. Health care providers and their patients may soon have an additional safe and effective product for a very untreated condition," said study consultant and lead author Ginger D. Constantine, MD, president and CEO of EndoRheum Consultants, LLC, in Malvern, Pennsylvania.

TX-004HR, containing the estrogen 17β-estradiol, is currently an investigational drug for use in clinical trials and is not yet available to the general public.

TherapeuticsMD, the manufacturer of TX-004HR, conducted the double-blind, randomized, phase 3 REJOICE clinical trial comparing 3 doses (4, 10, and 25 micrograms) of TX-004HR with placebo in 764 postmenopausal women aged 40 through 75 in 105 medical centers in the United States and Canada.

The women in the study received either vaginal softgel capsules containing one of the three doses of TX-004HR or placebo, once daily for two weeks, then twice weekly for 10 weeks.

Within two weeks, at all doses, vaginal cells and vaginal pH significantly improved, compared with placebo. Superficial and parabasal vaginal cell improvement was found at baseline and at two, six, eight and 12 weeks, and at every time point the return to premenopausal cell ratios was significant. Vaginal pH returned to premenopausal levels as well. Dyspareunia, vaginal dryness and irritation, significantly improved.

TX-004HR did not, on average, increase blood levels of estradiol outside the normal postmenopausal range.

The treatment was well tolerated. No treatment-related serious adverse events were reported, and no clinically significant differences in any adverse events or treatment-related serious adverse events were found between TX-004HR and placebo.

TherapeuticsMD plans to use the results of this study in its new drug application for approval of TX004HR to the FDA that will be submitted during the first half of 2016.

[Big Sexy]

What Are Pheromones? Do Humans Have Pheromones?
Written by Christian Nordqvist
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/232635.php

A pheromone is a chemical an animal produces which changes the behavior of another animal of the same species (animals include insects).

Some describe pheromones as behavior-altering agents. Many people do not know that pheromones trigger other behaviors in the animal of the same species, apart from sexual behavior.

Pheromones, unlike most other hormones are ectohormones - they act outside the body of the individual that is secreting them - they impact a behavior on another individual. Hormones usually only affect the individual that is secreting them.

This article will take a brief look at pheromones and whether they can be found in humans.



Fast facts on pheromones

Here are some key points about pheromones. More detail and supporting information is in the main article.

Pheromones are similar to hormones but work outside of the body
Pheromones induce activity in other individuals, such as sexual arousal
The McClintock effect refers to women's menstrual cycles combining, perhaps in response to pheromones
Some chemicals have been investigated for pheromone actions in humans but evidence is weak
Virtually all insects use pheromones to communicate
Most alleged pheromone products that can be purchased online are ineffective
Gustav Jäger was the first to propose the idea of pheromones - he called them anthropines
There are four types of pheromone: releaser, primer, signaler and modulator.



What do pheromones do?
Pheromones can be secreted to trigger many types of behaviors, including:

Alarm
To follow a food trail
Sexual arousal
To tell other female insects to lay their eggs elsewhere (epideictic pheromones)
To respect a territory
To bond (mother-baby)
To back off.

It is believed that the first pheromone was identified in 1953. Bombykol is secreted by female moths and is designed to attract males. The pheromone signal can travel enormous distances, even at low concentrations.

Experts say that the pheromone system of insects is much easier to understand than that of mammals, which do not have simple stereotyped insect behavior.

It is believed that mammals detect pheromones through an organ in the nose called the VNO (Vomeronasal Organ), or Jacobson's organ, and connects to the hypothalamus in the brain.

The VNO in humans consists of just pits that probably do not do anything; interestingly the VNO is clearly present in the fetus but atrophies before birth. If humans do respond to hormones, most likely they use their normal olfactory system.

Pheromones are commonly used in insect control. They can be used as bait to attract males into a trap, prevent them from mating, or to disorient them

Do humans have pheromones?

According to thousands of websites that promise sexual conquests if you buy their pills, human pheromones exist - bear in mind that their aim is to get you to buy their products. However, most proper, well-controlled scientific studies have failed to show any compelling evidence

Gustav Jäger (1832-1917), a German doctor and hygienist is thought to be the first scientist to put forward the idea of human pheromones. He called them anthropines and said that they were lipophilic compounds associated with skin and follicles that mark the individual signature of human odors. Lipophilic compounds are those that tend to combine with, or are capable of dissolving in lipids.

Researchers at the University of Chicago claimed that they managed to link the synchronization of women's menstrual cycles to unconscious odor cues. The head researcher was called Martha McClintock, hence the coined term "the McClintock effect."

When exposing a group of women to a whiff of sweat from other women, their menstrual cycles either accelerated or slowed down, depending on when during the menstrual cycle the sweat was collected - before, during or after ovulation.

The scientists said that the pheromone collected before ovulation shortened the ovarian cycle, while the pheromone collected during ovulation lengthened it. Even so, recent analyses of McClintock's study and methodology have questioned its validity.

Recent research into pheromones

A Swedish study found that lesbians react differently to AND (progesterone derivative 4,16-androstadien-3-one) compared with heterosexual women. AND is ten times more abundant in human male sweat than female sweat.

A study, published in Respirology in January 2016, showed that AND caused swelling in the erectile tissue of female noses. This was taken as evidence that AND might be a functioning pheromone.1

Another contender for the role of human pheromone is androstadienone. There is some evidence that androstadienone, a component of male sweat, increases attraction, affects mood and cortisol levels and activates brain areas linked to social cognition. One study found that androstadienone increased cooperative behavior in males.2

Androstenone, secreted only by males, has also been tested for its potential role as a pheromone. According to some studies, androstenone increases a woman's mood, especially if she is presented with it close to the time of ovulation.3

Overall, evidence for the existence of pheromones in humans is weak but it can not be ruled out entirely. If human pheromones are ever found, the likelihood is that their effects are incredibly subtle.

Types of pheromone
There are four principal kinds of pheromones:

Releaser pheromones - they elicit an immediate response, the response is rapid and reliable. They are usually linked to sexual attraction.
Primer pheromones - these take longer to get a response. They can, for example, influence the development or reproduction physiology, including menstrual cycles in females, puberty, and the success or failure of pregnancy. They can alter hormone levels. In some mammals, scientists found that females who had become pregnant and were exposed to primer pheromones from another male, could spontaneously abort the fetus.
Signaler pheromones - these provide information. They may help the mother to recognize her newborn by scent (fathers cannot usually do this). Signaler pheromones give out our genetic odor print.
Modulator pheromones - they can either alter or synchronize bodily functions. Usually found in sweat. In animal experiments, scientists found that when placed on the upper lip of females, they became less tense and more relaxed. Modulator hormones may also affect a female's monthly cycle.

[Big Sexy]

High School Students Recreate $750 HIV Pill for $2

https://ptcommunity.com/news/20161201/high-school-students-recreate-750-hiv-pill-2
Martin Shkreli takes a slap in the face

A group of Australian high school students has recreated the key ingredients of Daraprim––the toxoplasmosis drug that the infamous Martin Shkreli acquired in 2015 and then jacked up the price of a single pill by 5,000%––for a mere $2, according to a news report from the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). The 11 students, all 17 years of age, were able to synthesize the product’s active ingredient, pyrimethamine, in the school laboratory.

The boys produced 3.7 g of pyrimethamine for $20. In the United States, the same quantity would cost up to $110,000. In most countries, including Australia and Britain, the drug retails for less than $1.50 per pill.

The students set out on their experiment as a means of showing how Daraprim can be produced inexpensively and to underscore the inflated cost of drugs in the U.S. Prior to Shkreli’s acquisition, Daraprim cost about $18 per pill. After the acquisition, the retail price skyrocketed to $750.

Shkreli was arrested in December 2015 on allegations of securities fraud. He subsequently stepped down as the head of Turing Pharmaceuticals. His trial is set for June 26, 2017.

The students posted their laboratory work online with the Open Source Malaria (OSM) group, a project that uses open-source principles to find a cure for malaria. One of the students’ advisers, Alice Williamson, a postdoctoral teaching fellow at the University of Sydney, works with the OSM.

Williamson told the Washington Post that the high costs of drugs are not always justifiable. She said that if high school students can develop the same drug for a small cost, “how can you get away with charging $750 for an essential medicine to so many people who are already vulnerable?”

Last year, compound drug maker Imprimis Pharmaceuticals offered a compound of pyrimethamine and leucovorin as a low-cost alternative to Daraprim. At the time, Imprimis said its combination treatment would have a price tag of $99 for 100 tablets––slightly less than $1 per pill.

[Big Sexy]

Australian boys recreate life-saving drug
http://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-38153254

The man who sparked outrage last year by hiking the price of a life-saving drug may have met his match in some Australian schoolboys.

US executive Martin Shkreli became a symbol of greed when he raised the price of a tablet of Daraprim from $13.50 (£11) to $750.

Now, Sydney school students have recreated the drug's key ingredient for just $20.

Daraprim is an anti-parasitic drug used by malaria and Aids patients.

Martin Shkreli: 'The most hated man in America'

The Sydney Grammar boys, all 17, synthesised the active ingredient, pyrimethamine, in their school science laboratory.

"It wasn't terribly hard but that's really the point, I think, because we're high school students," one boy, Charles Jameson, told the BBC.

The students produced 3.7 grams of pyrimethamine for $20. In the US, the same quantity would cost up to $110,000.

In most countries, including Australia and Britain, the drug retails for less than $1.50 per pill.

http://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/624/cpsprodpb/5674/production/_92723122_e9c07bf9-16fe-4edd-aaba-3bf66146d729.jpg

The boys said they conducted the year-long experiment to highlight the drug's inflated cost in the US.

"It seems totally unjustified and ethically wrong," student James Wood said. "It's a life-saving drug and so many people can't afford it."

Supervising teacher Dr Malcolm Binns said: "Everyone is very happy and pleased with the result. All the boys think it's the most amazing thing."

Daraprim is used to treat to treat toxoplasmosis, an infection common in people with Aids.

Mr Shkreli, also known as "Pharma Bro", was chief executive of Turing Pharmaceuticals when it acquired exclusive rights to Daraprim.

Its decision to increase the cost by more than 5,000% in August last year drew international condemnation. Mr Shkreli has argued the Daraprim price increase was warranted because the drug is highly specialised.

But the firm eventually agreed to lower the price to something more affordable.
'Real monetary value'

Dr Alice Williamson, a University of Sydney research chemist, supported the boys' project through online platform Open Source Malaria.

"They've transformed starter material that's worth pennies into something that has a real monetary value in the States," she told the BBC.

"If you can obtain it cheaply in schools, then there's no excuse for charging that much money for a drug. Especially from people that really need it and probably can't afford to pay for it."

Dr Williamson called the pricing in the US "ludicrous".

Mr Shkreli has since dismissed the schoolboys' achievement, saying that making a small quantity of the drug is easy.

"I should use high school kids to make my medicines," he posted on Twitter.

"Why buy my equipment when I can use the lab's for free?! And those teachers who told them what to do, they'll work for free, right?"

The controversial pharmaceutical boss was arrested in December on allegations of securities fraud. He subsequently stepped down as the head of Turing. His trial is set for 26 June, 2017.

[Big Sexy]

Commercial brand of mouthwash can help kill off gonorrhea in the mouth
MNT Knowledge Center
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/314897.php

Published: Thursday 22 December 2016

A commercial brand of mouthwash that is readily available from supermarkets and pharmacies can help curb the growth of the bacteria responsible for gonorrhoea, reveals preliminary research published online in the journal Sexually Transmitted Infections.

Daily rinsing and gargling with the product might be a cheap and easy way of helping to control the spread of the infection, suggest the researchers.

New cases of gonorrhoea among men are on the rise in many countries amid declining condom use, with the bulk of cases among gay/bisexual men, say the researchers.

Rising rates of gonorrhoea heighten the risk of the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains of Neisseria gonnorhoeae, the bacteria responsible for the infection, making the need for a preventive measure that doesn't rely on condoms even more urgent, they say.

As far back as 1879, and before the advent of antibiotics, the manufacturer of Listerine, a commercial brand of mouthwash, claimed that it could be used to cure gonorrhoea. But no published research has tested out this claim.

In a bid to rectify this, the researchers assessed whether Listerine could curb the growth of N. gonorrhoeae in laboratory tests and in sexually active gay/bisexual men in a clinical trial.

For the laboratory tests, different dilutions (up to 1:32) of Listerine Cool Mint and Total Care, both of which contain 21.6% alcohol, were applied to cultures of N. gonorrhoeae to see which of any of them might curb growth of the bacteria. By way of a comparison, a salt water (saline) solution was similarly applied to an identical set of cultures.

Listerine at dilutions of up to 1 in 4, applied for 1 minute, significantly reduced the number of N. gonorrhoeae on the culture plates, whereas the saline solution did not.

The clinical trial involved 196 gay/bisexual men who had previously tested positive for gonorrhoea in their mouths/throat, and who were returning for treatment at one sexual health clinic in Melbourne, Australia, between May 2015 and February 2016.

Almost a third (30%; 58) tested positive for the bacteria in their throat on the return visit.

Thirty three of these men were randomly assigned to a rinse and gargle with Listerine and 25 of them to a rinse and gargle with the saline solution.

After rinsing and gargling for 1 minute, the proportion of viable gonorrhoea in the throat was 52% among the men using Listerine compared with 84% among those using saline.

And the men using Listerine were 80% less likely to test positive for gonorrhoea in their throat five minutes after gargling than were the men using the saline solution.

The researchers admit that the monitoring period was short, so the possibility that the effects of the mouthwash might be short-lived can't be ruled out. But the laboratory test results would suggest otherwise, they say.

This research is preliminary, so a larger trial is currently under way to confirm these results and see whether the use of mouthwash could curb the spread of gonorrhoea, they say.

"If daily use of mouthwash was shown to reduce the duration of untreated infection and/or reduce the probability of acquisition of N. gonorrhoeae, then this readily available, condom-less, and low cost intervention may have very significant public health implications in the control of gonorrhoea in [men who have sex with men]," write the researchers.

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Medication may provide greater virus suppression, reduction in lesions for patients with genital herpes

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/314914.php

In a study appearing in JAMA, Anna Wald, M.D., M.P.H., of the University of Washington & Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, and colleagues compared the medications pritelivir and valacyclovir for reducing genital herpes simplex virus shedding and lesions in persons with recurrent genital herpes.

The treatment for genital herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections relies on the nucleoside analogues acyclovir, valacyclovir, or famciclovir administered either for each recurrence or daily to prevent recurrences. In addition, valacyclovir, when taken daily has been shown to reduce the risk of HSV-2 transmission to susceptible partners. However, the protection is only partial (approximately 50 percent), likely because these drugs neither completely inhibit genital viral shedding (when the virus is active and potentially transmissible to sexual partners). Alternative agents to treat HSV infections are needed.

For this crossover study, 91 participants (adults with 4 to 9 annual genital HSV-2 recurrences) were randomly assigned, 45 to receive pritelivir first, a different class of medication for genital herpes, and 46 to receive valacyclovir first. Participants took the first drug for 28 days followed by 28 days of washout before taking the second drug for 28 days. Throughout treatment, the participants collected genital swabs 4 times daily for HSV testing. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration placed the trial on clinical hold based on findings in a concurrent nonclinical toxicity study, and the sponsor terminated the study.

Of the 91 randomized participants, 56 had completed both treatment periods at the time of the study's termination. In intent-to-treat analyses, HSV shedding was detected in 2.4 percent of swabs during pritelivir treatment compared with 5.3 percent during valacyclovir treatment. Genital lesions were present on 1.9 percent of days in the pritelivir group vs 3.9 percent in the valacyclovir group. The frequency of shedding episodes did not differ by group. Quantity of virus shed was decreased significantly during pritelivir treatment compared with valacyclovir treatment. The frequency of pain was reduced in the pritelivir group compared to the valacyclovir group.

Treatment-emergent adverse events occurred in 62 percent of participants in the pritelivir group and 69 percent of participants in the valacyclovir group.

"Further research is needed to assess longer-term efficacy and safety," the authors write.

This study was supported by AiCuris GmbH & Co KG.

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Re-emergence of syphilis traced to pandemic strain cluster
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/314568.php

Over the last few decades, an age-old infectious disease has been re-emerging globally: Syphilis. Using techniques to analyze low levels of DNA, an international research team headed by the University of Zurich has now shown that all syphilis strains from modern patient samples share a common ancestor from the 1700s. Furthermore, their research demonstrates that strains dominating infections today originate from a pandemic cluster that emerged after 1950, and these strains share a worrying trait: Resistance to the second-line antibiotic azithromycin.

Syphilis has plagued humankind for over 500 years. After the first reported outbreaks struck Europe in 1495, the disease spread rapidly to other continents and swelled to a global pandemic. When treatment with the antibiotic penicillin became available in the mid-twentieth century, infection rates started to decrease dramatically. Strikingly, however, infection with the bacteria Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum (TPA) has been re-emerging globally in the last few decades; more than 10 million cases are reported annually. Yet the reason for the resurgence of this sexually transmitted infection remains poorly understood.
New techniques to analyze an old disease

According to the authors of the paper, little is known about the patterns of genetic diversity in current infections or the evolutionary origins of the disease. Because clinical samples from syphilis patients only contain low quantities of treponemal DNA and the pathogen is difficult to culture in the laboratory, researchers from the University of Zurich decided in 2013 to apply DNA capture and whole-genome sequencing techniques, as used by colleagues at the University of Tübingen, to ancient DNA samples. The team collected 70 clinical and laboratory samples of syphilis, yaws, and bejel infections from 13 countries spread across the globe. Like syphilis bacteria, the closely related subspecies Treponema pallidum subsp. pertenue (TPE) and Treponema pallidum subsp. endemicum (TEN), which cause yaws and bejel, are transmitted through skin contact and show similar clinical manifestations.

By using genome-wide data, the researchers were able to reconstruct a phylogenetic tree showing a clear separation between the TPA lineage and the TPE/TEN lineage. "There have been many questions regarding the origin of syphilis since its appearance on the world stage 500 years ago. By combining an evolutionary and an epidemiological approach, we were able to decipher the genetic relation between strains infecting individuals today, and also trace the emergence of a pandemic cluster with high frequency of antibiotic resistance", says Homayoun C. Bagheri, former professor at the UZH Institute for Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies.
Current syphilis infections predominantly due to resistant strains from a pandemic cluster

The genomic analyses show the emergence of a pandemic cluster named SS14-Ω, which is present in contemporary infections around the globe and distinct from the cluster comprising the well-studied Nichols reference strain. "Our findings highlight the need to study more extensively the predominant strain type in the contemporary epidemic", states Natasha Arora, researcher at the Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine and first author of the study published in Nature Microbiology.

An evolutionary finding of epidemiological relevance is that the SS14-Ω cluster originated from a strain ancestor in the mid-20th century - after the discovery of antibiotics. The worrying aspect of this pandemic cluster is its high resistance to azithromycin, a second-line drug that is widely used to treat sexually transmitted infections. Natasha Arora adds: "The good news is that, so far, no Treponema strains have been detected that are resistant to penicillin, the first-line antibiotic for syphilis treatment."

Co-author Philipp Bosshard from the University Hospital Zurich is continuing to collect Swiss patient samples in order to further study the clinical aspects of the work. The researchers are convinced that this type of analysis will open new opportunities to develop a comprehensive understanding of the epidemiology of syphilis - a devastating disease that persists to this day, despite the availability of treatment.

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New study busts the myth that contraceptives kill libido
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/314851.php


The contraceptive pill is one of the most popular means of contraception among women of reproductive age. Recent research examines its effects on female sexual desire

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported in 2012 that 62 percent of women of reproductive age were using a means of contraception. Of these, 28 percent - or 10.6 million women in the United States - were using the pill, making it the most popular method of contraception.

Despite the common belief that contraceptive pills decrease a woman's libido, the evidence supporting this has been mixed and inconclusive.

A comprehensive review of existing research reports that the effects of hormonal contraceptives on female sexual desire are conflicting and "not well studied," with only a small percentage of women reporting either an increase or a decrease in their libido.

Given this lack of evidence, researchers from the University of Kentucky and Indiana University have set out to examine the impact of oral hormonal contraceptive use on female sexual desire.

The results have been published in The Journal of Sexual Medicine.

Examining the effect of different contraceptives on the female libido

Authors of the new study point out that previous research has been inconsistent in the methodology used. For instance, some studies did not differentiate between the types of contraceptives, while others did not use non-hormonal comparison groups.

Additionally, previous studies did not account for the relationship context relating to contraceptive use and the sexual behavior of partners, these authors note.

However, researchers led by Dr. Kristen Mark carried out two separate studies. Both studies investigated the impact of different kinds of contraceptives on sexual desire in women. The studies also examined sexual desire in the men who were partnered with contraceptive-using women.

The first study looked at how contraceptive use affected heterosexual partners in relationships of different lengths, while the second study investigated this impact on long-term relationships.

Using the Sexual Desire Inventory (SDI), researchers examined two kinds of sexual desire: solitary and dyadic. These describe the libido a woman has on her own and with a partner, respectively.

The SDI is a 14-item questionnaire designed to measure sexual desire in cognitive terms, unlike other measurement tools that use behavioral methods.

As for the types of contraceptive, Dr. Mark and team grouped these into three categories: oral hormonal, other hormonal, and non-hormonal.

Overall, researchers examined sexual desire in more than 900 people.

The pill 'does not kill desire'

The study showed that the type of contraceptive used affected solitary and dyadic sexual desire significantly.

Women using non-hormonal contraceptives reported higher solitary libido than women on hormonal contraceptives. But women using oral hormonal contraceptives had higher levels of dyadic sexual desire than women on non-hormonal contraceptives.

The sexual desire of male partners did not seem to change with the type of contraceptive their partners used.

When scientists accounted for contextual information such as relationship length and age, however, the differences were no longer significant.

This suggests that contextual factors have a more considerable impact on sexual desire than the type of contraceptive used.

Sexual desire was more strongly predicted by the length and age of the relationship than by the type of contraceptive used.

Furthermore, when examining couples, researchers saw no association between contraceptive type and solitary or dyadic sexual desire in men and women.

Dr. Mark emphasizes the need to "bust the myth" that contraceptive pills can decrease libido.

"Sometimes women are looking for something to explain changes in their sexual desire, which is not fixed throughout their life. The message that hormonal pills decrease desire is really prevalent. In my undergrad classes my students often say they hear the pill makes you not want sex, 'so what's the point?' Our findings are clear: the pill does not kill desire. This research helps to bust those myths and hopefully eventually get rid of this common cultural script in our society."
Dr. Kristen Mark

[Big Sexy]

Novel penile implant offers hope for men with erectile dysfunction

Although implants and medication are available for individuals who have lost erectile function, there is currently no one-size-fits-all treatment. However, using an innovative heat-activated memory metal, researchers recently tested a new device and the results are promising.

Although technology related to the penis can draw childish sniggers, it is a serious business.

For instance, losing one's erectile function through cancer or injury can be a life-altering event.

Erectile dysfunction is not uncommon; an estimated 40 percent of men aged 40-70 have some level of erectile dysfunction.

Of these 40 percent, an estimated one-third do not respond to drugs such as Viagra.

Brian Le, from the Department of Urology at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, recently investigated new technology that may, eventually, provide a reliable alternative.

Le joined forces with Alberto Colombo and Kevin McKenna at Northwestern University, IL, and Kevin McVary at Southern Illinois University. Le says that: "It's a survivorship issue - restoring function can help people feel whole in their bodies again."

Current treatments for erectile dysfunction

Beyond Viagra and similar drugs, there are two interventions that can restore some level of function.

The best solution on the market is an inflatable implant. However, due to the multiple components - including a reservoir of water and a pump - the surgery can be complicated. The implanted pump can also be awkward for the user, with the potential to cause medical complications, including water leakage from the internal reservoir.

The simplest device currently in use is a malleable implant. It is relatively cheap and easy to install, making it more popular in developing countries than in the United States. There are, however, drawbacks to this method. These include the fact that it provides a permanently erect penis, that it can change shape during use, and that it has the potential to put pressure on surrounding areas, therefore damaging tissue.

The inflatable pump technology was first designed in the 1970s and, since then, little progress has been made. Because neither of these interventions are ideal, and because the potential marketplace is large, discovering alternatives could be lucrative. For these reasons, Boston Scientific are supporting Le's innovative work in this field.

New penile implant technology

Le's solution uses an exoskeleton made from Nitinol (a nickel-titanium alloy). Nitinol is already useful in endovascular surgery thanks to its superelastic properties.

The new implant is a heat-activated shape memory alloy, meaning that it has the ability to "remember" its original shape. At body temperature, the implant remains flaccid, but when heated, it unfurls to the expanded, elongated shape that it "remembers."

A remote-controlled device is being designed that, when waved over the penis, will heat the Nitinol to just above body temperature, causing it to expand in length and girth.

This brief video shows the prosthesis in action:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sbN2ldHq_U4&feature=youtu.be

Le and colleagues set out to test the Nitinol structure's performance against other available devices. Mechanical tests mimicked those used by other penile prosthesis manufacturers; they included testing whether the structure buckled, penile lateral deviation, and the penis' ability to recover its original shape.

The results are published in January's edition of the journal Urology.

Testing showed that the Nitinol shape memory alloy has similar mechanical characteristics to inflatable penile prosthetics. They also showed that the new device became more pliable when deactivated and could be repeatedly used to attain an erection.

These early results are promising:

"We're hoping that, with a better device, a better patient experience, and a simpler surgery, more urologists would perform this operation, and more patients would want to try the device."

Brian Le

Although the device is still in the early testing phase, Le hopes that, if milestones continue to be reached in a timely fashion, the device could be on the market in 5-10 years

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Scientists develop new antibiotic for gonorrhoea
Published: Thursday 5 January 2017
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/315038.php


Scientists at the University of York have harnessed the therapeutic effects of carbon monoxide-releasing molecules to develop a new antibiotic which could be used to treat the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhoea.

The infection, which is caused by the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae, has developed a highly drug-resistant strain in recent years with new cases reported in the north of England and Japan.

There are concerns that gonorrhea, which is the second most common sexually transmitted infection in England, is becoming untreatable.

Almost 35,000 cases were reported in England during 2014, with most cases affecting young men and women under the age of 25.

The interdisciplinary team, from the University of York's Departments of Biology and Chemistry, targeted the "engine room" of the bacteria using carbon monoxide-releasing molecules (CO-RMs).

CO is produced naturally in the body, but there is increasing evidence that carbon monoxide enhances antibiotic action with huge potential for treating bacterial infections.

The scientists found that Neisseria gonorrhoeae is more sensitive to CO-based toxicity than other model bacterial pathogens, and may serve as a viable candidate for antimicrobial therapy using CO-RMs.

The CO molecule works by binding to the bacteria, preventing them from producing energy.

Scientists believe the breakthrough, published in the journal MedChemComm, could pave the way for new treatments.

Professor Ian Fairlamb, from the University's Department of Chemistry, said: "The carbon monoxide molecule targets the engine room, stopping the bacteria from respiring. Gonorrhoea only has one enzyme that needs inhibiting and then it can't respire oxygen and it dies.

"People will be well aware that CO is a toxic molecule but that is at high concentrations. Here we are using very low concentrations which we know the bacteria are sensitive to.

"We are looking at a molecule that can be released in a safe and controlled way to where it is needed."

The team say the next stage is to develop a drug, either in the form of a pill or cream, so that the fundamental research findings can be translated on to future clinical trials.

Professor Fairlamb added: "We think our study is an important breakthrough. It isn't the final drug yet but it is pretty close to it."

"People might perceive gonorrhoea as a trivial bacterial infection, but the disease is becoming more dangerous and resistant to antibiotics."

The team worked with Professor James Moir from the University's Department of Biology. He added: "Antimicrobial resistance is a massive global problem which isn't going away. We need to use many different approaches, and the development of new drugs using bioinorganic chemistry is one crucial way we can tackle this problem, to control important bacterial pathogens before the current therapies stop working."

[Big Sexy]

Natural Treatments for Vaginal Atrophy
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/315089.php

Vaginal atrophy is inflammation, dryness, and thinning of the vaginal walls. The condition is also known as atrophic vaginitis.

There are many forms of treatment for vaginal atrophy. This article examines some natural remedies, lifestyle changes, and medical treatments that can help.

Natural remedies that may help with vaginal atrophy

There are several lifestyle changes that could help people to relieve the symptoms of vaginal atrophy.

Giving up smoking: Smoking decreases estrogen levels and increases the risk of developing vaginal atrophy, as well as other conditions such as osteoporosis.

Staying sexually active: Sexual activity increases the flow of blood to the genitals, which in turn helps keep them healthy. It is important for a woman to allow herself enough time to become sexually aroused.

Avoiding perfumed products such as powders, soaps, and deodorants. It is important to also note that certain lubricants and spermicides can irritate the vagina and cause dryness.

Getting regular exercise and physical activity aids hormone balance.
Keeping well hydrated.

Diet and vaginal atrophy

A number of diet tips and supplements have been suggested as alternative treatments for vaginal atrophy. At present, there is little evidence from scientific research to support these claims.

People with vaginal atrophy should discuss any herbal supplements or dietary changes with their doctor before making any lifestyle changes.

Natural lubricants

A number of natural lubricants may help to relieve the symptoms of vaginal atrophy. These include:

Jojoba
Coconut oil
Aloe vera
Vitamin E suppositories stimulate the normal vaginal mucosa and help prevent infections

Complementary treatments

Probiotics are bacteria that are considered healthy for the human body. Research suggests that probiotics may help relieve the symptoms of vaginal atrophy.

Some women with vaginal atrophy may also develop urinary problems and probiotics are also thought to be helpful in alleviating these symptoms.


Causes of vaginal atrophy

Vaginal atrophy can happen at any age, although it most commonly affects women during and after menopause, when the ovaries begin to produce less estrogen.

Estrogen is a female hormone that is responsible for a woman's sexual development and helps control her menstrual cycle. It helps support bone health and can affect the skin and other tissues in the body. Estrogen can also affect the brain and impact on a person's mood.

Pre-menopausal women with medical conditions that affect the levels of estrogen in the body can also develop vaginal atrophy.

The main cause of vaginal atrophy is reduced estrogen levels. Estrogen levels can be reduced by:

Certain types of contraceptives, including the contraceptive injection and the combined pill
A lack of arousal prior to intercourse leading to nonproduction of a woman's natural lubricant
Breastfeeding or childbirth
Hormonal cancer treatments, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy to the pelvic area
Diabetes or Sjögren's syndrome, in which the glands in the body that produce fluid are attacked by the immune system

Medical treatments for vaginal atrophy

As well as natural remedies and lifestyle changes, there are several medications for treating vaginal atrophy. Many of the following are available over the counter:

Water-based, glycerine-free lubricants help reduce discomfort during sex.
Vaginal moisturizers can be applied every 2 to 3 days. Their effect lasts longer than a lubricant.
Topical estrogen cream applied directly inside the vagina relieves symptoms more quickly than if taken orally. It also reduces the bloodstream's exposure to estrogen.
Oral estrogen.
An estrogen ring inserted into the vagina releases estrogen.
Systemic estrogen therapy is available as a skin patch, an implant under the skin, tablets, or a gel applied directly to the skin.

Systemic estrogen therapy has some potential side effects.

These include:

Breast tenderness
Headaches
Nausea
Indigestion
Stomach pain
Vaginal bleeding

There may also be an increase in the risk of developing blood clots and breast cancer with this type of treatment. However, the benefits usually outweigh the risks.

What effect does a history of breast cancer have on treatment options?

A woman with a history of breast cancer should consult her doctor regarding any potential treatment.

Estrogen can be harmful for women with a history of breast cancer. If the cancer is hormone-sensitive, estrogen may increase the risk of it coming back. For this reason, systemic estrogen therapy is not usually recommended.

Treatments that can be used by women who have or have had breast cancer include:

Nonhormonal treatments, such as moisturizers and lubricants
Low-dose vaginal estrogen may be used if nonhormonal treatments have failed to relieve the symptoms of vaginal atrophy

Symptoms of vaginal atrophy

The symptoms of vaginal atrophy can vary and a woman will not necessarily experience all of them at the same time. They include:

Vaginal dryness or itchiness
Vaginal discharge
Loss of libido
Discomfort during intercourse
Decreased lubrication during intercourse
Bleeding after intercourse
Frequent urinary tract infections
Pale and thin appearance of the vagina
Tightening or shortening of the vagina
Needing to urinate more often

When to see a doctor

Many women are embarrassed about vaginal atrophy. However, it is a very common condition that can be treated in a number of ways with good results.

Medical advice should be sought if:

Symptoms are severe and interfering with day-to-day life
Pain is experienced during intercourse, which is not relieved by vaginal lubricants
There is any bleeding, burning, or discharge is present
Other symptoms, such as night sweats and hot flushes are present

Written by Silvana Montoya

[Big Sexy]

CDC guidelines for HIV prevention regimen may not go far enough, study suggests
Published: Wednesday 11 January 2017

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/315163.php

A new study from the UCLA Fielding School of Public Health suggests modifying federal health guidelines related to the use of pre-exposure prophylaxis to prevent HIV transmission because current standards could miss some people who should be on it.

Pre-exposure prophylaxis, or PrEP, is a measure that has proven to be highly effective in preventing HIV transmission during unprotected sex. While not entirely foolproof, studies have shown taking daily doses of tenofovir disoproxil-emtricitabine, or Truvada, is 92 percent effective in preventing HIV infection when taken correctly and consistently.

Since 2012, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has recommended PrEP for gay or bisexual men who have had condomless anal sex or been diagnosed with a sexually transmitted infection in the past six months. The CDC also has recommended PrEP for HIV-negative men who have sex with men (MSM) and who are in a relationship with an HIV-positive partner.

The UCLA study, which was published in the January issue of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, suggests that those guidelines do not go far enough, because they omit important characteristics that could put someone at high risk for becoming infected with the virus that causes AIDS. Working with the Los Angeles LGBT Center, the researchers have developed an online risk assessment calculator, available today, which could fill that gap.

"To the best of our knowledge, this PrEP Calculator is the first of its kind to be based on real-world data," said Robert Weiss, co-author of the study and a professor of biostatistics at the Fielding School. "We hope that our PrEP calculator will allow more MSM to make a more-informed decision before deciding whether or not PrEP is right for them."

The Los Angeles LGBT Center is one of the largest HIV testing providers in Los Angeles County for gay, bisexual and MSM, with approximately 13,000 individual clients served annually, said lead author Matthew Beymer, a post-doctoral scholar in the department of medicine, division of infectious diseases, at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA.

Between January 2009 and June 2014 the center collected data on various behavioral risk factors for HIV among clients at each visit. Center personnel used behavioral data and HIV test results to determine what characteristics distinguished MSM who were HIV-negative when the study began and subsequently tested positive for HIV during a follow-up visit from those who remained HIV-negative through the follow-up visits.

Using these data the researchers built an HIV-risk algorithm, which they use as a standardized mechanism for recommending PrEP to clients of the Los Angeles LGBT Center. Unlike the CDC guidelines, they asked important questions about a number of factors that could put one at higher risk for becoming infected, including substance use, number of sex partners, age and race or ethnicity, and other partner-level factors.

The researchers found that if all individuals who had a risk score greater than or equal to five on the test's scale - 51 percent of those who used the calculator - had been given PrEP, then 75 percent of HIV infections would be averted during follow-up, assuming adequate regimen adherence and near complete effectiveness.

This made the researchers' model better than the CDC guidelines because it took into account behaviors that aren't considered in the current guidelines.

Based on these findings, they developed the risk calculator. The researchers will then assess whether men who have sex with men find it useful in determining if they should start taking PrEP. Even as late as September 2016, 20 percent of the Los Angeles LGBT Center's clients were unsure if PrEP was right for them, Beymer said.

"The findings from this study will allow MSM to determine their overall risk for HIV based on their own data and previous data collected at the Los Angeles LGBT Center," Beymer said. "Ultimately, this HIV risk score can be used by the client to determine if PrEP is right for them."

Beymer said that a limitation of this calculator is that it may not be appropriate for heterosexual and trans individuals, injection drug users, or people living outside of Los Angeles. In addition, it does not consider situations in which HIV-negative men are in long-term relationships with HIV-positive men.

This work was supported by the Center for HIV Identification, Prevention, and Treatment; the National Institute of Mental Health (grant P30MH058107), the UCLA Center for AIDS Research (grant 5P30AI028697) and a UCLA Postdoctoral Fellowship Training Program in Global HIV Prevention Research (T32MH080634).

[Big Sexy]

HIV risk influenced by specific vaginal bacteria
Written by Honor Whiteman
Published: Wednesday 11 January 2017

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/315128.php

Sexual activity is one of the most common ways by which HIV can be passed from one person to another. In a new study, researchers have identified certain types of vaginal bacteria that might increase a woman's susceptibility to sexually transmitted HIV.

First study author Christina Gosmann - a postdoctoral research fellow at the Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard Medical School - and colleagues report their findings in the journal Immunity.

HIV is a virus that attacks the body's CD4 cells, or T cells, which are a type of white blood cell that helps to protect the body from infection.

Worldwide, there are around 36.7 million people living with HIV or AIDS. AIDS is the final stage of HIV infection, whereby the immune system is severely damaged.

HIV is most commonly transmitted through sexual activity and needle-sharing. A person can contract HIV through contact with the blood, semen, pre-seminal fluid, or the rectal and vaginal fluids of infected individuals.

According to Gosmann and colleagues, in Africa - where HIV is most prevalent - young women are up to eight times more likely to develop sexually transmitted HIV than men, "emphasizing the need for a better understanding of the factors in the female genital tract (FGT) that influence HIV acquisition."

Previous research has indicated that vaginal bacteria may play a role in the acquisition of HIV. For example, one study published in 2013 found that women deficient in vaginal Lactobacillus - a type of "friendly" bacteria - were more susceptible to HIV.

However, Gosmann and team note that that majority of studies that have found such a link have been conducted in high-income countries with lower burdens of HIV.

HIV risk four times higher for women with specific bacterial communities

For their study, the researchers analyzed the data of 236 healthy women aged 18-32 who were a part of the Females Rising through Education, Support, and Health study.

The women were from the KwaZulu-Natal province of Durban in South Africa, which has one of the highest burdens of HIV in the country.

At study baseline, all women were free of HIV. Vaginal swabs were retrieved from each of the women and analyzed for bacterial and viral microbes.

During a median follow-up period of 336 days, 31 of the women acquired HIV.

Compared with women who had "healthy" vaginal bacteria, the researchers found that those with high levels of specific pro-inflammatory bacteria, such as Prevotella and Sneathia, but low levels of Lactobacillus were four times more likely to acquire HIV.

Women whose FGT was dominated by these high-risk bacterial communities also had high levels of CD4 cells, which are the main target of HIV.

Additionally, on introducing these pro-inflammatory bacterial species to the FGT of female, germ-free mice, the researchers identified an increase in active mucosal CD4 T cells. The team says that this provides "direct evidence of the impact of these bacteria on the recruitment of activated CD4 T cells to the FGT."

"Seventy percent of our volunteers had diverse bacterial communities with low Lactobacillus abundance. Here we show that not only are those more diverse communities associated with higher levels of genital inflammation but also with significantly increased HIV acquisition."

Senior author Douglas Kwon, Ragon Institute

Prebiotics and probiotics might reduce HIV risk for women

The researchers say that the precise reasons for the differences in vaginal bacteria among the women in their study are unclear; they could find no evidence that environmental or behavioral factors play a role.

However, the team notes that an individual's genes might influence which bacterial species reside in the FGT, causing some women to have naturally low levels of Lactobacillus and increased levels of high-risk bacteria.

While further studies are needed to pinpoint what influences the development of certain vaginal bacteria, the team believes that this current study paves the way for a new strategy that might reduce women's risk of HIV: increasing levels of Lactobacillus and reducing levels of pro-inflammatory bacteria.

The researchers suggest that this could be achieved with the use of prebiotics or probiotics.

"We're very excited about these findings. [...] There is a direct translational application that comes from this work. By identifying bacterial species and communities associated with HIV risk, we provide specific targets that may be leveraged to develop new preventive strategies and to improve the effectiveness of existing preventive measures."

Christina Gosmann

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Genital Psoriasis: Symptoms and Treatment
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/315217.php

Psoriasis is an autoimmune skin disease that is marked by raised, red, scaly patches on the skin area. The condition can occur anywhere on the body, including the genitals.

It can range from mild to severe in terms of seriousness.

Contents of this article:

Symptoms of genital psoriasis
Treatments and sexual health
Causes of psoriasis

Symptoms of genital psoriasis

Genital psoriasis is one of the most uncomfortable forms of psoriasis because the genital area is so sensitive. Inverse psoriasis is the most common type of psoriasis found in the groin and genital area. A person who has inverse psoriasis, will usually develop smooth, dry, and red patches on their skin. Inverse psoriasis is often more painful than other types of psoriasis and the areas may be sore and itchy.

Various regions of the genital area may be affected by psoriasis:

Pubis: Region on male and females above the genitals.
Upper thighs: Psoriasis consists of many small round patches that are red and scaly. Psoriasis in this area is easily irritated, especially in those people whose thighs rub together when they walk or run.
Creases between thigh and groin: Psoriasis appears as nonscaly and reddish-white in the creases between the thigh and groin. The skin may have fissures or cracks. Those who are overweight or athletic may also develop an infection that resembles a yeast infection in the folds of the skin.

Psoriasis can affect the genital area of both men and women.

Psoriasis of the vulva typically has a smooth appearance and nonscaly redness. Scratching the area can cause an infection and create dryness, which can result in thickening of the skin and additional itching. Genital psoriasis typically affects the outer skin of the vagina. In most cases, psoriasis does not affect mucous membranes.

Psoriasis of the penis may present as many small, red patches on the glans or shaft. The skin may appear scaly or be smooth and shiny.

The condition can also affect the anus and surrounding skin. Psoriasis on or near the anus is red, nonscaly, and is commonly prone to itchiness. Symptoms can be confused with yeast infections, hemorrhoidal itching, and pinworm infestations.

If any of these other conditions are present, they can complicate psoriasis treatment. Rectal examinations and skin cultures can help to confirm these conditions. Psoriasis in the buttocks crease may be red and nonscaly, or red with very heavy scales.

Treatments and sexual health
Genital psoriasis can be difficult to treat in some cases, but typically it responds well to most treatment options. Skin in the genital area tends to be very thin and sensitive, so people with genital psoriasis should take special care when considering treatment options. Individuals should use topical creams carefully to avoid the skin becoming thinner and prevent stretch marks forming.

t is easy to relieve the itching and discomfort but treating lesions is more difficult. The affected area must be kept moisturized, and topical treatments or ultraviolet (UV) light may be used.

Treatments for genital psoriasis include:

Topical medications: Low-strength corticosteroids are used in the genital area. Prolonged use of topical corticosteroids can lead to permanently thin skin and stretch marks. Over-the-counter moisturizers can be helpful in keeping the area moisturized. People should avoid moisturizers with fragrances and perfumes as they may cause irritation. Vitamin D creams and ointments are less likely to cause irritation.
UV light: Used in special circumstances to treat genital psoriasis. Doses must be lower than those usually used to treat psoriasis in other parts of the body. Overexposure can burn the genital skin.
Emollients. Applying emollients will cover the skin with a protective layer and prevent water loss.
Calcineurin inhibitors: Tacrolimus and pimecrolimus are helpful in treating genital psoriasis and do not cause the adverse side effects such as thinning of the skin. They can, however, cause an uncomfortable burning sensation and reactivate sexually transmitted infections, such as herpes or viral warts.

In some cases, doctors may prescribe oral medication. Genital psoriasis medications can cause some adverse side effects, such as irritation, headache, insomnia, fever, and diarrhea. A person with genital psoriasis or any symptoms related to it should always talk to a doctor. This is to not only to ensure proper treatment but also to rule out other conditions including sexually transmitted diseases.

Genital psoriasis may get worse as a result of friction during sexual intercourse. Contact with certain irritants may also cause a flare up.

These irritants include:

Urine
Feces
Tight-fitting clothes

Sexual health

Using a condom during intercourse may help to reduce potential discomfort. It also forms a barrier to avoid skin-to-skin and fluid-to-skin contact, which reduces irritation further.

After intercourse, people with genital psoriasis should cleanse the area and reapply any medications to help with recovery.

Since the area can look different and the person may experience some irritation, it is best for those suffering from genital psoriasis to be honest and explain their condition to their partner. Though sexual intercourse can cause irritation, genital psoriasis cannot be transmitted and should not interfere with a person having a healthy sex life.

Causes of psoriasis

There are several different types of psoriasis and it typically occurs after something has triggered it. It is not known exactly what causes psoriasis, but defects in the immune system as well as a person's genetics play a key role in the development.

The immune system leads to an increase in healthy skin cells, T cells, and other white blood cells. This ongoing cycle causes new skin cells to move to the outermost layer of the skin in days rather than weeks. The body doesn't have time to shed the old cells, so the layers build up.

According to The National Psoriasis Foundation at least 10 percent of people inherit one or more genes that could eventually lead to psoriasis. Only 2-3 percent of the population develops the disease but one-third of people with psoriasis have a family member that also has the disease.

It is thought that a person who develops psoriasis has a certain combination of the genes and has been exposed to specific external triggers.

Psoriasis triggers include:

Infections such as strep throat or skin infections
Injury to the skin, such as a cut or scrape, bug bite, or severe sunburn
Stress and other environmental factors
Cold weather
Smoking
Heavy alcohol consumption
Some medications including lithium, high blood pressure medications, such as beta blockers, antimalarial drugs, and iodides

Actual symptoms of psoriasis vary from person to person but a few common signs include:

Red patches of skin covered with silvery scales
Small scaling spots, which are commonly seen in children
Dry, cracked skin that may be prone to bleeding
Itching, burning, or soreness
Thickened, pitted, or ridged nails
Swollen and stiff joints

[Big Sexy]

Study: HIV therapy could be contributing to syphilis outbreak
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/315308.php

Drugs used to treat HIV could affect how the body responds to syphilis, inadvertently contributing to a current outbreak, a new study suggests.

Syphilis cases in several countries have risen sharply in recent years, primarily affecting men who have sex with men. In this study, researchers investigating the outbreak hypothesize that medications used in highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), the gold standard for treating HIV infection, could reduce the body's immune responses to particular diseases, including syphilis.

"After reading about the astounding increase in syphilis cases, I also noticed a huge gap between syphilis and other sexually transmitted infections like chlamydia and gonorrhea," said Michael Rekart, lead author and clinical professor in UBC's school of population and public health. "That led me to believe there must be something else going on."

Until now, research and clinical communities have suggested that the outbreak could be a result of more risky sexual behaviour, such as people having sex without condoms, springing from the perception that the risk of HIV infection is low due to the availability and effectiveness of HAART.

However, the study points to evidence showing that many men with HIV do not practice high-risk sexual behaviour and that new syphilis cases are commonly observed in people on HAART. It also suggests there are plausible biological explanations for HAART effects on the body's immune response to certain diseases, says Caroline Cameron, a microbiologist at the University of Victoria who was part of the study team.

Rekart and his colleagues used mathematical modeling to predict syphilis rates based on the premise that risky sexual behaviour was the sole cause, and calculated a rate of increase lower than today's actual rate. When they considered both behaviour changes and possible immunity effects, their model predicted a rate that closely approximated the actual incidence of syphilis in B.C. and several other countries. Researchers have not yet compared data of people on HAART who contract syphilis with those not on HAART who contract the infection to establish a link.

While the findings suggest that researchers and health-care professionals should look more closely at this issue, Rekart said it is vital for people to continue to take their HAART. He said people can use information from this study to make behaviour decisions such as always using condoms and reducing the number of sexual partners.

"HAART drugs are life-saving; syphilis is curable," he said. "HAART drugs bring people with HIV back to a normal state of immunity, they can have a normal life, they don't get most opportunistic infections such as tuberculosis."

As a next step, researchers will need to look more closely at the relationship between HAART and infectious and non-infectious diseases and whether there are specific drugs in the HAART medication cocktail that impair immunity.

[Big Sexy]

Male contraceptive proves effective as alternative to vasectomy
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/315682.php

From birth control pills to non-hormonal injections, researchers have recently been investigating more and more options for male contraception. New research tests a contraceptive gel in monkeys as an alternative to vasectomy.

Almost half of all pregnancies are unintended, according to the latest statistics from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

While women have traditionally had a wide range of contraceptives available to them, the medical research community has only recently taken an interest in developing male contraceptives.

In 2016, the male non-hormonal contraceptive gel Vasalgel was successfully tested in rabbits, showing promise as a long-term contraceptive for males.

Vasalgel is a high molecular weight polymer that could work as a potentially reversible alternative to vasectomies.

In the new trial, researchers - led by Dr. Catherine VandeVoort, from the California National Primate Research Centre (CNPRC) - tested the drug in primates. The findings were published in the journal Basic and Clinical Andrology.

How Vasalgel works in monkeys

Vasalgel is injected into the so-called vas deferens - the thick-walled tube that transports sperm from the testicles to the urethra.

Inside the cavity of the vas deferens, the gel forms a barrier that puts a stop to the movement of the sperm.

In this study, Dr. VandeVoort selected a test group of 16 adult male rhesus monkeys housed at the CNPRC, and a control group of 16 age-matched monkeys that had been previously vasectomized.

The animals were sedated with Ketamine for the duration of the surgery and administered approximately 100 microliters of Vasalgel with the help of a syringe through a small incision.

This dose of Vasalgel formed a barrier of approximately 2 centimeters in length inside the vas deferens. The animals were administered analgesics postoperatively to help with the pain, and were monitored daily for 7 days after the surgery.

After that, researchers returned the monkeys to their normal group housing, where they cohabitated with females for a minimum of one breeding season of around 6 months. Seven males lived almost continuously with females for 2 years.

The paternity of all the offspring was tested via blood samples and genetic testing. The researchers report that the treated males had no conceptions after the Vasalgel injections.

In similar housing conditions, sexually mature females are expected to have a pregnancy rate of 80 percent per breeding season.

Vasalgel is 'safe' and produces 'fewer complications' than vasectomies

The authors report a few minor complications, similar to those commonly associated with traditional vasectomies. One monkey in the group developed sperm granuloma after the injection. This complication - consisting of a lumpy buildup of sperm in the vas deferens - occurs in around 60 percent of human vasectomy cases, according to the authors. As they explain, there are typically no serious side effects resulting from sperm granuloma.

The rate of sperm granuloma in vasectomized male rhesus monkeys is typically around 15 percent, whereas 1 in 32 - as was the case in this study - amounts to little over 3 percent.

In the age-matched control group, 5 out of 16 (or over 32 percent) of the vasectomized male rhesus monkeys developed a form of sperm granuloma.

"Our research shows that Vasalgel placement into the vas deferens produces reliable contraception in mature male rhesus monkeys as shown by the lack of pregnancies in reproductively viable females with which the males were housed. Importantly, we show that the method of Vasalgel placement is safe and produced fewer complications than usually occur with a vasectomy."

Dr. Catherine VandeVoort

Dr. VandeVoort and her colleagues recommend that future research investigates the reversibility of Vasalgel in monkeys before the gel can become a valid alternative to vasectomy in human males.

"Vasalgel shows real promise as an alternative to vasectomy because research in rabbits has previously shown the product to be reversible," she adds. "Although it is possible to reverse a vasectomy, it is a technically challenging procedure and patients often have very low rates of fertility following reversal."

[Big Sexy]

New genital herpes vaccine candidate provides powerful protection in preclinical tests
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/315392.php

Approximately 500 million people around the world are infected with the genital herpes virus known as herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV2). A vaccine that could bring an end to this global pandemic is needed desperately, yet no candidate vaccine has ever performed well in clinical trials. Now scientists in the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania have shown that a new type of vaccine provides powerful protection in standard guinea pig and monkey models of HSV2 infection.

The new "trivalent" vaccine induces antibodies against three different parts of the virus, including two components that normally help HSV2 evade immune attack.

"It's a novel strategy, and it works beautifully," said senior investigator Harvey M. Friedman, MD, a professor of Infectious Diseases at Penn. "I know of no other HSV2 vaccine candidate with published results that are as promising as this study."

The findings, reported in PLOS Pathogens, are likely to lead to human clinical trials of the vaccine.

The public health burden from HSV2 is enormous. In the United States alone, researchers estimate that approximately one in six people age 15 to 49 have HSV2 infection. In some parts of Africa, more than half the adult population is thought to be infected. Aside from the direct burden on adults, HSV2 can cause devastating and often lethal infections of infants born to infected mothers. HSV2 infection also greatly increases the likelihood of HIV transmission and thus accounts for much of the HIV public health burden as well.

Candidate HSV2 vaccines developed in recent years have largely targeted gD2, a glycoprotein (a protein coated with sugar-like molecules) that is mounted on the virus's outer envelope and helps it break into host cells. However, vaccines targeting gD2 alone have not shown very robust protection in animal and human trials.

Friedman and his team, therefore, designed their new vaccine to induce an immune response against not only gD2 but also two other viral glycoproteins, gC2 and gE2. The latter are known to block elements of the immune response, helping HSV2 to survive long-term in its hosts.

"In essence, we're stimulating the immune system to attack the virus and at the same time preventing the virus from using some of the tools it has to thwart that immune attack," Friedman said.

Working with the Tulane National Primate Center in Louisiana, Friedman and his group showed that the trivalent vaccine - given three times at monthly intervals--induced a strong immune response in macaque monkeys, whose immune system closely resembles the human version. The response included antibodies against gC2, gD2, and gE2 in both blood and vaginal secretions. In the lab dish, these antibodies potently neutralized HSV's ability to spread from cell to cell. The vaccine also induced a sharp rise in CD4 T-cells, whose job is to mobilize the antibody response and other immune elements against viral infections.

The researchers also showed that the antibodies induced by the trivalent vaccine potently neutralized four isolates of HSV2 from sub-Saharan Africa, where infection prevalence is very high.

Macaques do not usually develop genital lesions when infected with HSV2, but in this case, the unvaccinated monkeys showed signs of mild vaginal inflammation soon after exposure to the virus, whereas the vaccinated monkeys showed none.

In a second set of experiments, guinea pigs, which normally develop a more severe genital infection when infected with HSV2, were almost completely protected from genital lesions by the vaccine. The scientists were still able to detect a small amount of viral DNA in the genital secretions of the animals, but only a tiny fraction of this viral DNA was capable of replicating in cells.

"We are pleased to have demonstrated such a potent and durable immune response to the vaccine," said the study's lead author, Sita Awasthi, PhD, a research associate professor of Infectious Diseases at Penn. "If found effective in clinical trials, the vaccine will have a huge impact on reducing the overall prevalence of genital herpes infections and could reduce new HIV infections as well, especially in high-burden regions of sub-Saharan Africa."

"If the vaccine behaves like this in people, it would limit lesions to appearing only about one day in 100, and the virus would be potentially contagious only about two in every 1,000 days," Friedman said.

In principle, he added, that would virtually shut down HSV2's ability to spread in the population.

Friedman and colleagues are now in discussions with pharmaceutical companies to move the vaccine, or an optimized version of it, into initial clinical trials.

If the vaccine does emerge successfully from clinical trials, it would probably be given on a schedule of three inoculations, at 0, 1 and 6 months.

The study was funded by grants from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health (RO1- AI104854, P30-AI45008).

[Big Sexy]

HPV vs Pap test for cervical cancer screening: Strong evidence calls for new protocols, say experts
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/315698.php

For many years, cytology has been the established method used for cervical cancer screening. Commonly known as the Pap test, cytology and its regular use in yearly exams has been credited with significantly reducing the number of deaths from cervical cancer. Evidence now shows that sexually transmitted human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is almost always responsible for cases of cervical cancer with two HPV types responsible for 70% of all cases. Many members of the health care community are now calling for a shift in screening procedures to reflect our improved understanding of cervical cancer development. In a special issue of Preventive Medicine, experts look at the emerging evidence that HPV screening may be a better way than Pap tests for doctors to screen for cervical cancer. They also address the difficulty of implementing such a change in different parts of the world based on available resources or public health priorities.

"Whether in conventional or automated forms, Pap cytology has been a core technology in medicine and public health; that is until it was firmly established that cervical cancer was the long-term consequence of persistent infection with a specific sexually transmitted infection. It has since become clear that testing for the causal agent, HPV, can bring substantial improvements and efficiency to cervical cancer screening," remarked Preventive Medicine Deputy Editor Gayle A. Shinder, PhD, Department of Oncology at McGill University. "The above transition in technologies serves at the backdrop for this special series of articles and commentaries."

The issue presents in-depth coverage of the scientific evidence supporting the transition from cytology to HPV testing, along with reasons why policy around cervical cancer screening is so context specific. The contributors to this issue endorse that HPV testing offers a better way to screen for cervical cancer, but also acknowledge that changes to screening paradigms cannot be made in a vacuum, based only on scientific findings.

As Guest Editor for the special issue, Mark Schiffman, MD, MPH, Senior Investigator in the Clinical Genetics Branch of the National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD, wrote, "HPV testing is coming and the role of cytology will be reduced; however, this collection of evidence summaries, guidelines, and editorials aims to illustrate the variety of ways the changeover will occur globally. More broadly, this special issue illustrates the importance and limits of epidemiology as the 'basic science of public health.' The conclusion is that given an established epidemiologic set of scientific facts and validated prevention tools, real-life concerns that vary by region will determine which public health strategies are used."

Dr. Schiffman's straightforward editorial touches on the potentially controversial elements of HPV testing as a primary screening method for cervical cancer. "It turns out that detailed implementation of HPV primary screening to replace cytology reveals many choices reliant on value judgments and not risk assessment, particularly when resources are limited," said Dr. Schiffman. "Controversial areas include acceptable costs and effort, choices of safety and action thresholds, and the role of the clinician in the integration of test data vs apps and guidelines."

This special issue highlights the evidence for supporting the switch from cytology to HPV testing, contrasted with regional responses. Two reviews address the efficacy and specificity of HPV testing, along with providing possible triage methods to help clinicians identify the highest risk patients. Another study uses HPV vaccine data to make the case for phasing out first-line cytology and replacing it with HPV testing.

In addition to the studies, the special issue also features five commentaries focusing on how different approaches to health care and levels of available resources around the world are set to influence this change in screening protocols. They address how these changes would affect various parts of the world based on their existing health care systems, the values of those systems, and the available medical resources in different areas.

The special issue is designed to help facilitate a meaningful conversation about evidence-based best practices for cervical cancer screening in many different parts of the world and to begin to look at the challenges associated with implementing such a shift. "I believe that, among experts, there is an emerging consensus that HPV testing is theoretically the optimal available primary screening testing, but that optimal implementation is far from settled," concluded Dr. Schiffman. "As different strategies are applied worldwide, the hope is that they will be translatable and represent different societal conclusions sharing a jointly-understood scientific base."

[Big Sexy]

Male contraceptive proves effective as alternative to vasectomy
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/315682.php

From birth control pills to non-hormonal injections, researchers have recently been investigating more and more options for male contraception. New research tests a contraceptive gel in monkeys as an alternative to vasectomy.

Almost half of all pregnancies are unintended, according to the latest statistics from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

While women have traditionally had a wide range of contraceptives available to them, the medical research community has only recently taken an interest in developing male contraceptives.

In 2016, the male non-hormonal contraceptive gel Vasalgel was successfully tested in rabbits, showing promise as a long-term contraceptive for males.

Vasalgel is a high molecular weight polymer that could work as a potentially reversible alternative to vasectomies.

In the new trial, researchers - led by Dr. Catherine VandeVoort, from the California National Primate Research Centre (CNPRC) - tested the drug in primates. The findings were published in the journal Basic and Clinical Andrology.

How Vasalgel works in monkeys

Vasalgel is injected into the so-called vas deferens - the thick-walled tube that transports sperm from the testicles to the urethra.

Inside the cavity of the vas deferens, the gel forms a barrier that puts a stop to the movement of the sperm.

In this study, Dr. VandeVoort selected a test group of 16 adult male rhesus monkeys housed at the CNPRC, and a control group of 16 age-matched monkeys that had been previously vasectomized.

The animals were sedated with Ketamine for the duration of the surgery and administered approximately 100 microliters of Vasalgel with the help of a syringe through a small incision.

This dose of Vasalgel formed a barrier of approximately 2 centimeters in length inside the vas deferens. The animals were administered analgesics postoperatively to help with the pain, and were monitored daily for 7 days after the surgery.

After that, researchers returned the monkeys to their normal group housing, where they cohabitated with females for a minimum of one breeding season of around 6 months. Seven males lived almost continuously with females for 2 years.

The paternity of all the offspring was tested via blood samples and genetic testing. The researchers report that the treated males had no conceptions after the Vasalgel injections.

In similar housing conditions, sexually mature females are expected to have a pregnancy rate of 80 percent per breeding season.

Vasalgel is 'safe' and produces 'fewer complications' than vasectomies

The authors report a few minor complications, similar to those commonly associated with traditional vasectomies. One monkey in the group developed sperm granuloma after the injection. This complication - consisting of a lumpy buildup of sperm in the vas deferens - occurs in around 60 percent of human vasectomy cases, according to the authors. As they explain, there are typically no serious side effects resulting from sperm granuloma.

The rate of sperm granuloma in vasectomized male rhesus monkeys is typically around 15 percent, whereas 1 in 32 - as was the case in this study - amounts to little over 3 percent.

In the age-matched control group, 5 out of 16 (or over 32 percent) of the vasectomized male rhesus monkeys developed a form of sperm granuloma.

"Our research shows that Vasalgel placement into the vas deferens produces reliable contraception in mature male rhesus monkeys as shown by the lack of pregnancies in reproductively viable females with which the males were housed. Importantly, we show that the method of Vasalgel placement is safe and produced fewer complications than usually occur with a vasectomy."

Dr. Catherine VandeVoort

Dr. VandeVoort and her colleagues recommend that future research investigates the reversibility of Vasalgel in monkeys before the gel can become a valid alternative to vasectomy in human males.

"Vasalgel shows real promise as an alternative to vasectomy because research in rabbits has previously shown the product to be reversible," she adds. "Although it is possible to reverse a vasectomy, it is a technically challenging procedure and patients often have very low rates of fertility following reversal."

[Big Sexy]

New drug screening system could help speed development of a cure for HPV
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/315751.php

Scientists have used genetic engineering techniques to develop a new system that could aid identification of potential drug targets and treatments for human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, according to a PLOS Pathogens study.

HPVs include more than 200 subtypes and cause illnesses ranging from genital warts to throat and cervical cancer. Every year, six million people are diagnosed with new HPV infections in the U.S. alone. Doctors administer a wide variety of treatments for illnesses caused by HPVs, with varying success, but no specific cure for HPV infection yet exists.

To aid development of a cure, Mart Toots and colleagues of the Icosagen Cell Factory Ltd. and University of Tartu, Estonia have created a new method that enables identification of potentially effective drugs and drug targets. Unlike previously developed systems, their method takes into account the full HPV genome, as well as all three stages of the viral life cycle that occur during HPV infection.

To develop the new system, the researchers genetically engineered HPV genomes by adding "reporter genes" that code for bioluminescent proteins and allow for easy monitoring of viral growth at any life cycle stage. This enables the use of a method called high-throughput screening to quickly test the effects of many different chemicals on viral growth and identify potential drug candidates or drug targets.

The scientists demonstrated the new system by using it to screen more than 1000 chemical compounds in HPVs grown in cells derived from human tissue. They identified several compounds that blocked the growth of some HPV subtypes. Some of these compounds inhibit specific human cellular proteins that HPVs hijack to replicate inside the body, suggesting that these proteins could serve as targets in the development of new anti-HPV drugs.

"We are confident that the developed HPV drug screening assay system will allow to identify several different novel drug targets and small molecule drugs," the authors further explain. "These could be used effectively for elimination of cutaneous and mucosal low risk and high risk Human Papillomavirus infections, therefore addressing serious unmet medical need in society, like benign and malignant HPV positive epithelial tumours."

This work was supported by project EU42266 from the Enterprise Estonia (EAS) as well as by the IUT 20-27 from Estonian Research Council, research grants 9385 and 9467 from the Estonian Science Foundation and Center of Excellence in Chemical Biology (3.2.0101.08-0017). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

[Big Sexy]

Weight-loss surgery can get the blood flowing
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/315870.php

Research reveals patients regain urinary and erectile function within a month.

Men with severe obesity who undergo lifesaving bariatric surgery start to regain urinary and erectile function within a month, according to a new study published in the Journal of Sexual Medicine.

Research carried out by Dr Maha Aleid of King Faisal Specialist Hospital Research Centre, in collaboration with Anglia Ruskin University and University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, surveyed 30 men with obesity over the age of 30 who were undergoing bariatric surgery - used to treat people who are severely obese when other treatments, such as lifestyle changes, haven't worked. Of these, 18 reported erectile dysfunction before the operation.

The patients were then surveyed a month, three months and six months after surgery, as their Body Mass Index (BMI) decreased and each reported rapid improvement in urogenital function, unexpectedly starting as quickly as a month afterwards.

Urogenital function was also tested before and after the surgery and the same rapid improvements were found.

Selim Cellek, Professor of Health and Biomedicine at Anglia Ruskin University, said: "Previous studies found that patients who have undergone bariatric surgery show improvement in erectile and urinary function within 19 months, but this study shows that these functions can in fact start to improve far quicker than we expected."

"Obesity is a complex disorder that has a negative effect on urinary and erectile function, which can be extremely tough to live with. For people with severe obesity, bariatric surgery leads to marked sustained weight reduction, decreases mortality and improves many of the co-morbidities that are associated with obesity.

"This study shows that bariatric surgery also leads to rapid improvement in urogenital function and these findings warrant further investigation."

[Big Sexy]

Erectile dysfunction: Causes and treatment in young men
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/316215.php

Most men will experience problems getting or keeping an erection at some point during adulthood, but this is not always caused by a medical problem. However, some men do develop a medical condition called erectile dysfunction.

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a condition that occurs when the penis does not receive enough blood to produce an erection that is capable of having sexual intercourse. For men with ED, this happens repeatedly and affects a man's ability to sustain an active sex life.

While erectile problems are widely thought to be an older man's issue, ED can affect younger men as well. It can be both frustrating and embarrassing for a man to admit to having ED. Few young men, especially those under the age of 40, want to acknowledge that they may have it.

Although ED is not as common in young men, it can affect about 25 percent of men under the age of 40. However, only about 5 percent of all men under 40 have complete ED.

Causes

The causes of ED widely vary and can be caused by psychological, neurological, or lifestyle issues. ER can also be the result of side effects of particular medications.

All men who experience symptoms of ED should talk to their doctor to identify the probable cause and to determine the best course of action in terms of treatment.

Some of the causes for ED in young men include:

performance anxiety when the man is too nervous to sustain an erection
depression, schizophrenia, and other psychological disorders
penile abnormalities, such as foreskin problems or curvature
spinal cord injuries
microvascular disease from diabetes
nerve injuries
hypogonadism, a condition where the body does not produce enough sexual hormones
certain medications including some antidepressants
multiple sclerosis

Additionally, some young men might experience ED as result of factors that they have more control over.

For example, young men can suffer from ED due to:

obesity
diabetes
poor diet
lack of exercise
smoking
excessive drinking
relationship stress

If ED is caused by any of these lifestyle factors, it may be possible for men to reduce or eliminate the symptoms through changes to their lifestyle and diet.

However, even if a man thinks he knows the reason for his ED, he should see a doctor for a formal diagnosis and treatment. A doctor can also rule out any potentially harmful conditions that may cause ED.

Symptoms

There are three main symptoms of ED, which are relatively easy to identify. These symptoms are:

inability to get an erection
inability to maintain an erection long enough to have sexual intercourse
trouble having an erection that is firm enough for sexual intercourse

These symptoms may lead to a lack of sexual desire or a loss of interest in sex.

Complications

Physical complications of ED are generally mild. Men who experience ED do not typically experience any long-term health problems. However, ED may be a symptom of a more serious problem, such as heart disease.

The most common complications include:

an unsatisfactory sex life
inability to get a partner pregnant

While the physical complications may be mild, the emotional effects on a young man's quality of life may be more severe. Whether a man experiences all the potential complications or not depends largely on the individual and his own life experiences.

Additional lifestyle complications that some men might experience include:

stress or anxiety around sexual performance
embarrassment or low self-esteem due to inability to perform
relationship problems that possibly stem from stress or embarrassment

Treatment

Treatment for ED varies from person to person. Some men may find that improving their overall health may be enough to help the ED. Other people may require more treatment, such as relationship counseling, before they see any improvements.

If lifestyle and relationship improvements are not sufficient to improve ED, doctors may recommend medications. There are also some natural treatments available that may be considered.

When treating ED, a doctor or medical professional may suggest the following:

Lifestyle changes: One of the first things a young man can do to potentially improve or eliminate ED is make positive choices that will also have an impact on the rest of his life. Some changes a man can consider include increasing exercise, eating a heart-healthy diet, quitting smoking, and drinking alcohol only in moderation. Where a man has relationship problems, seeking counseling may also be helpful.
Natural treatments: Although natural remedies are increasingly available for sale over the counter, there is little scientific evidence to support their claims of improving ED. These remedies may produce adverse side effects or react negatively with other medications a man is taking. Before trying any over-the-counter treatments, it is essential to consult a doctor.
Medication: A doctor may prescribe a medication that stimulates blood flow to the penis, helping a man achieve an erection. There are many drugs available to choose from and each has its own set of side effects. Speaking to a doctor about the types of medication available is strongly recommended.
Changes to current medications: If a doctor determines that ED is caused as a result of a man taking a certain medication, they may change or stop the problematic medication. No one should stop or alter their medication without talking to a doctor first, however.

Outlook

Young men typically have a good chance of reversing ED. This can be achieved through lifestyle changes that generally improve overall health and by taking medication, or both. It is not uncommon for young men with ED to go back to experiencing a normal sex life if they follow the treatment and advice provided by their doctors.

[Big Sexy]

Parental concerns about sexual activity declining as reason not vaccinating children against HPV: Physicians need to discuss benefits of vaccine
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/316340.php

Concern about sexual activity is declining as a reason parents do not get their daughters the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, according to a research study presented at the Society of Gynecologic Oncology's 2017 Annual Meeting on Women's Cancer.

Instead, according to a study presented by lead researcher Anna Beavis, MD, MPH, an SGO member and gynecologic oncologist fellow at Johns Hopkins University, parents continue to not see the vaccine as a necessity and are concerned about side effects and safety. The HPV vaccine, introduced in 2006, is used to prevent adolescents from contracting the HPV virus, which causes almost all cases of cervical cancer in women, as well as several other cancers.

"With the new nine-valent vaccine, almost 90 percent of all cervical cancer could be prevented if all adolescents were vaccinated," Beavis said. "Yet unfortunately, vaccination rates in the U.S have lagged considerably behind those of other Westernized nations."

The data presented compared the National Immunization Survey, or NIS-Teen, data, from 2010-2014, which reported on U.S. parents' responses to a question about why they did not vaccinate their daughters against HPV and did not intend to in the next 12 months.

From 2010-2014, the top two reasons were the concerns regarding safety and side effects and the belief the vaccine is not necessary. Yet, the third most common reason, adolescents' lack of sexual activity, dropped as a reason for parents not vaccinating. According to the data, in 2010, 18 percent of parents reported adolescents lack of sexual activity a reason, but in 2014 it dropped to 9 percent.

Prior literature has shown that physicians often delay or do not discuss HPV vaccination with parents because they feel they would also have to address sexual activity, Beavis said. Yet, the data shows that parents need to understand the necessity and safety as well as the benefits of cancer prevention.

Additionally, the vaccine produces a stronger immune response in younger children, and thus only two shots instead of three are recommended if the vaccine is given to children under the age of 15.

"Physicians should not be afraid to discuss the HPV vaccine with parents," Beavis said. "Our focus should be on cancer prevention."

[Big Sexy]

Choosing between Viagra, Cialis, and Levitra: What to consider
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/316355.php

Viagra, Cialis, and Levitra are the three most popular drugs used to help treat the symptoms of erectile dysfunction.

They are used for the same function, yet have distinct differences. It is important to understand these differences in order to make the best choice about which to choose.

How Viagra, Cialis, and Levitra work

Viagra is the brand name for the drug sildenafil, Cialis is the brand name for tadalafil, and Levitra is the brand name for vardenafil. Each of these drugs works in much the same way.

The drugs are considered PDE5 inhibitors. This class of drugs helps to relax the muscles and increases blood flow to the body. This makes it easier for blood to get into the penis, and allows people with erectile dysfunction (ED) to experience a lasting erection during sexual activity.

The action of the drugs is relatively fast. Manufacturers of PDE5 inhibitors recommend that users take the pill at least 30 minutes to 1 hour before sexual stimulation.

How long these drugs last is one of the key differences between them:

Viagra is a drug that is used only when needed. The drug is taken 30 minutes to 1 hour prior to sexual activity, and the effects typically last for 3-5 hours.
Levitra may start working faster than Viagra, but lasts for about the same amount of time.
A similar dose of Cialis may be felt for up to 36 hours. For this reason, people looking for a long-lasting drug may choose Cialis.

Side effects and interactions

Viagra, Cialis, and Levitra drugs all come from the same class of chemicals and so have many similar side effects and interactions.

For instance, manufacturers recommend not taking PDE5 inhibitors with grapefruit or grapefruit juice, because the fruit may affect how the drugs work. Nitrates will also interact with these drugs and should be avoided.

There are some drug specific side effects to be aware of, however.

Viagra

Side effects

headaches
stomach pain
facial flushing
congestion
nausea or diarrhea
color blindness
blurred vision

Interactions and warnings

Interactions with Viagra do occur, and it is important for people to be aware of them before choosing a medication for ED. Any drugs for pulmonary hypertension may also interact with Viagra, causing blood pressure to drop to unsafe levels.

A recent study in JAMA Internal Medicine has suggested that Viagra could increase the risk of skin cancer. The study found that 3.7 percent of skin cancer cases in men who used the drug sildenafil might have been prevented by not taking it.

Cialis

Side effects

headaches
facial flushing
low blood pressure
congestion
dizziness
chest pain

Interactions and warnings

Cialis is also associated with some more serious side effects. Cialis should not be taken with guanylate cyclase stimulators or blood pressure medications, as this can cause an unsafe dip in blood pressure.

A person who is taking Cialis and has prostate problems should avoid prescription alpha-blockers, as Cialis serves the same function. Certain antifungal medications and antibiotics should also be avoided by people taking Cialis.

Anybody considering taking medications, such as Cialis, for ED should always involve their doctor in the decision. The doctor may ask if the patient has a history of any of the following:

heart problems
stroke
liver or kidney problems
stomach ulcers
abnormal penis shape
blood cell problems like sickle cell anemia

All of these conditions may affect the doctor's decision to prescribe Cialis.

Levitra

Side effects

headache
congestion
facial flushing
indigestion
upset stomach
dizziness
back pain
color blindness

Interactions and warnings

If a person has been told by their doctor to avoid sexual activity due to health problems, they should avoid Levitra. Sexual activity can put extra strain on the heart, especially if it is already weak from heart disease.

Like Cialis, people taking guanylate cyclase stimulators or blood pressure medications should not take Levitra as it can cause an unsafe dip in blood pressure that can lead to fainting. People with prostate problems should avoid alpha-blockers if they are taking Levitra. They should also avoid certain antifungal medications and antibiotics.

A doctor may ask a person if they have a history of any of the following:

heart problems
stroke
hearing problems
retinitis pigmentosa, an inherited eye condition
liver or kidney problems
stomach ulcers
abnormal penis shape
blood cell problems, such as sickle cell anemia

All of these conditions may affect a doctor's decision to prescribe Levitra. People who are taking drugs to treat abnormal heartbeat should also avoid taking Levitra.

All three medications may sometimes cause priapism, an erection that will not go away. If a person experiences an erection lasts for more than 4 hours, they should seek medical attention to avoid lasting damage.

In rare cases, these drugs can cause serious side effects, including sudden loss of vision in one or both eyes or sudden hearing loss. If a person experiences these symptoms, they should stop taking the drug immediately and call their doctor.

Cost and availability

The other thing a person might consider is the cost and availability of each of these drugs. Some drugs have been around longer and may be more widespread than others.

All three of these drugs are set to go generic by 2018, which could also have an impact on prescription prices.

Viagra

Viagra has been used since 1998, and is possibly the best-known drug for ED in the world. Its use in the United States is widespread and it is available in most pharmacies. There are currently no approved generics for Viagra on the market in the U.S.

Cialis

Cialis has been on the market since 2003. It is very widespread and also a cheaper option than Viagra. There are also no approved generics for Cialis on the market in the U.S.

Levitra

Levitra was approved in 2003, and is available in most pharmacies in the U.S.

A generic version of Levitra has also been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which could possibly mean lower prescription costs. The generic version is not widely available, however.

Who are the drugs best suited for?

Every person is different and what drug suits one person may not suit another.

Cialis is the only drug of the three that is approved for use by people with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or enlarged prostate. So people with both ED and BPH should consider Cialis as their treatment option. Cialis also helps to improve urine flow.

Cialis can be taken on a daily basis to keep the body ready for sexual stimulation at any time. This allows for some sexual freedom that may be missing with the other options.

Viagra or Levitra may be better for people who don't engage in sexual activity at very regular intervals and would rather just take one pill each time they plan on having sex.

There are also personal reasons that may guide a choice. Each body reacts to medications differently. Side effects vary from person to person and the potential side effects may help an individual to decide which drug suits them best. For instance, if the nausea or dizziness caused by one drug makes someone unable to have sexual intercourse, they should consider another drug.

Outlook

Viagra, Levitra, and Cialis may provide many people with relief from symptoms of ED. There are many side effects and interactions to consider, but when used correctly these drugs show good results.

The only way to know which drug is best is often through trial and error. People should work directly with a doctor to track side effects and decide which drug is their best treatment option.

[Big Sexy]

HIV 'fingerprint' tool could greatly assist vaccine development
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/316642.php

Scientists hope that their new method of "fingerprinting" the shields of sugar molecules that HIV surrounds itself with to evade the immune system will improve and speed up the development of effective vaccines.

The researchers - from The Scripps Research Institute (TSRI) in La Jolla, CA - report how they developed and tested their HIV fingerprinting tool in the journal Nature Communications.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), HIV remains a persistent major problem for global public health. To date, the virus has killed more than 35 million people.

Once it enters a person's body, HIV weakens the immune system. The virus impairs and destroys immune cells - especially infection-fighting CD4 cells, or T cells.

As a result, the person becomes increasingly susceptible to a wide range of infections and diseases, including some types of cancer.

There is currently no effective cure for HIV, but it can be controlled with antiretroviral therapy (ART). If properly administered and followed, ART can make a dramatic difference to the lives of infected people and their communities. It can keep them healthy and lower their chances of infecting others.

Challenge for HIV vaccine developers

AIDS is the most advanced stage of HIV infection - it can take 2 to 15 years to reach, depending on the individual. However, if HIV is diagnosed early and the disease is treated before it is too advanced, an infected person can expect to live a healthy, long, and productive life.

Estimates from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) suggest that 1.2 million people in the United States were living with HIV at the end of 2013, including around 1 in 8 who did not know that they were infected.

Great progress has been made in preventing and treating HIV, but there is still much to do, including the search for a vaccine.

Two of the major challenges facing HIV vaccine developers are that the virus is good at hiding from the immune system, and that it keeps changing.

The idea of a vaccine is to stimulate the immune system to produce new or more antibodies against a target on the infecting agent that disables it.

In the case of HIV, vaccine developers suggest that a good target is the glycoprotein envelope that surrounds the virus and contains the machinery that the virus uses to enter host cells.

However, one of the reasons that HIV is so resilient is that it covers its glycoprotein envelope with a shield made of sugar molecules called glycans.

The shield helps the virus to hide from the immune system and stops antibodies from attacking the glycoprotein envelope.

Spotting 'holes' in the glycan shield

Tools that help vaccine developers to deal with the glycan shields are enormously helpful. The new study offers such a tool in the form of a method that analyzes patterns of glycans on the glycoprotein. It allows scientists to quickly "fingerprint" the virus and tell if their vaccine development is on the right track.

An important requirement is the ability to distinguish between high-mannose glycans and complex-type glycans on the glycoprotein envelope. Previous studies have reached this point. However, the new study goes further in that it also identifies glycoprotein sites that have no glycans. In fact, the team found that there are fewer such "holes" in the shield than previously thought.

Finding sites with no glycans is important because vaccine developers can then devise a way to teach the immune system to recognize where the holes in the glycan shield are and produce broadly neutralizing antibodies that attack the underlying envelope.

The new tool is also fast; the team developed algorithms that quickly analyze the results much faster than the manual methods that they were using before. Analysis speed is important in this field as developers are always in a race against time searching for vaccine candidates to fight a virus that evolves rapidly.

Next step: Work with natural forms of HIV

In their study, the researchers used an HIV-like vaccine candidate. They now plan to use the new tool to analyze glycan composition and glycan-free sites on natural forms of HIV.

If the fingerprints match up with what they have, then they will know that they are on the right track.

"The ability to identify the glycan fingerprint on HIV's glycoprotein will help us develop a vaccine that matches what is found on the virus."

Study leader Prof. James C. Paulson, Department of Molecular Medicine, TSRI


The researchers believe that their approach could also work for other viruses that have a similar glycoprotein envelope, such as the influenza virus.

The new study went some way toward showing this, in that the team also tested the method on an influenza virus protein.

[Big Sexy]

Vaginal itching: Common causes, symptoms, and treatments
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/316595.php

Vaginal itching is an uncomfortable, yet common occurrence. There are a number of causes, and most require medical treatment.

This article provides an overview of common causes of vaginal itching, along with links to more detailed articles.

Contents of this article:

Yeast infections
Bacterial vaginosis (BV)
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)
Irritation or allergy

Yeast infections

Most women will experience a vaginal yeast infection during their lifetime. Though these aren't usually serious, yeast infection symptoms can be bothersome.

Normally, a balance of healthful bacteria and yeast live in the vagina. The bacteria keep yeast in check, preventing overgrowth. When the vagina's bacteria do not properly control the yeast balance, yeast overgrowth can occur.

Symptoms of yeast overgrowth can include:

itching
burning
odorless white or clear discharge
irritation

Yeast infections usually occur when something upsets the vagina's bacteria balance. Common causes include:

douching
hormone changes, such as during pregnancy, or from using hormonal birth control
use of antibiotics

Some health conditions may also make a woman more likely to get a yeast infection. A weakened immune system or uncontrolled diabetes may increase the risk.

Bacterial vaginosis (BV)

This common bacterial infection, also known as BV, often affects women of childbearing age. BV occurs when the normal, healthful bacteria in the vagina become unbalanced.

Many women who get BV have no symptoms. However, it can cause a watery vaginal discharge with an unpleasant odor, as well as burning and itching around the vaginal area.

The cause of BV isn't always known. But, in many cases, BV is caused by one of the following:

douching, which may upset the vagina's natural bacteria
bathing with antiseptic or antibacterial products
having a new sex partner or multiple sex partners
using strongly scented products in the vaginal area
harsh clothing detergents
smoking

Many women may get BV and not know it, since it often causes no symptoms. However, it can be potentially dangerous to a pregnant woman and her fetus. A pregnant woman should discuss any vaginal itching, burning, or discharge with her doctor and get tested for BV when needed.

A BV test involves taking a sample of fluid from the vagina and sending it to a lab for analysis. If the test is positive, a pregnant woman will likely undergo treatment with antibiotics.

Because BV is a result of an imbalance of bacteria, replacing the body's "friendly" bacteria may be helpful in some women. A 2014 review found that certain probiotics, when taken by mouth, might help prevent or treat BV. The probiotics studied were Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1, and Lactobacillus fermentum RC-14.

Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)

STDs, also known as sexually transmitted infections (STIs), can occur as a result of having sexual contact with an infected person.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) say that STDs are at an unprecedented high in the United States, with millions of cases reported each year. People can reduce the risk of getting an STD by:

abstaining from sex
using a condom correctly each time
having fewer sex partners
getting tested for STDs before having sex
getting treatment when needed
getting the HPV (human papillomavirus) vaccine

Many STDs can cause vaginal itching, among other symptoms. It's important to have STDs treated, as some may cause long-term problems such as pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and pregnancy complications. A woman can also pass certain STDs to her baby during childbirth.

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Irritation or allergy

In some cases, minor vaginal itching may result from using scented laundry detergent or feminine products such as pads, tampons, or feminine deodorants. The itching will usually go away after a woman stops using these products.

To avoid this issue, women may choose to use products labeled "fragrance free" or "unscented." Douching is also not recommended, as it may lead to vaginal irritation, BV, and yeast infections.

Some women may have an allergic reaction to latex condoms, which may result in vaginal itching or irritation. People who suspect they might be allergic to latex condoms should ask their doctor about alternatives.

Although vaginal itching can be embarrassing or bothersome, most cases of it can be treated by consulting a doctor.

To help avoid possible long-term health problems, it's best to push aside any embarrassment and determine the cause of the itching, so proper treatment can be provided.

[Big Sexy]

NIH scientists advance understanding of herpesvirus infection
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/316950.php

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections last a lifetime. Once a person has been infected, the virus can remain dormant (latent) for years before periodically reactivating to cause recurrent disease. This poorly understood cycle has frustrated scientists for years. Now, National Institutes of Health scientists have identified a set of protein complexes that are recruited to viral genes and stimulate both initial infection and reactivation from latency. Environmental stresses known to regulate these proteins also induce reactivation.

Globally, the World Health Organization estimates that 500 million people are infected with HSV-2 while two-thirds of the population are infected with HSV-1. These viruses cause human diseases ranging from oral cold sores to genital lesions to serious eye conditions that can lead to blindness. In infants, HSV can cause neurological and developmental problems. People infected with HSV also have an enhanced risk of acquiring or transmitting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Scientists at NIH's National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases previously made progress toward understanding the role of cellular protein HCF-1 in initiating HSV infection and reactivation. HCF-1 and associated proteins are recruited to the viral genome to enable the virus to replicate and spread. This previous work identified targets for the development of therapeutics to suppress infection and reactivation.

Their latest work, with collaborators from Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, identifies new HCF-1 protein complexes that play additional roles in initiating viral infection and reactivation. The scientists found they could reactivate latent HSV in a mouse model using compounds that turn on components of these HCF-1 protein complexes. Interestingly, some of these HCF-1-associated proteins also are involved in HIV reactivation from latency.

The researchers are continuing to investigate the protein complexes involved in promoting HSV gene expression, infection, and reactivation from latency. Identifying these complexes and understanding the mechanisms by which they function can potentially reveal additional targets for the development of new therapeutics.

Article: Transcriptional Elongation of HSV Immediate Early Genes by the Super Elongation Complex Drives Lytic Infection and Reactivation from Latency (http://www.cell.com/cell-host-microbe/abstract/S1931-3128(17)30117-8), R. Alfonso-Dunn et al., Cell Host & Microbe, doi: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.03.007, published 12 April 2017.
Thank you for supporting Medical News Today

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Gonorrhea bacterium manipulates an anti-infection mechanism in the female reproductive tract
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/316971.php

The bacterium that causes gonorrhea infects the female reproductive tract by breaking connections between cells in the tract's protective lining, according to new research published in PLOS Pathogens.

Gonorrhea is a widespread sexually transmitted disease caused when Neisseria gonorrhoeae bacteria infect the normally protective inner lining of human genital tissues. In women, the opening of the uterus, known as the endocervix, serves as a primary infection site for N. gonorrhoeae. However, the strategy used by N. gonorrhoeae to penetrate the lining of the endocervix has been unclear.

To investigate this mechanism, Liang-Chun Wang of the University of Maryland, College Park, and colleagues needed to develop an alternative to the mouse models normally used to study gonorrhea, since they have been inadequate for this purpose. The team developed a new model using tissue samples obtained from the human endocervix.

The researchers infected the endocervix tissue, as well as lab-grown cells of the same type as those that line the endocervix, with N. gonorrhoeae. They then employed a variety of molecular and imaging techniques to examine the infection mechanism.

The results demonstrate that N. gonorrhoeae penetrates the endocervix lining by interfering with a normally protective process. Usually, infected cells in the lining can be shed and disposed of without breaking the tight connections between cells that keep the lining uncompromised. N. gonorrhoeae appears to be able to break these connections and induce cell shedding, opening paths for penetration without reducing its ability to adhere to and invade the cells of the lining.

The scientists showed that N. gonorrhoeae causes disruption of cellular connections and cell shedding by promoting activation and accumulation of a human protein known as non-muscle myosin II. Depending on the particular genes being expressed by N. gonorrhoeae at any given time, the team found, it can either promote or inhibit this penetration mechanism.

This study represents the first laboratory demonstration of the penetration of N. gonorrhoeae into the human endocervix and provides new insights into gonorrhea infection.

Article: Neisseria gonorrhoeae infects the human endocervix by activating non-muscle myosin II-mediated epithelial exfoliation, (http://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1006269) Wang L-C, Yu Q, Edwards V, Lin B, Qiu J, Turner JR, et al., PLOS Pathogens, doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1006269, published 13 April 2017.

[Big Sexy]

Oral contraceptives reduce general well-being in healthy women
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/317005.php

One of the most common combined oral contraceptive pills has a negative impact on women's quality of life but does not increase depressive symptoms. This is shown by a major randomised, placebo-controlled study conducted by researchers at Karolinska Institutet in Sweden in collaboration with the Stockholm School of Economics. The results have been published in the scientific journal Fertility and Sterility.

"Despite the fact that an estimated 100 million women around the world use contraceptive pills we know surprisingly little today about the pill's effect on women's health. The scientific base is very limited as regards the contraceptive pill's effect on quality of life and depression and there is a great need for randomised studies where it is compared with placebos," says professor Angelica Lindén Hirschberg at the Department of Women's and Children's Health at Karolinska Institutet.

She has led just such a study together with Niklas Zethraeus, associate professor at the Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Anna Dreber Almenberg from the Stockholm School of Economics, and Eva Ranehill of the University of Zürich. 340 healthy women aged between 18 and 35 were treated randomly over the course of three months with either pills with no effect (placebos) or contraceptive pills containing ethinylestradiol and levonorgestrel, the most common form of combined contraceptive pill in Sweden and many other countries. Neither the leaders of the experiment nor the subjects knew which treatment was given to which women.

The women who were given contraceptive pills estimated their quality of life to be significantly lower than those who were given placebos. Both general quality of life and specific aspects like mood/well-being, self-control and energy level were affected negatively by the contraceptives. On the other hand, no significant increase in depressive symptoms was observed.

Since the changes were relatively small, the results must be interpreted with a certain amount of caution, the researchers emphasise. In the case of individual women, however, the negative effect on quality of life may be of clinical importance.

"This might in some cases be a contributing cause of low compliance and irregular use of contraceptive pills. This possible degradation of quality of life should be paid attention to and taken into account in conjunction with prescribing of contraceptive pills and when choosing a method of contraception," says Niklas Zethraeus.

The type of combined contraceptive pill that was used in the study (etinylestradiol + levonorgestrel) is recommended in many countries as the first choice since it is considered to entail the least risk of thrombosis among the combined contraceptive pills. The findings from the study cannot be generalised to other kinds of combined contraceptive pills because they may have a different risk profile and side-effects.

The study was supported by research grants from Jan Wallander and Tom Hedelius Foundation, Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research, the Swiss National Science Foundation, the Swedish Research Council, Karolinska Institutet, and the regional agreement on medical training and clinical research (ALF) between Stockholm County Council and Karolinska Institutet.

Article: A first choice combined oral contraceptive influences general well-being in healthy women - a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial, Niklas Zethraeus, Anna Dreber, Eva Ranehill, Liselott Blomberg, Fernand Labrie, Bo von Schoultz, Magnus Johannesson, Angelica Lindén Hirschberg, Fertility and Sterility, doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.02.120, published online 18 April 2017.

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Diabetes and erectile dysfunction: What is the connection?
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317012.php

Erectile dysfunction, also called impotence, is not being able to get and maintain an erection for long enough to have sexual intercourse.

There are many causes of erectile dysfunction (ED) which can be physical, psychological, or both. One of the most common causes of ED is diabetes.

Studies suggest that 35-75 percent of men with diabetes will go on to develop ED. They will also tend to develop ED some 10-15 years earlier than men without diabetes.


Why can diabetes cause erectile dysfunction?

Diabetes can cause ED because it can damage the blood supply to the penis and the nerves that control an erection.

When a man becomes sexually aroused, a chemical called nitric oxide is released into his bloodstream. This nitric oxide tells the arteries and the muscles in the penis to relax, which allows more blood to flow into the penis. This gives the man an erection.

Men with diabetes struggle with blood sugar level swings, especially if their condition isn't managed poorly.

When their blood sugar levels get too high, less nitric oxide is produced. This can mean that there is not enough blood flowing into the penis to get or keep an erection. Low levels of nitric oxide are often found in those with diabetes.

Other causes of erectile dysfunction

Listed below are some other reasons for ED:

obesity, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol
hormonal problems such as low testosterone
psychological problems including stress, anxiety, and depression
nervous system problems including damage to spinal cord or brain
smoking, drinking too much alcohol, and using some illegal drugs
some medications such as those taken for high blood pressure and depression

Pelvic injury or surgery on the prostate, bowel or bladder may cause damage to nerves connected to the penis. This nerve damage can also lead to ED.

Tests and diagnosis

A doctor will often perform some of the following tests to diagnose ED:

Blood tests to check for a raised blood sugar level, which may indicate diabetes.
Hormone tests to measure the levels of testosterone and other hormones.
Nervous system tests, such as blood pressure and sweat tests, which can rule out nerve damage to the heart, blood vessels, and sweat glands.
Urinalysis to test for sugar in urine, which might indicate diabetes.
Physical examination to assess the genitals and nerve reflexes in the legs and penis.
Patient history to help determine why someone is having problems with erections and under what circumstances.
Sexual health (SHIM) questionnaire to help diagnose the presence and severity of ED.
Injection of a drug into the penis to check that the blood supply to the penis is normal.

Lifestyle changes
Erectile dysfunction due to diabetes is much better understood now. Good control of diabetes can reduce the risk of ED.

Other preventive measures such as stopping smoking and reducing alcohol intake will help lower the risk of developing ED.

Other lifestyle changes that may help include:

Eating a healthy diet and taking exercise: Studies suggest that men who changed their diet to one low in saturated fat and high in fiber and did moderate physical activity each week were able to improve ED without prescription drugs.
Weight loss: Some studies show that even a small weight loss can improve erectile function and sexual desire in men with diabetes. Those who lost weight had increased testosterone levels and blood flow resulting in better erections.
Stress reduction: ED can cause stress and tension in a relationship. Counseling can be helpful even if the origins of sexual dysfunction are physical. People with ED should try to find time for relaxation and get enough sleep every night.

A new study also suggests that supplementation with amino acids called l-arginine and l-citrulline may also help to improve erectile function. These acids are known to increase the body's production of nitric oxide, which can increase blood flow to the penis. As stated previously, low levels of nitric oxide are often found in men with diabetes.

Treatments

Treatment of ED will depend on the cause and there is a range of good treatment options. These are the same for men with diabetes and men who have ED from other causes.

Doctors can switch any prescription medications that may contribute to ED.

The most common treatment is with oral tablets. These have been shown to work well in many men with diabetes, restoring sexual function. Certain drugs called PDE-5 inhibitors are used to treat ED.

The four most commonly prescribed are:

sildenafil (Viagra)
vardenafil (Levitra)
tadalafil (Cialis)
avanafil (Spedra)

These drugs cause an erection by increasing blood flow to the penis. They require sexual stimulation to be effective. They should be taken 30-60 minutes before sexual intercourse.

There are several other forms of treatment for ED. These include:

Hormone therapy: Testosterone replacement therapy is recommended for men with ED who show low levels of testosterone.
Penile injection therapy: Injection of alprostadil (Caverject) directly into the penis before intercourse has been approved for men who do not respond to oral drug therapy. This hormone injection increases the blood supply to the penis to produce an erection.
Vacuum pump therapy: A plastic tube connected to a pump is placed over the penis. The pump empties the air out of the tube and this causes blood to be drawn into the penis. A ring is then placed on the base of the penis to maintain the erection during intercourse.
Penile prosthesis: This is only considered when all other treatment options have failed as it requires major surgery. An inflatable rod is implanted into the penis to make it erect for intercourse.
Psychological support: If erectile dysfunction is caused by psychological conditions, such as anxiety or depression, the patient may benefit from counseling.

A well-balanced diet, exercise, and good stress management have been shown to be equally important in treating diabetes

[Big Sexy]

Porn-induced erectile dysfunction: How does it happen?
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317117.php

Men who have erectile dysfunction are unable to get or keep an erection long enough to engage in sexual intercourse.

An erection normally occurs when blood flow increases into the penis, causing it to expand and become firm.

Erectile dysfunction symptoms might include:

trouble getting an erection
trouble keeping an erection
reduced sexual desire

Contents of this article:

Porn and erectile dysfunction
Other causes of ED
Related health problems

Porn and erectile dysfunction
Erectile dysfunction (ED) has been increasing in sexually active men under 40. It seems as though internet porn is in some ways to blame for this rise, with studies showing a correlation between porn and ED.

Now, researchers have identified pornography-induced erectile dysfunction (PIED) and pornography-induced abnormally low libido.

High exposure to pornography videos can result in lower responsivity in a man and an increased need for more extreme or kinky material for him to become aroused.

Due to porn overload, some men are no longer aroused in the presence of a partner. They begin to experience ED and can only become sexually excited when watching porn.

The role of the brain

It is necessary to understand how the brain works to be able to understand why watching excessive amounts of porn can lead to ED.

Neurons are cells that receive and send messages between the body and the brain. The brain has about 100 billion neurons, which are the basic working units of the nervous system.

Neurotransmitters send chemical messages between the neurons. A neurotransmitter called dopamine helps the flow of information to the front of the brain, which is linked to thought and emotion. It is also linked to reward systems.

Brain cells are activated by what people see or hear. If a person receives a hug, the brain releases dopamine, which makes the person feel good. A person's response to natural rewards such as sex are largely regulated by the dopamine pathway as well.

Erections are dependent on the activation of this pathway. Dopamine signaling plays a crucial role in sexual arousal and erections.

Dopamine overload

When a person watches porn, their brain is flooded with dopamine. Too much dopamine can cause problems. The brain is overwhelmed by the overload of chemicals, and it automatically takes away some of the dopamine receptors.

Although the brain continues to release the same levels of dopamine in response to porn, eventually there are fewer receptors to receive the messages. Watching porn no longer arouses the person as much or as quickly. They then have to look at more porn or search for stronger porn to obtain the original sensation.

Sexual activities that would normally give people a burst of dopamine and make them happy are no longer enough to sustain them. They constantly have to look at porn to get the sensation they need, and this can lead to ED.

Many men find themselves unable to maintain an erection in the absence of porn. The internet and other avenues provide an unlimited amount of content, so some men begin to watch massive amounts of porn to maintain high levels of sexual arousal.

When they try to engage with a real sexual partner, the arousal they feel does not fit their expectations and they are unable to maintain an erection.

Porn-induced ED

Porn is designed to capture attention. The performers often do things that would typically not translate into real life. The men watching can become conditioned to this type of sexual arousal that does not carry over into real life sexual situations.

Regular sex no longer meets the person's expectations, resulting in a decline in dopamine. This can cause some men to no longer be "in the mood." Men who suffer from ED when in the presence of a partner but have no problems when watching porn are said to have PIED.

Studies have shown that some men with ED who watched porn were able to obtain a regular erection once the porn was removed.

However, the younger the age of the male when they begin to regularly watch porn, the greater the chance of it becoming their preference over partnered sex, and the less overall enjoyment they get.

PIED can also lead to other health problems. Many men recognize that there is a problem but are unable to break the cycle. They can become embarrassed or depressed when unable to perform with their partner, which can cause them to watch porn more.

Other causes of ED

Male sexual arousal is a complex process that involves many different parts working together. The brain, hormones, emotions, nerves, muscle, and blood vessels all have roles.

ED can be due to physical, psychological, and even emotional issues. Physical causes of ED can be due to damage to the nerves, arteries, smooth muscles, and tissues in the penis.

Certain medical conditions can also lead to ED, including:

high blood pressure
diabetes
atherosclerosis, or the buildup of fats inside the arteries
heart and blood vessel disease
chronic kidney disease
multiple sclerosis
injury to the pelvic area
surgery for bladder cancer
prostate cancer, radiation, and prostate surgery

Psychological or emotional issues that can contribute to ED include:

anxiety
depression or low self-esteem
fear of sexual failure
guilt
stress

A person's overall lifestyle also can play a role in the development of ED. Smoking, drinking too much alcohol, using illegal drugs, being overweight, and a lack of physical exercise can all be causes. ED is also a side effect of some common medications.

Related health problems

ED can be embarrassing for some men and they do not seek medical treatment to correct the problem. PIED was only recently discovered, and so men are often believed to have some medical or mental condition that is responsible for their ED.


Lower sexual satisfaction and sexual dysfunction: Studies have shown that some men have to use porn to become aroused with a partner. Others have developed negative feelings toward partnered sex.
Risky behavior: For some men, porn increases their need for multiple sex partners, more alcohol, drugs, and other risky behavior. They often do not use protection and have no fear of the consequences of their actions.

The relationship between porn and ED is still being understood. Research has helped to show why more younger men have been experiencing erectile problems.

Porn addiction is serious and should not be taken lightly. There are treatment programs available to help men with the condition. Some men may not realize that they have an addiction and may be unsure how to get help.

The good thing about this type of erectile disorder is that it is generally very treatable and reversible.

[Big Sexy]

Prostate cancer: Stages and outlook
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317586.php

Prostate cancer is a male-only disease and is the second most common male cancer in the United States, after skin cancer.

In the case of prostate cancer, the American Cancer Society estimate that there will be about 161,360 new cases and about 26,730 men will die from prostate cancer in the United States in 2017.

As with cancers elsewhere in the body, some aggressive prostate cancers can grow and spread rapidly, while most grow slowly.

Contents of this article:

Prostate cancer stages
Treatment
Outlook
Prostate cancer overview

Prostate cancer stages

Doctors and people who have cancer refer to the disease in terms of stages 1, 2, 3, or 4. These stages are just part of a much more complicated system that is used to categorize cancer and how far it has spread.

When looking at prostate cancer, the standard is the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM system. Here, those stages are defined as T1 to T4.

The T of TNM relates to the growth and location of the main tumor:

T1
These tumors are found either during a procedure called a transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), which is used to treat abnormal growth of the prostate, or during a needle biopsy. A needle biopsy is a test used to investigate a rise in prostate-specific antigen (PSA).

There are three different types of T1 tumor, categorized according to how the cancer is detected:

T1a: detected during TURP, cancer is present in 5 percent, or less of the tissue removed
T1b: detected during TURP, cancer is present in over 5 percent of the tissue removed
T1c: discovered during needle biopsy

T2
These tumors are larger than T1 tumors and are divided into three types according to their size and location:

T2a: present in one half or less of one side of the prostate
T2b: present in more than one half of one side of the prostate
T2c: present in both sides of the prostate

T3
These tumors have grown outside of the prostate.

T4
These tumors have grown into the tissues outside of the prostate.

N shows if the cancer has spread to lymph nodes while M denotes whether or not it has spread, elsewhere in the body. This staging system also relies on two other important factors. These are the level of PSA in the blood at the time of diagnosis and the Gleason score.

PSA is a protein that appears in higher levels in the bloodstream when there is a problem with the prostate. The Gleason score reflects how cancerous the cells appear and how likely that a tumor will spread.

Both factors are determined either through a biopsy or surgery.

Stage 1

Stage 1 prostate cancers are small and grow slowly. They are still within the prostate and are unlikely to be detected during an examination by a doctor.

Both Gleason scores and PSA levels are low. They may not result in symptoms or other health problems.


Stage 2

Stage 2 cancers are also inside the prostate but can be felt by a doctor as they are larger than stage 1 cancers. They have higher Gleason scores or greater PSA levels, or both than stage 1 cancers.

There are two types of stage 2 prostate cancers, identified according to the size and location of the tumor: The two types are 2a and 2b.

Prostate cancers that are defined as 2a can be T1 tumors with high PSA or Gleason scores, or T2a or T2b with lower PSA or Gleason scores.

Prostate cancers that are identified as 2b will be T2c tumors, or T2a or T2b tumors with very high PSA or Gleason scores.

Stage 3

Stage 3 cancers have grown immediately outside the prostate. They may have reached the seminal vesicles but not the bladder or rectum. The seminal vesicles are glands that secrete a fluid that helps make up the semen.

Cancers that have developed to this stage are more likely to return after treatment.

Stage 4

Stage 4 cancers are the most serious as they have spread more widely to other areas. These are likely to include nearby organs, such as the bladder, rectum, or nearby lymph nodes. They may have even spread to distant organs, which can include bones.

While a few may be curable, most stage 4 cancers are not. With incurable cancers, the aims of treatment are to keep the cancer controlled for as long as possible and to improve the quality of life.

Treatment

As with any serious illness or disease, the ever-important decision about treatment needs to be made after much thought and discussion. Both the man and his doctor need to evaluate all options before making the final choice.

Men may also want to consider the opinions of their family and friends.

Depending on the type of prostate cancer, a man may decide not to have any treatment at first. If the prostate cancer is caught early, there are many things that a person needs to consider. These considerations include general health, age, and whether the cancer is likely to cause a problem.

Even when diagnosed at a later stage, there is still a lot to consider, such as possible side effects of the various treatments. Side effects can include erectile dysfunction and loss of bladder control, although these are both treatable.

Treatments can include:

watchful waiting or active surveillance
surgery, including removal of the prostate gland
radiation therapy to kill cancer cells
cryotherapy, a treatment that kills cancer cells with cold temperatures
hormone therapy to reduce the effect that male hormones in the body have on cancer cells
chemotherapy, involving the use of anticancer drugs
vaccine treatment, which directs the immune system to attack cancer cells

Outlook

The good news is that many men survive prostate cancer, especially if it is diagnosed in its early stages.

About 1 in every 7 men is diagnosed with prostate cancer, but most of them will survive. In fact, of every 39 men who develop prostate cancer, just one will die from the disease. There are more than 2.9 million men in the U.S. who are still alive after having been diagnosed with prostate cancer.

According to the American Cancer Society, of the men diagnosed with prostate cancer:

the 5-year relative survival rate is almost 100 percent
the 10-year relative survival rate is 98 percent
the 15-year relative survival rate is 95 percent

Prostate cancer overview

Cancer involves cells growing out of control. These cancer cells can take hold almost anywhere in the body and can metastasize, or spread, to other areas or organs.

In prostate cancer, it is cells of the male-only prostate gland that grow out of control.

The prostate is a part of the reproductive system that is located just below the bladder. It plays a vital role at the time of ejaculation, secreting a milky fluid to flow into the urethra.

There are different types of prostate cancers but the most common are known as adenocarcinomas. These are derived from the cells that produce the prostate fluid before it is introduced into the semen.

Other types of prostate cancers include small cell carcinomas, transitional cell carcinomas, neuroendocrine tumors, and sarcomas, but these are all rare.

[Big Sexy]

Prostate cancer surgery: Types and what to expect
http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/317591.php

The most common form of surgery for prostate cancer is a radical prostatectomy. This surgery is when the prostate gland is removed under general anesthesia.

Radical prostatectomy is not the only form of treatment for prostate cancer, and not everyone who has the condition will have surgery.

Contents of this article:

Staging prostate cancer
Who needs surgery?
Types of prostate cancer surgery
Life after surgery

Staging prostate cancer

Prostate cancer is the second most common form of cancer in American men, behind skin cancer. The American Cancer Society estimate that there will be around 161,360 new cases of prostate cancer in 2017, and 26,730 deaths from the disease.

The prostate is a gland that sits between the penis and the pelvis and produces the white sticky liquid that is mixed with sperm to make semen.

The type of treatment offered depends on how advanced the prostate cancer is. This is known as the stage of cancer.

Stage 1: The cancer is smaller than one half of the prostate and is contained within the gland. This is known as localized prostate cancer.
Stage 2: The cancer is larger than one half of the prostate, but is still located within the gland. This is also known as localized prostate cancer.
Stage 3: The cancer has broken through the outer layer of the prostate and may have spread into the seminal vesicles, the tubes that carry semen. This is known as locally advanced prostate cancer.
Stage 4: The cancer has spread to another part of the body. This may be nearby lymph nodes or organs such as the rectum or bladder, or the pelvis, bone, lungs or liver. This is known as advanced or metastatic prostate cancer.

Who needs surgery?

Men diagnosed with prostate cancer may be offered surgery, depending on various factors. These include their age, overall health, and the stage of the cancer.

Not everyone who is diagnosed will be treated for prostate cancer, as the treatments come with side effects that can affect quality of life.

Because prostate cancer grows slowly, doctors may recommend watchful waiting or active surveillance, if the condition is not causing any symptoms. Watchful waiting or active surveillance mean being monitored closely for signs that the cancer is growing. Treatment will only be offered if and when it is necessary.

Types of prostate cancer surgery

There are two main types of prostate cancer surgery: radical prostatectomy and transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP).
Radical prostatectomy

A radical prostatectomy may be offered to men with localized prostate cancer who are otherwise fit and healthy. If the cancer has spread outside of the prostate, this operation may not be suitable.

During a radical prostatectomy, the whole prostate gland, and the cancer within it, are removed. The seminal vesicles are also taken out, along with the nearby lymph nodes, if there is a risk the cancer may have spread to them.

The type of radical prostatectomy performed will depend on the hospital.

Keyhole surgery, also called a laparoscopy or minimally invasive surgery, involves the surgeon making five or six cuts in the abdomen to remove the prostate. This is done by hand with the surgeon guided by a camera and lighted tube.

In robot-assisted surgery, the surgeon uses three robotic arms controlled from a computer.

During open surgery or retropubic prostatectomy, a single cut is made in the stomach. A less common form of open surgery is a perineal prostatectomy. This is when a cut is made between the testicles and the back passage.

Advantages

Removing the prostate can remove the cancer if it is contained within the gland.

Disadvantages

The prostate is involved in making semen. Removing it means that men are unable to ejaculate or to father children through sex.

After surgery, men experience "dry orgasms," which is the sensation of orgasm without the ejaculation. This may feel different to the experience men are used to having.

Men planning on having a radical prostatectomy can consider storing sperm for fertility treatment at a later date.

Risks

As with all surgery, the removal of the prostate gland carries risks. These include:

bleeding
injury to nearby organs such as bowel and nerves
blood clots
infection

Side effects

The most common side effects are leaking urine, known as urinary incontinence, and difficulty getting or keeping an erection, known as erectile dysfunction.

After surgery, most men cannot control their bladder properly. Some may experience stress incontinence, which means leaking just a few drops of urine during exercise, coughing, or sneezing. Others may need absorbent pads or pants, though this usually improves with time.

Some men have difficulty urinating after the operation, and this can happen gradually or very suddenly.

Most men who have this kind of surgery suffer erectile dysfunction. Surgeons will try to save the nerves that control erections, but this is not always possible. Even if nerves are saved, many men still have difficulty with erections.

It can take between a few months and 3 years for erections to return, but some men will always need help or medication.

TURP

A TURP operation does not cure the cancer. It helps with one of the most common symptoms of prostate cancer, which is difficulty passing urine. This happens when the enlarged prostate presses against the urethra, causing it to narrow.

It is carried out under general anesthesia and involves a surgeon passing a thin metal tube with a camera on the end through the penis to the urethra.

A small wire loop is then put through the tube and heat is used to remove small parts of prostate tissue. During the operation, fluid is passed through the bladder to flush away the removed tissue.

Possible side effects of TURP include:

problems urinating, though this usually improves over time
stress incontinence, affecting around 2 percent of patients
blood in urine for the first couple of weeks after the procedure
urine infection
slow urine flow caused by scar tissue from the operation, affecting 4 percent of patients
erectile dysfunction, affecting up to 7 percent of patients

Around 65 percent of men will suffer retrograde ejaculation. This means that semen is passed into the bladder during orgasm rather than being ejaculated.

Men who have retrograde orgasm experience orgasm differently and may not be able to father children through sex. Banking sperm is a treatment option for this side effect.

Life after surgery

The outlook for men diagnosed with prostate cancer is good. According to the American Cancer Society, the 5-year relative survival rate for prostate cancer is almost 100 percent.

However, many men say that being diagnosed with prostate cancer changes their life. A diagnosis and surgery can affect everyday life, work, and relationships.

Managing erectile dysfunction

Phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors are drugs that help men get and keep erections. The best known of these is Viagra.

A range of creams, pumps, and implants may also help, and men can be offered testosterone replacement therapy.

Managing urinary incontinence

Absorbent pads or pants or a urinary sheath, which drains urine from the penis to a bag, can help manage symptoms of urinary incontinence.

Healthcare teams also recommend pelvic floor exercises to strengthen the muscles used during urination.

For more severe cases, surgical options, such as an artificial urinary sphincter or internal male sling, may be suggested.

[Big Sexy]

Hydrocelectomy: All you need to know
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318688.php

Hydrocelectomy is a kind of surgery used to remove fluid-filled sacs called hydroceles. These form in the scrotum, the muscular pouch of skin that holds and protects the testicles.

A hydrocele forms when fluid from the abdomen flows into the scrotum. A hydrocele causes swelling but is usually not painful. Some people describe it as feeling a little like a water balloon.

Roughly 1 out of every 10 boys is born with a hydrocele, according to the Urology Care Foundation. Studies indicate that the condition resolves itself by the time the majority of these boys are 2 years old.

Contents of this article:

What are hydroceles
Hydrocele diagnosis
Hydrocelectomy procedure
Outlook

Fast facts on hydroceles

Here are some key points about hydroceles. More detail and supporting information is in the main article.



Hydroceles can also develop in adult males, often following an injury that causes swelling
A physical exam is the first step in diagnosing a hydrocele
Hydrocelectomy is usually considered minor surgery and performed on an outpatient basis
Without a hydrocelectomy or other forms of treatment, hydroceles may continue to swell, though most resolve on their own.
In children, a hydrocele is treated mainly to prevent a hernia from developing.

What are hydroceles?

Communicating hydroceles

In a communicating hydrocele, there is a direct path between the abdomen and the scrotum. Also, an inguinal hernia, where part of the small intestine drops into the scrotum, may be present.

A communicating hydrocele may change its size during a day, growing larger as fluid drains into the scrotum from the abdomen.

Non-communicating hydroceles

In a non-communicating hydrocele, the fluid stays inside the sac but is not absorbed by the body.

Hydrocele of the cord is a particular kind of non-communicating hydrocele, where the condition develops further up in the scrotum. This type of hydrocele may sometimes be confused with an inguinal hernia, cyst, tumor, or other problem with the groin area.

Hydroceles in children

For infants with congenital hydroceles, the condition develops between the 28th and 32nd weeks of pregnancy, when a muscle in the scrotum opens to let the testes drop.

In some cases, the muscle stays open longer than is needed, doesn't close properly, or opens again, allowing fluid from the belly to flow into the scrotum and form a hydrocele.

Premature birth, cystic fibrosis, and other conditions may increase the likelihood of problems with closure of this muscle.

Hydroceles in adults

In adults, hydroceles affect about 1 percent of men over 40 years. Radiation treatment for prostate cancer may increase the risk of developing a hydrocele.

When non-communicating hydroceles develop in adult men, the cause is usually unknown. A hydrocele itself does not cause pain, but men may experience discomfort due to the size and weight of the swollen scrotum.

Even in adults, the condition may disappear on its own in a few months, but if it does not, medical attention is needed and a person should consider having a hydrocelectomy.

Hydrocele diagnosis

Upon examination, a doctor will attempt to feel the condition of the testicle. Ordinarily, this is not possible, due to the surrounding sac of the hydrocele.

Before performing a hydrocelectomy, a doctor may carry out a procedure called transillumination, which involves:

Shining a light through the scrotum, looking for fluid, which would indicate the presence of a hydrocele.
Conducting an ultrasound examination to determine whether the observed swelling is a hydrocele.
Treating the hydrocele with aspiration, using a needle to drain fluid out of the scrotum.

After a positive diagnosis, a doctor may recommend a hydrocelectomy.

What is the procedure for hydrocelectomy?
The procedure takes place under a general anesthetic. If an infant has a hydrocele that does not go away on its own, surgeons will wait until the child is at least 1 to 2 years old before operating.

The steps involved with a hydrocelectomy depend on whether the hydrocele is communicating or non-communicating:

Non-communicating hydrocele: Surgeons make an incision in the scrotum, remove the sac, drain the fluid, and close the incision.
Communicating hydrocele: Treatment is slightly more complicated; doctors make an incision through the groin so that they can treat a hernia, if present, at the same time as removing the hydroceles. Even if there is no hernia, doctors take this approach to prevent a hernia from developing in the future.

Laparoscopic hydrocelectomy

Some surgeons will conduct a hydrocelectomy through laparoscopic (keyhole) surgery, inserting a tube equipped with a camera through the abdomen.

In some cases, individuals and their doctors opt for draining the hydroceles, which can be effective. However, this procedure carries a greater risk of the hydroceles returning.

Outlook

A hydrocelectomy requires a general anesthetic, and most people go home a few hours after having the operation. So, it is important to talk to the surgeon about what to expect for themselves or a child during recovery. It is a good idea to find out what, if anything, merits a call to the doctor.

For the first week or so after the procedure, most individuals will experience pain that requires medication. In addition to pain relievers, using an ice pack on the affected area can also help.

Some individuals may need to use special bandages or a drainage tube during their recovery process.

For a few weeks after surgery, swelling may continue. Activity should be limited, depending on the individual's age and the extent of the procedures performed.

Give children sponge baths, rather than a soak in the tub, for around 10 days after a hydrocelectomy.

For about 3 weeks after the procedure, children should not play with rocking horses, ride bicycles and other straddle toys, or take part in sports.

[Big Sexy]

Penile fracture: Symptoms, causes, and what to do
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318566.php

A penile fracture is a rare and alarming injury that may occur during sexual intercourse.

A penile fracture is not the same as a break in a bone. Instead, it is a rupture in the two areas of the penis responsible for erections: the corpora cavernosa and the penile sheath.

Because the injury can cause long-lasting damage to a man's sexual and urinary function, it is important to seek emergency medical attention.

Contents of this article:

What are the symptoms of a penile fracture?
Causes
When to see a doctor
Diagnosis
Treatments for a penile fracture
Aftercare and recovery

What are the symptoms of a penile fracture?

A penile fracture is a painful injury that usually occurs in the lower two-thirds of the penis.

Symptoms of a penile fracture include:

bleeding from the penis
experiencing dark-colored bruising to the penis
having trouble urinating
hearing a cracking or popping sound
losing an erection suddenly
pain that varies from minimal to severe

According to research, penile fracture symptoms that do not include a popping sound or rapid loss of erection are usually due to another type of injury.

A penile fracture will often cause the penis to take on what doctors call an "eggplant deformity," where the penis appears purple and swollen. Rarer symptoms of a penile fracture include swelling in the scrotum and blood in the urine.

Other conditions that mimic the symptoms of a penile fracture include a rupture of the veins and arteries in the penis and a ruptured suspensory ligament.

A doctor can use imaging techniques and conduct a physical exam to determine the difference between the conditions.

Causes

The penis has an area of sponge-like tissue called the corpus cavernosa. When a man has an erection, the blood in the penis concentrates in this area. When the penis is erect, one or both sides of the corpus cavernosa can snap, resulting in a penile fracture.

A penile fracture will usually only occur when a man's penis is erect. A flaccid penis does not typically fracture because the corpus cavernosa is not as enlarged as when the penis is erect.

According to one review, most cases of penile fracture in the United States occur during intercourse.

The injury usually happens when a man is thrusting against the pubic bone or the perineum, which can cause the corpus cavernosum to snap or break.

Men are not necessarily having rough sex when a fracture occurs, but may be in a position where the penis is more likely to hit against a bone.

However, a penile fracture has also been known to occur in the following circumstances:

rolling over in bed onto an erect penis
hitting an erect penis on something, such as a door frame or furniture
falling onto an erect penis

When to see a doctor

If a man suspects he has a fractured penis, he must seek immediate medical attention.

Doctors consider a penile fracture a urological emergency because it has the potential to affect a man's sexual and urinary function permanently.

Most men will seek treatment at an emergency department. The faster a man can see a doctor and have the fracture treated, the more likely he is to experience a full recovery.

Diagnosis

A doctor can typically diagnose a penile fracture by asking questions about how the fracture occurred and inspecting the penis.

Imaging studies, such as an X-ray, may also be used. Also, a doctor may use an ultrasound, which uses sound waves to detect abnormalities and locate the exact area or areas where the penis was damaged.

If a doctor cannot identify the tear using ultrasound, they may use magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) instead.

Treatments for a penile fracture
Treatments for a penile fracture can include at-home care and surgical repair.

At-home treatments include:

Applying cloth-covered ice packs for 10 minutes at a time to reduce swelling.
Using a Foley catheter to empty the bladder and reduce trauma to the penis.
Taking anti-inflammatory medications, such as ibuprofen, to reduce pain and swelling.

Occasionally, a doctor will also recommend wrapping the penis or wearing special "splints" to position the penis in a way that reduces pressure.

Using at-home treatments alone has been shown to cause high rates of complications following a penile fracture. Examples of these include pain when getting an erection, a severe angle to the penis, and inability to achieve an erection.

As a result, many doctors recommend surgical repair and treatment. According to some research, surgery results in better outcomes for people with penile fractures.

Surgical treatment can vary based on the extent of a man's injuries. Examples of repairs that may be made after a penile fracture include:

getting rid of a hematoma or buildup of blood due to the fracture
stopping bleeding of any damaged blood vessels
closing any cuts or lacerations to the penis that may be causing bleeding.

If a man's urethra is also damaged, a doctor may need to repair it as well.

To repair the penile fracture, a doctor will make an incision in the skin of the penis to access the one or more torn areas. The surgeon will repair these tears with stitches.

If a man does not seek treatment for a penile fracture, it is possible that he could experience a permanent penile deformity.

An untreated penile fracture may also lead to difficulty maintaining an erection, which is known as erectile dysfunction.

Aftercare and recovery

The ease of recovery following a penile fracture usually depends on the severity of the injury. While most men will be able to go home after the procedure, a doctor will usually advise them to refrain from sexual activity for at least 1 month to allow the surgical site to heal.

In rare instances where a man has difficulty avoiding an erection for the duration of the recovery period, a doctor may prescribe medications to reduce the likelihood an erection, such as sedatives or hormones.

Prompt treatment of a penile fracture is vital to ensure a man can return to his full sexual and urinary function.

[Big Sexy]

Sperm count more than halved in Western men
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318588.php

In the largest study of its kind, researchers find that sperm count in Western countries has more than halved in recent decades. Outside of these countries, however, the decline is not significant.

The question of whether or not sperm count is declining has been hotly debated for many years within the scientific community. However, no firm conclusion has been reached.

Of course, a reduced sperm count has important implications for reproduction, but this is not the only reason for alarm; low sperm count has been shown to increase the risk of all-cause mortality and morbidity.

For instance, a study published in 2014 concluded that "those with abnormal semen parameters have a higher risk of death, suggesting a possible common etiology between infertility and mortality."

Also, reduced sperm count is associated with deformation of the penis (hypospadias), a testicle that has not moved into the scrotum (cryptorchidism), and testicular cancer.

Another general concern is that sperm count and other measures of semen quality might be a sign that we are living in a toxic environment. The more we understand about this, the better we can approach making informed changes to the chemicals that we use every day.

Gathering data on sperm count

With these factors in mind, a group of researchers recently set out to conduct a large-scale systematic review and meta-analysis of sperm count trends.

For the study, a group from the Hebrew University-Hadassah Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine in Israel joined forces with the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai in New York City, NY. Their results are published this week in the journal Human Reproduction Update.

They screened 7,500 studies and completed a meta-regression analysis on 185 studies carried out from 1973 to 2011. The results were clear and surprising.

Men from Europe, North America, Australia, and New Zealand had a 52.4 percent decline in sperm concentration and a 59.3 percent decline in total sperm count.

In contrast, no significant decline was found in men from Asia, South America, and Africa - although there were fewer studies to analyze in these regions. Worryingly, the rate of decline in Western men did not appear to be slowing; "the slope was steep." Even when the analysis was limited to studies from 1996 to 2011, the trend was still significant.

The implications of reduced sperm count

Since 1992, the question of whether sperm count is steadily dropping has been widely debated. Although earlier studies have addressed this problem with varying results, the current research has a broader scope.

To ensure the analysis was as accurate as possible, the researchers controlled for a thorough array of potential factors. These included abstinence time, method of semen collection, how the sperm were counted, age of participant, how the study population was selected, and how many samples were given per man.



"Given the importance of sperm counts for male fertility and human health, this study is an urgent wake-up call for researchers and health authorities around the world to investigate the causes of the sharp ongoing drop in sperm count, with the goal of prevention."

Lead author Dr. Hagai Levine


The authors believe that, because the decline is only seen in Western countries, "chemicals in commerce" may be playing a role in the downward trend.

Although the current study did not address the direct cause, decline in semen quality has been previously associated with pesticides, heat, lifestyle factors, diet, smoking, stress, and body mass index (BMI). The researchers ask whether the declining sperm count may be the proverbial "canary in the coal mine."

Because the study analysis was so detailed, and the dataset so varied - namely, it was spread evenly across 39 years and 50 countries - the findings are particularly robust, and they are, therefore, particularly worrying.

With connections already drawn between reduced sperm count and overall mortality, the authors write, "Research on causes and implications of this decline is urgently needed."

[Big Sexy]

Paraphimosis: Symptoms, treatment, and prevention
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318833.php

Paraphimosis is when the foreskin is pulled back behind the tip of the penis and becomes stuck there. The retracted foreskin and the penis become swollen, fluid can build up, and the foreskin is unable to return to its original position.

Paraphimosis should not be confused with phimosis, which is when the foreskin cannot be pulled back from the tip of the penis. Typically, this occurs in younger children and is not usually a serious condition.

Paraphimosis, on the other hand, is painful and a medical emergency that needs to be treated quickly. If ignored, it can affect blood flow to the tip of the penis. In rare cases, this may cause the penis tip to be damaged, or even lost.

Contents of this article:

How is paraphimosis caused?
Symptoms
How is paraphimosis treated?
Prevention
Diagnosis
Complications
Outlook

Fast facts on paraphimosis:

Pain, swelling, and an inability to retract the foreskin are the main symptoms.
Paraphimosis can usually be resolved manually. If not, minor surgical treatment may help.
Personal hygiene can go a long way towards preventing paraphimosis.
If treated quickly, the condition is not serious.

How is paraphimosis caused?

A foreskin that is left retracted long enough for swelling to occur. This can happen during a medical examination, after cleaning, or after urination.
A tight foreskin that is retracted, causing the penis to swell. This results in the foreskin not being able to move back to its natural position.
Vigorous sexual activity, penile piercing, and use of a constricting penile ring to enhance erection by compression.

Paraphimosis can also result from the following medical conditions or procedures:

Infection, due to various factors, including poor personal hygiene.
Scarring, caused by repeated infection of the foreskin, or by forced retraction of the foreskin in young boys.
A circumcision that has not be done correctly.
Swelling of the penis and foreskin, due to insect or spider bite.

Paraphimosis in older men is often due to one of the following:

Diabetes, causing chronic inflammation of the penis and foreskin. This makes paraphimosis more likely.
Catheterization that is done without the foreskin being returned to its natural position.

In children, the foreskin does not retract at all until about 2 years of age. Most boys will have a retractable foreskin by the age of 10, and forcibly pulling the foreskin back before it is ready to do so can cause scarring that can go on to cause paraphimosis.

Symptoms

Paraphimosis is characterized by the following:

inability to pull the retracted foreskin back over the head of the penis
swelling of the end of the penis
discomfort and pain

Other symptoms may include:

redness, tenderness
inability to urinate
dark blue or black tissue on the end of the penis

How is paraphimosis treated?

Pressure is applied to the swollen penis for 5-30 minutes, usually with a saline swab. Ice can also be used. These treatments can compress the swelling, so it is easier to push the penis while pulling the foreskin back into place.

If manual manipulation is unsuccessful, then a puncture technique may be required. This treatment usually needs some form of local anesthesia or sedation. A needle is used to puncture the foreskin in different places. This allows built-up fluid to be released and for the manual manipulation of the foreskin over the penis to become easier.

More severe cases might require a small incision or slit in the foreskin to relieve restriction and to allow the swelling to subside. This procedure requires local anesthesia. In some cases, circumcision may eventually be required.

Prevention

After the foreskin has been retracted, it should be replaced over the head of the penis.

Cleanliness helps prevent paraphimosis, as well. It is important to clean under a retractable foreskin properly. The foreskin should always be returned to its natural position after cleaning.

Circumcision, when done correctly, prevents paraphimosis from occurring.

Diagnosis

A physical examination is enough for a doctor to confirm a diagnosis of paraphimosis.

It is usually easy to see and will be characterized by a tight band of foreskin trapped behind the head of the penis.

Sometimes, however, this constricting foreskin band can be completely hidden by surrounding swollen tissue.

As part of a diagnosis, a person will usually be asked some question to establish background information, including any symptoms, problems, or activities relating to the penis or foreskin.

Additional tests are usually not required to confirm a diagnosis. During an examination, a swab may be taken to pinpoint the type of infection that caused the paraphimosis.

If there has been a circumcision, or removal of the foreskin, this will rule out a paraphimosis diagnosis.

Complications

Complications of paraphimosis are secondary conditions and other disorders that are caused by it. Often the difference between the symptoms and the complications of paraphimosis are not always clear.

In severe cases, or if the paraphimosis is untreated, the following complications can occur:

damage to the penis tip
impaired or loss of blood flow
gangrene
loss of the penis tip

Risk factors for having paraphimosis include a person's age. The condition can occur at any age but is most common in adolescence.

It also occurs in older men, typically those who have diabetes, those who need catheterization, or those who have a history of bacterial infection.

Outlook

The outcome is likely to be excellent if the condition is diagnosed and treated quickly. A small amount of bleeding can occur, as the skin is retracted, but long-term negative outcomes are rare.

Recurrence of paraphimosis can be fairly common. Circumcision can prevent a reoccurrence once the swelling has subsided.

If paraphimosis is left untreated, serious damage can occur, including loss of blood flow and potential loss of the tip of the penis.

[Big Sexy]

Yellow semen: Causes of different semen colors
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318893.php


While semen is typically a whitish-gray color, there are some instances when semen may appear as a different color, which is commonly yellow.

Sometimes producing an unusual colored semen is a once-only occurrence. Other times, a man may notice a more consistent change in the color of his semen.

Although this occurrence is not always a cause for concern, there are some instances when semen color change can be an indicator of an underlying medical condition.

Contents of this article:

How are different semen colors caused?
Causes of yellow semen
Should I see a doctor?
Treatments for yellow semen
Other semen color changes
Outlook

Fast facts on yellow semen:

Semen is a gel-like liquid that males emit during ejaculation or sexual release. Semen contains sperm, which can fertilize a female egg.
Several glands and male reproductive organs are responsible for producing semen and transporting it for ejaculation.
Dysfunction of one or more of these areas could lead to semen color changes.
Treatments for unusual colored semen will depend upon the underlying cause.

How are different semen colors caused?

Semen as a substance is a combination of secretions from the male reproductive glands as well as sperm. Changes and disruption to these areas are what cause color changes.

The following are responsible for semen production:

Epididymis and testicles: The testicles are the organs responsible for producing sperm. The epididymis is the tube that transports sperm from the testicles to the vas deferens.
Seminal vesicles: These produce a significant portion of the semen's volume. These glands produce secretions that are high in a sugar called fructose, which provides nutrients to the sperm.
Prostate gland: This gland produces a chemical called prostate-specific antigen (PSA) that causes a reaction in the gel-like semen, allowing the sperm to swim away and reach an available egg more easily.
Bulbourethral and urethral glands: These glands are responsible for producing secretions that make it easier for semen to travel along the reproductive tract.

Each of these parts of the male reproductive organs and glands plays a role in ejaculation.

Causes of yellow semen

Although semen is usually a whitish-gray color, some men may have sperm that is yellow.

However, if yellow semen represents a significant color change for a man, this could be cause for concern.

Some potential causes associated with yellow semen include:

Urine in the semen: Semen travels through the urethra, which is the same tube that urine travels through. It is possible that some yellow-tinted urine can mix with semen, which would give semen a yellow tint or cast.
Jaundice: This results when the liver has difficulty breaking down bilirubin, a by-product of red blood cell destruction. Jaundice most commonly causes yellowing of the eyes but can cause the skin and the semen to appear yellow too.
Abnormally high white blood cells: Inflammation can produce excess white blood cells. These can be released via the semen, a condition known as pyospermia or leukocytospermia. Additional white blood cells can cause semen to appear yellow. These can be the result of an infection.
STIs: A sexually transmitted infection, such as chlamydia, herpes, or gonorrhea may cause yellow semen. In this instance, a man's semen may also have an unpleasant smell.
Dietary changes: Eating foods that contain dyes can cause yellow semen. The smell of ejaculate may also change if a man eats strong-smelling foods, such as garlic, onions, asparagus, or broccoli.
Infrequent ejaculation: If a man has not ejaculated in some time; the semen is more likely to have mixed with urine.

Should I see a doctor?

While semen that is light yellow is not usually a cause for concern, there are instances when a man should see a doctor for yellow semen, especially when the semen is a dark yellow.

If a man has other symptoms, such as yellowing skin, fever, the semen smells foul, or he experiences pain when ejaculating, he should see his doctor.

Treatments for yellow semen

Treatment depends on the underlying cause. If an infection has caused yellow semen, a doctor may prescribe antibiotics or anti-viral medications.

If a man does have yellow sperm that is consistent with a possible infection, he should refrain from sexual contact until a doctor can examine him for infections. Otherwise, he could potentially pass on an infection to his partner.

A man may also try to reduce the amount of artificial dyes in his diet. Drinking more water can also help.

Other semen color changes

Semen can be other colors too. Some other potential color changes a man may notice include:

Brown or red: Sometimes a man can experience a leak, or a blood vessel may burst around the seminal vesicles. The release of blood can cause semen to take on a brown or red appearance. If the semen continues to be red after 1 to 2 days, a man should seek medical treatment.
Green-tinted: Green-tinted semen can indicate a potential infection of the prostate or surrounding tissues. A man who has green semen may need to see his doctor.

If a man notices something out of the ordinary, or his semen remains discolored for an extended period, he should contact his doctor who can diagnose the potential cause and provide peace of mind.

Outlook

It is not completely abnormal for a man to produce semen that varies in color, texture, and even smell. The presentation can vary based on a man's diet, activities, and the amount of time since he last ejaculated.

Yellow-tinted semen does not necessarily mean there is cause for concern. However, dark yellow semen that smells foul or is accompanied by other symptoms of infection or medical problems should not be ignored.

[Big Sexy]

Vasectomy reversal: What to expect
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318900.php

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A vasectomy reversal is a surgical procedure that reconnects the male reproductive tract after a vasectomy. A vasectomy is a minor surgical procedure that results in a male no longer being able to make a female pregnant.

A vasectomy involves cutting two tubes called the vas deferens, one on either side of the body, so sperm from the testes no longer become part of the semen. While a vasectomy is still considered a reliable and permanent form of contraception, advances in microsurgery have made it possible to reverse this procedure.

A vasectomy can be reversed even after a long time, in some cases, 15 or more years, as sperm are continually being produced and remain viable. Overall, around 6 percent of men who have had a vasectomy choose vasectomy reversal later.

Contents of this article:

Vasectomy and vasectomy reversal procedures
What to expect before vasectomy reversal
During vasectomy reversal
Recovery after vasectomy reversal
Risks and complications
Outlook

Fast facts on vasectomy reversal:

A vasectomy reversal reconnects the van deferens that were cut in the vasectomy.
Vasectomy reversal is as safe as a vasectomy.
A vasectomy reversal does not affect sex drive, and men can typically resume having sex 3-4 weeks after the procedure.

Vasectomy and vasectomy reversal procedures

Many men may have cause to consider these procedures, to avoid conceiving a child, or because they want their fertility to return due to changes in their personal circumstances.

What is a vasectomy?

The rate of pregnancy after a vasectomy occurs in less than 2 out of 1,000 women, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Vasectomy is the most effective form of birth control besides complete abstinence from having sex.

Vasectomy is an outpatient procedure that takes around 30 minutes. The man is awake the entire time. A small section of the vas deferens is removed from both sides and the ends are sealed.

It may take up to 3 months before all sperm are cleared from both vas deferens. During this period, doctors recommend a person uses other forms of birth control, to avoid the chance of an unwanted pregnancy.

What is a vasectomy reversal?

The reversal of a vasectomy is usually an outpatient procedure involving local or general anesthesia. General anesthesia may be necessary to ensure the patient remains still during the procedure.

The success rate for a reversal procedure is around 90 percent, according to a report in the Asian Journal of Andrology. This is based on the success of reopening the vas deferens and the presence of viable sperm.

The rate of pregnancy after a vasectomy reversal can be lower than before a vasectomy was done. The success of a vasectomy reversal in achieving pregnancy depends on a variety of factors, including:

experience and skill of the surgeon
age and fertility of a female partner
time since the vasectomy, reversal being harder the longer ago the vasectomy occurred
return of moving sperm

There are two types of vasectomy reversal techniques:

The vasovasostomy reconnects the two sides of the vas deferens.
The vasoepididymostomy reconnects the vas deferens to the epididymis, the area above the testes where sperm are stored.

It is important to say that a surgeon does not know if a man needs a vasovasostomy or vasoepididymostomy until he is on the operating table.

What to expect before vasectomy reversal

Doctors perform vasectomy reversals at a surgery center or hospital, but it is still an outpatient procedure with no need for an overnight hospital stay. Before the vasectomy reversal, the doctor will:

Take a medical history and do a physical exam - it is important to make sure there are no other health problems that may cause complications during or after surgery.
Confirm that healthy sperm can be produced - in most cases, evidence of having fathered a child before is sufficient, but if there is uncertainty, additional testing might be necessary.
Review the surgical history - it is important for the surgeon to know about any previous surgeries besides vasectomy or previous injuries that may interfere with the vasectomy reversal.
Consider blood tests - these are usually not necessary, but may be recommended for any men with issues of sexual function or an abnormal physical exam.

Once a person is in the operating room, he is often put to sleep with anesthesia.

During vasectomy reversal

During the vasectomy reversal, the surgeon will make a small cut on the underside of the scrotum to expose the vas deferens and free it from the surrounding tissues.

The vas deferens is then cut open to examine the fluid inside. Once it is established that there is sperm present, the vas deferens is reconnected to allow the passage of sperm.

If the fluid in the vas deferens is thick, it can be an indication of a blockage and that sperm are not flowing. At this point, the surgeon is likely to decide on a vasoepididymostomy as the more appropriate procedure.

Many experts believe that the procedure of connecting the vas deferens directly to the epididymis is one of the most challenging in the field of urology and male reproductive microsurgery. The difficulty is due to the small size of the vas deferens - narrower than a piece of angel hair pasta - the even smaller size of the epididymis tube, and the difficulty working on such a small scale.

Recovery after vasectomy reversal

After a vasectomy reversal, the incisions will be covered with bandages and a person will be advised to wear a jockstrap for support for up to 6 weeks, only removing it when showering. Typically, wetting the surgical area should be avoided for 2 days after surgery.

Ice can help with soreness, which may occur for several days after the procedure. If present, stitches should dissolve within 2 weeks. A man should rest for the first 48 hours after the procedure and do as little as possible.

Once back home, a man will be advised to limit any activities that cause the testicles to move around too much, such as working out, jogging, or biking for up to 4 weeks after surgery.

Sexual intercourse should be avoided until a doctor has given the person the okay. Most men will need to wait at least 3 weeks after surgery. Semen samples are usually collected at 2, 4, and 6 months after surgery to check for presence of sperm. Typically, if no viable sperm are present after 6 months then further surgery may be recommended.

Risks and complications

While it is safe, there are risks to vasectomy reversal surgery. The most common risk is that full fertility does not resume. Other risks include chronic pain and infection, as well as:

inadequate sperm count
hematoma
bleeding
bruising and swelling
testicular atrophy, although extremely rare

The procedure of vasectomy reversal is safe overall. Complications are fairly unlikely, as long as the surgeon's follow-up instructions are observed and recovery is managed properly.

Outlook

A person will not know how successful a vasectomy reversal is until their sperm evaluations have been done several months later. Once sperm counts return to adequate levels, the chances of conception improve.

[Big Sexy]

Sperm morphology: Tests and results
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318963.php

Sperm morphology refers to the size and shape of individual sperm. It is one of, but by no means the only, contributing factor to male fertility.

Contents of this article:

What is sperm morphology?
Sperm morphology tests
What do test results mean?
Other fertility factors
Outlook

What is sperm morphology?

Not all of an individual's sperm look exactly alike. Abnormalities in sperm size and shape can occur in the head, midpiece, or tail.

In some cases, these mutations or changes do not impact the sperm's overall functionality. In other situations, the sperm may not be able to move properly or quickly enough to reach, puncture, or enter the egg's membrane.

Doctors usually assess sperm morphology during a general semen analysis or fertility test. On its own, an abnormal or low sperm morphology score is typically not an indication of infertility.

Sperm morphology tests

Sperm morphology tests examine semen samples under a microscope and calculate the percentage of sperm with a normal form (NF) in the total sample.

Requirements for a normally formed sperm include:

a smooth rimmed, oval shaped head
a head that is between 2.5 to 3.5 micrometers (μm) wide and 5 to 6 μm long
an acrosome (a membrane with enzymes capable of penetrating the egg's membrane) tip that covers between 40 and 70 percent of the sperm head
a head free of large vacuoles (fluid filled organelles) and have no more than two small vacuoles that take up less than 20 percent of the total head
midpiece of the sperm (the segment between the head and tail) should be about the same length as the head but much slimmer
an uncoiled, 45 μm-long tail that should be thinner than the sperm head and midpiece
free from head or tail defects

Lab technicians usually process sperm morphology tests by putting a small portion of the semen on a glass slide, letting it air dry, and then staining it with a dye that makes individual sperm easier to see under the microscope.

Technicians typically calculate the percentage of NF sperm out of 200 or more sperm in one segment of the sample.

Sperm morphology tests can also be assessed using image analysis technology, such as a computer-aided sperm morphometric assessment (CASA).

According to the World Health Organization, computer based tests are more precise and reliable than manual tests because of the removed risk of human error.

One round of testing is not enough to fully assess semen or sperm quality.

There is a high level of variation between different people, as well as between samples from the same individual. Factors such as human error, contamination, mislabeling, and time before processing also make multiple tests necessary.

It typically takes three or more tests that produce the same or similar results to confirm qualities such as morphology, vitality, and mobility.

What do test results mean?

Having a large number of abnormally formed sperm in a sample and a low NF score are signs of a condition called teratozoospermia.

The precise range can vary, but typically a normal or healthy sperm morphology range is between 4 and 14 percent NF. A score below 4 percent may mean it takes longer than normal to achieve pregnancy.

A result of 0 percent NF usually means in vitro fertilization (IVF) may be necessary for conception. IVF involves the collection of an egg and sperm sample to be combined in a petri dish in the hopes of fertilization.

The criteria for sperm morphology was developed less than a decade ago, so there are still a lot of discrepancies in how the test is conducted and results interpreted.

It is also important to remember that sperm that is abnormal in size or shape usually still carries healthy genetic material. Many fertile men have a high percentage of abnormal sperm.

Most of the studies that have found a link between low sperm morphology scores and reduced fertility rates used IVF subjects and settings.

A man whose NF is score below 4 percent should talk to his doctor to rule out the potential for complications and additional health conditions.

Doctors specializing in male infertility may help identify a cause for abnormal morphology rates, and in some cases, recommend a course of treatment to improve sperm quality.

Other fertility factors

Sperm morphology tests are only one component of a general semen analysis.

Different laboratories, medical practices, and doctors may include different processes as part of their sperm analysis testing.

Other factors and hormones levels typically assessed during semen analysis include:

vitality, or the percentage of living sperm
motility, or general movement patterns and moving ability of sperm
the concentration of the semen
the total fluid volume of semen
liquefaction, or how quickly semen liquefies to facilitate sperm travel
total sperm number or count
semen thickness (viscosity)
the appearance of the semen
semen pH
other foreign cells in semen, most often bacteria
testosterone
sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG)
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
prolactin
estradiol
DNA form and function

The presence of additional body cells in semen, such as epithelial cells (cells from the male ducts), immune cells such as leukocytes (white blood cells), and macrophages (scavenger immune cells) may also be assessed.

Outlook

The exact role and influence of sperm morphology on fertility is controversial. The specific requirements for what doctors consider a normal sperm form also vary.

Traditionally, if a man had low sperm morphology scores, doctors would likely use assisted reproductive technologies.

Doctors also thought that low sperm morphology scores also caused a decrease in overall semen quality and an increase in sperm damage.

Increasingly, researchers are finding that morphology may not play as much of a role in infertility as once thought.

A 2017 study found that men with 0 percent NF scores were capable of near normal fertility rates. Research has also found that IVF therapies are often ineffective in males with lower than 4 percent NF.

Recently developed DNA tests are considered by many researchers and doctors to be a better indicator of infertility and semen quality than a general semen analysis test.

Some of the newer DNA tests available to assess the quality of semen include:

sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA)
comet assay
tunnel assay
DNA fragmentation test (Reprosource®)

If assisted technologies are used, intracytoplasmic sperm injection, ICSI, where a normal sperm is isolated from a semen sample and injected into an egg, may be a good option for men with low morphology scores.

[Big Sexy]

What causes testicle itch? Seven possible causes
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319086.php

Itchy testicles, also known as itchy balls, can be uncomfortable and very tempting to scratch.

In most cases, scratching can make the itch worse.

There are a number of potential causes of itchy testicles. Hence, it is important to know what is causing the itch in order to treat the underlying reason for it in the best way.

Contents of this article:

Seven causes of itchy balls
Prevention
When to see a doctor
Treatment

Seven causes of itchy balls

Though many causes of itchy balls are benign and easy to treat, there are some more serious conditions that may be responsible.

Seven of the most common causes include:

1. Jock itch
Jock itch, also known as tinea cruris, is one of the most common causes of itchy balls.

Jock itch is a fungal infection that occurs in damp areas of the body, often near or in folds of skin. Jock itch can appear on the feet or genitals.

Jock itch often presents as a reddish rash. However, the exact appearance depends on the type of fungus that is causing the infection.

Yeast is a common type of fungal infection that causes red, itchy rashes. When a person has a yeast infection on their genitals, they may experience an intensely itchy rash, moist skin, and white-colored discharge near the folds and edge. Other yeast infections may appear dry and flaky.

2. Intertrigo

Intertrigo is an inflammatory response to either a bacterial or fungal infection. The resulting rash is often red, raw, and stings.

The inflammation most commonly occurs near folds in the skin and moist areas of the body. The scrotum contains many folds and is a moist environment, which makes it an ideal area for bacteria or fungus to grow.

3. Chafing

Chafing occurs when constant, prolonged rubbing occurs on an area of skin. This friction can occur during physical activities, such as running or biking.

On these occasions, the friction between the legs leaves tiny cracks and inflammation. The resulting rash is often itchy and uncomfortable for the individual.

4. Contact dermatitis

Contact dermatitis is an allergic reaction. It is most likely to occur when the skin comes into contact with a new substance, including new body or hair wash, new washing detergent, or a new fabric.

Contact dermatitis results in a red, itchy rash that may ooze a white or yellow liquid. The same rash will likely occur in other areas of the body, as well as on the testicles. The thinner skin of the ball sack makes it feel particularly itchy and uncomfortable.

5. Crabs or pubic lice

Crabs or pubic lice may also cause itchy balls. Pubic lice cause tiny bites that itch and are uncomfortable.

Some people notice lice eggs growing near the roots of their pubic hairs. Others might see the grayish lice, crawling around on their ball sack or around their pubic hair.

Crabs may be spread during sexual activity with an infected partner.

6. Genital warts

Genital warts is another sexually transmitted infection (STI) that causes an itchy reaction on the balls and other areas of the genitalia.

Genital warts are associated with the human papillomavirus (HPV), and although they can be removed, they may reappear in the future, as the virus is not curable.

Genital warts can be itchy, but generally, they just resemble small, raised bumps.

7. Herpes

Herpes is an STI that causes an itchy rash to appear on the skin. After about a day, the rash turns into one or more blisters that burn.

These herpes blisters may eventually burst, leading to painful sores.

Prevention

Preventing itchy balls requires different precautionary measures depending on the exact cause.

For bacterial or fungal infections, a person should keep the balls and genital area clean and dry. A person should consider wearing looser clothing on hot days or during exercise to help the area remain as dry as possible.

In cases of allergic reactions, a person should keep a record of known allergens. When something causes the balls or another area of the body to itch, that substance should be avoided.

If chafing is the cause, a person can use moisturizers or lubricants to help prevent this rubbing irritation. Moisturizers may also stop itching.

Some STIs can be prevented by a person using proper protection during sexual activity. It is also a good idea to know the sexual history of a partner and find out if they have an STI that can be spread during intercourse.

When to see a doctor

Itchy testicles may not seem very concerning at first. In some cases, a person may know right away what the cause is, and they may not need to seek medical attention.

When a rash appears or when itching is persistent and intense, a person should have a doctor rule out certain causes and determine the right treatment. Also, a doctor should examine any rash that changes or starts to ooze.

Anyone who suspects they have pubic lice should visit their doctor to appropriate treatment to kill the lice and their eggs.

Treatment

Similarly to prevention, treatment of itchy balls depends largely on the cause of the irritation. Some common treatments include the following:

antifungal creams
medicated lotions and shampoos
moisturizers and lubricants
medication for STIs
avoiding allergens

Antifungal or antibiotic creams that treat jock itch and other bacterial or fungal infections are a typical over-the-counter treatment. A doctor may also give someone a prescription cream to help treat the infection.

Special lotions and shampoo are prescribed to treat pubic lice. These medicated products contain ingredients that kill the lice and their eggs.

Moisturizers and lubricants are used to treat itching and rashes caused from chafing. The products help both to prevent and treat a rash.

Medication may be prescribed to help reduce outbreaks of an STI. In the case of genital warts, a doctor may burn them off with liquid nitrogen.

Avoiding allergens that prompted the rash is the first response to itchy balls caused in this way. The allergic reaction should clear up in about a week. Otherwise, a doctor may prescribe a cream to help recovery.

[Big Sexy]

Frequent ejaculation and prostate cancer: What's the link?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319536.php

The prostate is a small, walnut-shaped gland that plays an important role in ejaculation. It produces the fluid in semen and helps push this fluid out when a man ejaculates.

About 1 in 7 men in the United States will be diagnosed with prostate cancer during their lifetime. As prostate cancer is so common, being aware of the risk factors is important. This article explores whether frequent ejaculation can reduce the risk of prostate cancer.

Contents of this article:

Is there a link between ejaculation and prostate cancer?
Risk factors
Reducing the risk
Early detection
Conclusion

Is there a link between ejaculation and prostate cancer?

In recent years there have been a number of articles that claim ejaculating more often can reduce the risk of prostate cancer. While these claims might sound like sensationalized headlines, they may be supported in part by scientific evidence.

What the research says

According to a 2016 study in European Eurology, men who ejaculate more frequently are less likely to develop prostate cancer, compared to those who ejaculate less often.

The research from 2016 was a follow-up to a 2004 study, which came to a similar conclusion. Both studies found that the risk of prostate cancer may be reduced for men who ejaculate 21 times or more per month. This was compared with men who only ejaculated 4-7 times a month.

Other studies uncovered some conflicting evidence. Researchers disagree whether ejaculating more often makes men of all ages less likely to get prostate cancer.

A 2008 study found that frequent masturbation was only linked with a decreased risk of prostate cancer in men over 50. Researchers in this study found that men in their 20s and 30s who ejaculated more often were actually at an increased risk of prostate cancer.

In contrast, a 2003 study from Australia found that men who frequently ejaculated as young men had a reduced rate of prostate cancer.

More research needed

From all the research conclusions that are available, the evidence may point to a link between increased frequency of ejaculation and a man's risk of prostate cancer.

However, due to the inconsistent and contradictory conclusions, more research is needed to determine if frequent ejaculation decreases prostate cancer risk in men of all ages.

Risk factors

Being aware of prostate cancer risk factors can help men understand their likelihood of developing it.

According to the American Society of Clinical Oncology, the following factors make it more likely for men to develop prostate cancer:

Age: As men get older, their risk of developing prostate cancer increases. Over 80 percent of prostate cancer cases affect men over 65.

Ethnicity: Black men are more likely to develop prostate cancer than white men, and they may develop it at an earlier age. Black men also have a higher risk of being affected by aggressive forms of prostate cancer. Hispanic men are less likely to develop prostate cancer than non-Hispanic white men.

Family history: Men are at a higher risk of developing prostate cancer if they have close relatives with prostate cancer.

Genetics: Certain genetic changes may increase the risk of prostate cancer. Research regarding this potential link is ongoing.

Exposure to Agent Orange: Used during the Vietnam War, the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs has listed this chemical as being linked to prostate cancer.

Diet: Researchers believe a man's diet may affect prostate cancer risk, but studies are not conclusive. More research is needed to investigate this possible connection further.

Reducing the risk

Research from 2014 found the following helped reduce the risk of prostate cancer:

stopping smoking
exercising regularly
taking 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors

While the first two lifestyle changes are relatively easy to make, the U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA) have not approved 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors for the prevention of prostate cancer.

Dietary changes may also help reduce the risk of prostate cancer. Research is ongoing, but the American Society of Clinical Oncology notes the following findings from current studies:

diets high in fat may increase the risk of prostate cancer
diets high in fruit and vegetables may decrease the risk of prostate cancer

However, these dietary changes may need to be made earlier in life to have an effect on a man's risk of developing prostate cancer

Early detection

Prostate cancer can be detected early using a blood test or with a rectal exam. Diagnosing cancer early can improve the chances of successful treatment.

Blood tests may not be the best option for all men, as they can show conditions that do not require treatment. It is a good idea for men over 50 to discuss being tested for prostate cancer with their doctor.

Conclusion

Research shows the possibility of a link between frequent ejaculation and the risk of prostate cancer. However, further research is needed to understand if ejaculating frequently decreases the risk of prostate cancer for men of all ages.

As research is ongoing, it is important for men to read about prostate cancer regularly and discuss their concerns with a doctor.

[Big Sexy]

Facts about sperm health and lifespan
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319669.php

Sperm cells cannot survive for long once they are exposed to the air outside of the body.

Precisely how long they can survive depends on the environment that they are released into and how quickly the fluid surrounding the sperm cells dries up.

Read on for the answers to some common questions about sperm and sperm survival.

Contents of this article:

How long do sperm live inside the female body?
Can you get pregnant with the withdrawal method?
How long do sperm live in a hot tub or bathtub?
How long can sperm survive if frozen?
How are sperm cells made?
What factors can have an impact on sperm health?
How to improve sperm health
Outlook


Sperm lifespan inside the female body

After ejaculation, sperm can live inside the female body for around 5 days. The fluid in a woman's reproductive tract has all of the nutrients that sperm need for their survival during that time.

Once inside the female reproductive tract, the sperm cells must swim through the cervix and into the uterus to reach the fallopian tubes and female egg. It is a very long journey for sperm cells to make and very few survive.

Does the withdrawal method work?

The withdrawal method, or when the male "pulls out" of the female before ejaculation, is notoriously unreliable.

Before ejaculation occurs, a small amount of semen, also known as "pre-cum," leaves the penis.

There is some debate as to whether this fluid contains sperm cells. Until researchers are sure, it is best to assume that pregnancy is possible if this fluid comes into contact with a woman's vagina.

According to Planned Parenthood, if the withdrawal method is performed correctly 100 percent of the time, it is about 96 percent effective.

However, most people are not able to perform it correctly every time, making the actual effectiveness somewhere around 78 percent. This means that each year, 22 out of 100 women using this method will get pregnant, or around 1 in 5.

Withdrawal is more effective when combined with other methods of contraception, such as male or female condoms or spermicide.

When using this method, it is also essential to make sure that ejaculation occurs away from the vaginal opening. It is still possible for pregnancy to happen if the sperm spills onto the vagina or vulva.

How long do sperm live in a hot tub?

In the hot tub, sperm cells do not live for very long at all. The sperm cannot survive for longer than a few seconds after being exposed to the chemicals and hot water.

Pregnancy from someone ejaculating into a hot tub would be very rare and likely not even possible.

In a warm bath that was not too hot, sperm cells could likely survive for a few minutes. However, it is very unlikely that sperm would be able to find their way through the tub water and into the vagina of a female.

Pregnancy occurring in this manner would also be very difficult, if not impossible.

However, if a couple were having intercourse in the water, pregnancy would be just as likely because the sperm would enter directly into the female reproductive tract. The outside temperature and physical environment would not have any impact on sperm survival.

How long can sperm survive if frozen?

Scientists believe that sperm cells can survive indefinitely once they are frozen, as long as the temperature remains stable.

At such a low temperature (-196°C), the sperm cells are in a type of suspended animation, which means that all of their essential functions have completely stopped.

Men freeze sperm for a variety of reasons. Many do so because they are undergoing infertility treatment, or have cancer or another medical condition that would potentially impact their fertility.

Freezing sperm would allow a man to have children even if he lost his fertility due to cancer or cancer treatment.

How are sperm cells made?

Typically, millions of sperm cells are produced in the testicles every day. During this time, the cells that make up the sperm divide and change.

The sperm cells make their way into the epididymis where they finish developing, which can take several weeks.

The sperm eventually develops a head and tail, so that it cells start to resemble a tadpole. The head contains all of the DNA or genetic material, and the sperm uses the tail to help it move.

What factors impact on sperm health?

Many factors that can affect the sperm formation process. Some of the factors that can cause a decreased sperm count or poor sperm function include:

Health and lifestyle factors

drug or alcohol use
job or occupation
tobacco use
stress
overheating the testicles
weight

Environmental causes

exposure to industrial chemicals
heavy metals
radiation or X-rays

Medical reasons

infection of the testicles
cancer of the testicles
swelling of the veins that drain blood from the testicle
hormone imbalances
physical problems in the tubes that carry sperm through the reproductive system
chromosomal or genetic disorders
certain medications
surgery involving the pelvis, abdomen, or reproductive organs

If a couple want to conceive and a man suspects that he has one or more of these risk factors, he may want to consider having a sperm count performed. A doctor may also recommend this procedure if pregnancy does not result after about 6 months.

If a man has any of these risk factors, he should try to change them at least 2-3 months before trying to conceive, since that is how long it takes for sperm to fully mature.

How to improve sperm health

Reducing the above risk factors whenever possible helps to keep sperm cells healthy, especially before conception.

There are several things that a man can do to improve the health of his sperm:

Maintain a healthy weight: Being overweight or obese can directly impact sperm production and the hormones needed to support the process.

Quit smoking: Smoking cigarettes has been associated with a lower sperm count when compared with men who do not smoke.

Cut back on alcohol use: Alcohol use can impact testosterone levels, which will, in turn, decrease sperm count

Stop using drugs: Anabolic steroids, marijuana, and cocaine have all been linked with decreased sperm production.

Take vitamins: Taking vitamins regularly can help to ensure that a man is getting all of the vital nutrients he needs. He should start taking vitamins at least 3 months before trying to conceive.

Keep the testicles cool: Spending time in saunas or hot tubs, wearing tight underwear or pants, and placing a laptop computer directly on the lap may all increase the temperature of the scrotum and reduce sperm production.

Outlook

Sperm live outside the body for different lengths of time, depending on the environment in which they were released.

Unless they are deposited into a female reproductive tract, sperm cells are easily damaged and can only survive a few seconds to a few minutes outside of the body.

[Big Sexy]

Head and neck cancer: Could oral sex raise your risk?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319819.php

New research has discovered that smoking and oral sex are tied to an increased risk of developing HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer, which is a form of head and neck cancer activated by exposure to the human papillomavirus.

Although the risk is increased, it is still low; only 0.7 percent of men are ever likely develop oropharyngeal cancer during their lifetimes, according to the new study.

The risk of developing the condition was found to be considerably lower among women, non-smokers, and those who had had fewer than five partners with whom they had performed oral sex.

Prof. Gypsyamber D'Souza, of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and Dr. Carole Fakhry, of the Johns Hopkins Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery — both of which are located in Baltimore, MD — conducted the research. Their results have been published in the journal Annals of Oncology.

Every year in the United States, there are approximately 16,500 cases of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, which is the most common type of oropharyngeal cancer. More than 11,500 of these are HPV-related.

More than 100 different types of HPV exist, but only a few of these are known to cause cancer. HPV16 or 18, for example, triggers most cases of cervical cancer, and HPV16 is known to cause most oropharyngeal cancers.

Experts have predicted that by 2020, the incidence of oropharyngeal cancer will overtake that of cervical cancer.

"For these reasons," says Prof. D'Souza, "it would be useful to be able to identify healthy people who are most at risk of developing oropharyngeal cancer in order to inform potential screening strategies, if effective screening tests could be developed."

She adds, "Most people perform oral sex in their lives, and we found that oral infection with cancer-causing HPV was rare among women regardless of how many oral sex partners they had."

"Among men who did not smoke," Prof. D'Souza says, "cancer-causing oral HPV was rare among everyone who had less than five oral sex partners, although the chances of having oral HPV infection did increase with number of oral sexual partners, and with smoking."

The study data came from 13,089 individuals, all of whom were aged 20–69 years old, who took part in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

The participants had all been tested for oral HPV infection. To predict the risk of oropharyngeal cancer from oral HPV infection, the researchers used data on oropharyngeal cancer cases and deaths from U.S. registries.

[Big Sexy]

Everything you need to know about prostate nodules
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319679.php

A prostate nodule is a firm, knuckle-like area on the prostate. It may not have any symptoms or may cause bladder infections and chronic pelvic pain. There are several causes of prostate nodules, including prostatitis and prostate cancer.

The prostate gland is part of the male reproductive system. It is about the size and shape of a walnut and is found just below the bladder and in front of the rectum.

The prostate helps produce semen, which carries the sperm from the testicles through the penis during ejaculation.

In this article, we look at the causes, symptoms, and diagnosis of prostate nodules.

Contents of this article:

What is a prostate nodule?
What causes prostate nodules?
Prostate changes over time
Diagnosis
Outlook

What is a prostate nodule?

A prostate nodule is a firm area that may appear on the prostate. It is raised and hard and feels like the knuckle on a finger.

A prostate nodule may be cancerous and, as a result, should be checked by a doctor.

A person with a prostate nodule may be referred to a specialist and given a biopsy, which is when a piece of tissue is removed and sent away for further tests.

A nodule vs. a tumor

A nodule or a tumor on the prostate essentially refers to the same thing - an abnormal growth. However, "nodule" is regarded as a benign growth, whereas "tumor" is used more commonly to refer to cancer.

If a person is confused by the terms being used by their doctor, they should ask for clarification, as this can help them get a better understanding of their health.

What causes prostate nodules?

There are several different reasons a person could develop a prostate nodule. These include:
Prostate cancer

Prostate cancer occurs when cells in the prostate gland start to grow uncontrollably. Nearly all instances of prostate cancer are a type known as adenocarcinomas.

Other, rarer types include:

sarcomas
small cell carcinomas
neuroendocrine tumors
transitional cell carcinomas

Prostate cancer is the most common form of cancer in men in the United States. It is estimated that in 2017 there will be 161,360 new cases of prostate cancer and 26,730 deaths caused by prostate cancer.

Older men are more likely to develop prostate cancer, with 6 out of 10 cases occurring in men aged 65 or over.

Not all prostate nodules are cancer, however, and they can be caused by several other conditions.

Prostatitis

Prostatitis is inflammation of the prostate gland and is often caused by a bacterial infection. Around half of all men are affected by prostatitis at some point in their lives. It does not increase the risk of other prostate diseases.

There are four different types of prostatitis:

Acute bacterial prostatitis, which is caused by a bacterial infection and comes on suddenly. It is the least common type but the easiest to diagnose and treat with antibiotics. Symptoms include chills, fever, and urine in the blood.

Chronic bacterial prostatitis, which is also caused by bacteria. Often, the only symptom is a bladder infection. It is treated with antibiotics but may be recurrent or chronic.

Chronic prostatitis, which is also known as chronic pelvic pain syndrome, is the most common type of prostatitis and can come and go without warning. Symptoms include pain and discomfort in the groin and bladder area, which can be treated with anti-inflammatory drugs or alpha-blockers.

Asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis, which does not have any symptoms and often does not require treatment. This type of prostatitis is usually discovered during tests for something else.

Prostate calculi

This is the presence of stones in the prostate, often called prostatic stones. Doctors believe they are formed either by secretions from the prostate thickening, or when pus and other debris fuse together during an infection.

Prostate calculi can be associated with chronic prostatitis and often has similar symptoms. The presence of the stones can lead to inflammation of the prostate, which stops urine exiting the body and can lead to a bacterial infection.

Other causes of a prostate nodule include:

infarct, an area of dead tissue caused by a loss in blood supply
abnormalities in the rectum, such as a hemorrhoid

Prostate changes over time

The prostate gland tends to grow as men age. An enlarged prostate may squeeze the urethra and make it difficult to urinate. This requires medical attention.

The risk of having prostate problems increases with age. The most common prostate problems are inflammation, an enlarged prostate, and prostate cancer. Having one problem does not directly lead to another, however.

Symptoms that require medical attention include:

passing urine more often than usual
having an urgent need to pass urine
a reduced flow of urine
a burning feeling when passing urine
having to get up many times in the night to pass urine

Diagnosis

A doctor will ask about a person's symptoms and their medical history and may take a urine sample for testing.

The standard way to examine the prostate is a digital rectal exam. A doctor will insert a lubricated and gloved finger into the rectum to feel the prostate. The test takes around 10 to 15 seconds.

The digital rectal exam will allow the doctor to feel if there is a prostate nodule present.

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test

A PSA test checks for elevated PSA in the blood, which is a protein produced by the prostate. Increased PSA in the blood may be a sign of prostatitis, an enlarged prostate, or prostate cancer. However, some other non-medical factors can also increase PSA.

Biopsy

If a doctor has any concerns about prostate cancer, they will refer the man to a urologist for a prostate biopsy. Samples from several areas of the prostate will be taken and tested. Treatment will be decided based on the results.

Outlook

The outlook for a man with a prostate nodule will depend on the cause of the nodule and the health of the individual.

If the cause of the nodule is prostatitis or prostate calculi, it will often be treated using antibiotics or other medications. In rare cases, it may be treated with surgery.

If the prostate nodule is cancerous, it will be treated using prostate cancer treatments. The outlook for men with prostate cancer varies depending on their age, the stage of the cancer, and their overall health.

While it is a serious disease, most men diagnosed with prostate cancer do not die from it. Prostate cancer affects roughly 1 in 7 men during their lifetime. There are currently around 2.9 million men in the U.S. who have prostate cancer.

As well as receiving physical treatment, it is essential that people with prostate cancer seek support from those around them, including family, friends, healthcare professionals, and support groups.

[Big Sexy]

Curved penis may increase cancer risk
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/319960.php

Peyronie's disease causes the penis to develop a significant curve. Recent research shows that the total cancer risk in these men may be increased.

Peyronie's disease is a disorder of the connective tissue in the penis. Also referred to as penile fibrosis, it causes fibrous plaques to grow in the soft tissue. This scar tissue can cause painful erections and erectile dysfunction. It also shortens and curves the penis.

It is difficult to know exactly how many people are affected by Peyronie's, but estimates range from 1–23 percent of men aged 40–70.

The plaques that develop as part of Peyronie's are not contagious or cancerous, and the exact causes are still not understood. Some cases seem to be linked to an injury to the penis or a series of injuries over time, but this is not always the case. There may also be an autoimmune component to Peyronie's.

Peyronie's, genes, and cancer

The condition has been shown to run in families and, recently, the genetics involved in Peyronies has received growing attention. Interestingly, some of the genes that have a relationship with Peyronie's disease also appear to be involved in certain types of human cancer.

For instance, WNT2, a protein-coding gene, appears to be associated with Peyronie's and also in the progression of some types of cancer.

On the back of these recent findings, researchers from Baylor College in Houston, TX, decided to see whether Peyronie's disease is linked to a measurable increase in cancer risk.

Dr. Alexander Pastuszak was the lead investigator; their findings were published recently in the journal Fertility and Sterility and presented at the American Society for Reproductive Medicine's annual meeting on 31st October.

Data was taken from the Truven Health MarketScan claims database from 2007–2014. This database carries information about health insurance claims made through employers. The incidence of cancer in people with Peyronie's disease was compared against those without the condition and men with erectile dysfunction, who were used as a secondary control.

In total, there were 48,423 men with Peyronie's, 1,177,428 with erectile dysfunction, and 484,230 controls, with an average age of 49.8 years. The men were observed for an average of 4 years, accounting for around 7 million total years of follow-up.

Increased cancer risk

When compared with men with erectile dysfunction, individuals with Peyronie's had a 10 percent increased risk of all cancers.

When this was broken down, men with Peyronie's had a 43 percent greater risk of stomach cancer, a 19 percent increased risk of melanoma, and a 39 percent increased risk of cancer of the testis.

The authors concluded:

"Men with PD [Peyronie's disease] have an increased risk of developing cancer, suggesting a possible common etiology between PD and cancer development, supporting recent genetic findings."


To further drill down into these findings, the same team investigated the genome of a father and son with Peyronie's.

At a press briefing, Dr. Pastuszak explained what they uncovered: "We found that this father and son had a set of genes that predispose them to both genitourinary or urologic cancers, and testis cancer is within that group, as well as stomach cancers."

As they delved deeper into their DNA, they saw increases in either the "suppression of tumor suppressor genes or upregulation of oncogenes."

Because this is the first time that such a connection has been drawn, more work will need to be done to firm up the findings. The researchers call for more studies looking at potential pathways by which Peyronie's could influence cancer growth and development.

Although the exact pattern of interaction between Peyronie's and cancer is not yet known, the authors suggest a new level of caution from doctors treating men with Peyronie's, saying, "additional follow-up of men with PD after diagnosis and treatment of PD may be warranted."

Dr. Pastuszak says of Peyronie's and related conditions, "While they're significant in the sexual and reproductive life-cycles of these patients, linking them to other disorders suggest that these men should be monitored for development of these disorders disproportionately in contrast to the rest of the population. Nobody has made these associations before."

[Big Sexy]

What are the best ways to increase sperm count?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320010.php

Sperm count or total sperm count refers to the average total number of sperm present in one sample of semen. Sperm count is one of the several qualities that are assessed during routine semen analysis and is considered an important factor for fertility.

Based on the most current World Health Organization guidelines, a healthy sperm count is 15 million per milliliter (ml) or at least 39 million per sample. A sperm count lower than 10 million per ml is considered abnormal and commonly associated with male infertility.

Anything that impacts the hormones that control the production of sperm or acts as an anti-oxidant may aid the healthy development of sperm and help improve sperm count. Overall, factors that influence testosterone levels are thought to have the most significant impact on sperm number and quality.

Contents of this article:

Ways to increase sperm count naturally
Foods to improve sperm count
Medications to increase sperm count

Fast facts on how to increase sperm count:

Exercise and sleep have been shown to improve sperm count.
The first recommended line of treatment is to try non-pharmacologic remedies.
Smoking has long been known to reduce overall health, sperm production, and quality.
Men with very low sperm counts may be prescribed medication.

Ways to increase sperm count naturally

For several decades, researchers have known that sperm quality and fertility rates have been in decline in most Western nations. According to a 2017 study, between 1973 and 2011 the average sperm count in North America, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand dropped by 59.3 percent.

Despite studies identifying the problem, the reasons for this decline and ways to reliably reverse it are still unknown.

Several non-pharmacologic remedies have been used by ancient, herbal, and traditional medicines to increase sperm count and overall sperm health for thousands of years.

Researchers have shown that most of these remedies influence sperm count in some way.

Natural ways to increase sperm count include:

1. Exercise and sleep

Several studies have shown that weight loss and exercise in obese and overweight individuals can lead to improved or increased sperm counts. However, the science linking a healthy Body Mass Index (BMI) to a healthy sperm count is still weak.

A 2017 study found that performing a 16-week aerobic exercise program of at least 50 minutes of moderate exercise at 50 to 65 percent peak heart rate 3 times weekly, increased sperm volume and concentration in 45 sedentary, obese men.

2. Reduce stress

Any form of stress can cause the body to take defensive actions and conserve energy. In times of distress, it makes biological sense for the body to become less concerned with reproduction and more focused on surviving.

Reducing stress requires addressing the cause, though factors such as exercise and a healthful diet are thought to lessen the effects of stress.

For men who are experiencing severe stress, a doctor may prescribe anti-anxiety or anti-depressant medications.

3. Stop smoking

A 2016 study reviewing the results of over 20 different studies with a total of nearly 6,000 participants found smoking consistently reduced sperm count.

4. Avoid excessive alcohol use and drugs

The number of studies exploring the link between sperm health and drugs is limited given ethical considerations. However, some researchers have linked the worldwide use of drugs such as alcohol, marijuana, and cocaine to decreased sperm production.

5. Avoid several prescription medications

Some prescription medications can potentially decrease the healthy production of sperm. Once a person stops taking the drug, his sperm count should return to normal or increase.

Medications that temporarily reduce the production and development of sperm include:

some antibiotics
anti-androgens
anti-inflammatories
antipsychotics
corticosteroids
anabolic steroids (up to 1 year recovery time)
exogenous (outside) testosterone
methadone

6. Fenugreek supplement

Fenugreek has long been used as a natural remedy for poor sperm health, and advocates suggest it may improve sperm count. A 2017 study found that the patent-pending compound Furosap®, which is developed from fenugreek seeds, significantly improved overall semen quality and sperm count.

7. Get enough vitamin D and calcium

Researchers are not entirely sure why, but vitamin D and calcium serum appear to impact sperm health. Some studies have shown that low dietary vitamin D intake seems to correspond with lowered sperm count.

8. Ashwagandha

Ashwagandha, also known as Indian ginseng, has long been used in traditional medicines as a remedy for several forms of sexual dysfunction. A 2016 study found that 46 men with low sperm counts who took 675 milligrams (mg) of ashwagandha daily for 90 days saw a 167 percent increase in sperm count.

9. Increase intake of antioxidant-rich foods

Antioxidants are molecules that help remove and deactivate free radicals and other compounds that damage cells. Several vitamins and minerals have shown to act as antioxidants, and several studies have linked antioxidant consumption with increased sperm count.

Antioxidants that may contribute to a healthy sperm count include:

selenium
vitamin C (ascorbic acid)
vitamin E
glutathione
coenzyme Q10
I-carnitine

10. Increase healthy fat intake

Polyunsaturated fats or so-called healthy fats, such as omega-3 and omega-6, are crucial to the healthy development of the sperm membrane.

Some studies have shown that individuals should consume these two essential omega compounds in equal quantities for ideal sperm development and antioxidant benefits.

11. Reduce unhealthy fat intake

A 2014 study that surveyed 209 healthy Spanish men between the ages of 18 to 23 years of age found that as they increased their consumption of trans fatty acids, their sperm count decreased proportionately.

Several studies have also shown that trans fatty acids may impair the ability of long-chain polyunsaturated fats to incorporate into sperm membranes, a critical step in sperm development.

12. Avoid or limit exposure to environmental or occupational toxins and contaminants

As the environment and atmosphere become increasingly polluted and congested, environmental factors, such as air quality and toxic chemical exposure, have frequently been linked to reduced sperm health and total count. Avoiding environmental toxins wherever possible also contributes to overall health.

It is important to point out that while some studies have shown a link between low sperm count and environmental contaminants, most of them do not support it.

13. Avoid too much soy or foods with non-human estrogen

Some foods, especially soy products, contain phytoestrogens (plant estrogen), compounds shown to reduce testosterone bonding and sperm production. Many canned and plastic products are also high in synthetic forms of estrogen.

14. Get enough folate and zinc

Consuming folate and zinc in combination has been shown in limited studies to increase overall sperm health, including sperm concentration or total count.

Foods to improve sperm count

Though supplements are considered a safe way to get the recommended daily intake of most vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, the body does not always easily absorb them.

Most studies suggest that eating foods rich in specific compounds and chemicals allows the body to use them more efficiently. So the best way to increase sperm count naturally may be to increase the consumption of foods high in sperm-friendly nutrients.

Foods high in sperm count-boosting nutrients include:


walnuts
citrus fruits
whole wheat and grains
most fish, especially wild salmon, cod, and haddock
most shellfish, especially oysters
vitamin D enhanced milk and milk products
dark chocolate
garlic
bananas
broccoli
ginseng
turmeric
asparagus
most leafy greens, especially spinach and kale
fermented nuts and seeds

Medications to increase sperm count

A doctor may prescribe medication for men with very low sperm counts or who have additional health factors or considerations.

Medications sometimes used to treat low sperm count include:

clomiphene citrate oral (Serophene)
serophene oral
Gonal-f® RFF* Redi-ject® (follitropin alfa or gonal-F) or subcutaneous (under the skin) injections
antibiotics if caused by urinary or reproductive tract infection
human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) (brand names Choragon and Pregnyl)
letrozole or anastrozole
exogenous androgens

[freezetheDB]

What are the best ways to increase sperm count?


13. Avoid too much soy or foods with non-human estrogen

Some foods, especially soy products, contain phytoestrogens (plant estrogen), compounds shown to reduce testosterone bonding and sperm production. Many canned and plastic products are also high in synthetic forms of estrogen.


Bro the phytoestrogens thing has been debunked. The originally study was based on sheeps. The name phytoestrogen has estrogen in it only refers to similar looking structure but the makeup is completely different from estrogen.

So Soy is still fine and is a source of plant protein. But like all things, everything in moderation

one of the sources
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/phytoestrogens-and-men

[Big Sexy]

probably...however the problem with such studies are that most are not conclusive... so just read it with pinch of salt.. :)

Bro the phytoestrogens thing has been debunked. The originally study was based on sheeps. The name phytoestrogen has estrogen in it only refers to similar looking structure but the makeup is completely different from estrogen.

So Soy is still fine and is a source of plant protein. But like all things, everything in moderation

one of the sources
https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/phytoestrogens-and-men

[Big Sexy]

What are the best birth control pills for PCOS
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320055.php

Polycystic ovary syndrome is a hormone disorder that causes numerous symptoms, including infertility. Hormonal birth control that contains both estrogen and progestin can help rebalance the hormones, alleviating many of the symptoms.
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder that affects 1 in 10 women of childbearing age. The endocrine system consists of glands that secrete and regulate hormones, such as testosterone and estrogen.

Women with PCOS have a hormonal imbalance that causes unusually high levels of male sex hormones. This imbalance changes the way the ovaries function and can cause them to develop many small cysts.

Women with PCOS may also not ovulate or do so infrequently. PCOS is a leading cause of infertility.

Contents of this article:

What are the symptoms?
How birth control can affect PCOS
Best birth control pills for PCOS
Non-pill options for PCOS
Takeaway
Fast facts on PCOS and birth control:
Doctors do not yet have a cure for PCOS.
A widely used treatment for PCOS is combination birth control.
The symptoms of PCOS vary from woman-to-woman.
Birth control pills help regulate a woman's menstrual period, making it more predictable.

What are the symptoms?

Some of the symptoms of PCOS include:

weight gain and obesity
insulin resistance causing diabetes symptoms
mood changes, problems concentrating, and fatigue
acne on the skin
excess body hair, notably on the face
thinning hair
headaches
difficulty sleeping
irregular periods due to delayed or no ovulation
heavy or painful periods
Symptoms vary and may be mild or so severe that they disrupt a woman's life.

How birth control can affect PCOS

With treatment, the symptoms can be managed and may disappear.

Hormonal birth control is considered to be combination birth control when it contains two hormones. These hormones are usually estrogen, and a synthetic form of progesterone called progestin.

These combination pills can also regulate some hormonal imbalances, by increasing a woman's estrogen levels and decreasing the amount of testosterone her body produces.

Due to combination birth control pills containing two hormones that can adjust hormone issues, they are the preferred choice for many prescribing doctors.

However, not all women can safely take combination pills. Hormonal birth control pills are safe, but they do present some risks including:

A greater risk of diabetes: This is a consideration for women with PCOS who are already at risk for diabetes.
A risk of cardiovascular issues: Including dangerous blood clots in the legs. Women with PCOS who are obese may have an elevated risk. If they smoke, the risk rises.
Weight gain: Some evidence suggests that birth control pills can cause weight gain, but other studies disagree. Women who are already obese may be reluctant to take birth control pills. Weight gain can make the symptoms of PCOS worse.
For some women, a pill known as the minipill may be a better choice. Minipills contain just one hormone, progestin. They are less likely to cause side effects than combination pills. However, when they do cause side effects, these can be the same.

Best birth control pills for PCOS

Combination birth control pills all work the same way. They prevent the ovaries from releasing an egg and so prevent pregnancy. They also thicken the mucus of the cervix. If the ovaries were to release an egg, this thickened mucus could prevent pregnancy.

The same hormones that prevent ovulation can also keep male hormone levels low and raise female hormone levels. Combination pills for PCOS include:

Alesse
April
Aranelle
Aviane
Enpresse
Estrostep
Lessina
Levlen
Levlite
Levora
Loestrin
Mircette
Natazia
Nordette
Lo/Orval
Ortho-Novum
Ortho Tri-Cyclen
Yasmin
Yaz
Some pills, such as Loestrin, have lower estrogen levels. These low estrogen levels can reduce the severity of some side effects but may also be less effective against symptoms of PCOS.

Someone with PCOS should talk to a doctor about the right amount of estrogen based on their symptoms and other risk factors.

Pills for painful periods

Women who get some relief from combination pills but who continue to experience painful or heavy periods may wish to switch to a pill that causes them to be less frequent.

The following pills can make a woman have less frequent periods:

Lybrel
Seasonique
Seasonale

Minipills

Women who develop unpleasant side effects from taking a combination pill may wish to switch to a minipill. In some cases, doctors recommend that women try a minipill first.

Women who smoke, who have a history of cardiovascular problems, who are very overweight, or who are diabetic may have fewer side effects with a progestin-only pill.

Combination and progestin-only pills are highly effective at preventing pregnancy. At typical usage rates, which are the imperfect way most women use these pills, they are about 91 percent effective.

Non-pill options for PCOS

irth control pills are not for everyone, as some women find it inconvenient to take a pill every day. Non-pill combination options that blend progestin with estrogen tend to be the most effective. Progestin-only options may pose fewer risks and side effects.

The non-pill alternatives to birth control for PCOS include:

Birth control injection: This injects the hormone progestin into a woman's body every three months. At typical usage rates, it is 94 percent effective at preventing pregnancy.

Birth control patch: This is applied to the skin and releases both estrogen and progestin into the bloodstream. With typical usage, it is about 91 percent effective at preventing pregnancy. In women over 98 pounds, it may be less effective.

Birth control ring: This is worn inside the vagina, where it releases progestin and estrogen. It is 91 percent effective with typical use.

Birth control implant: This is a small rod that a doctor inserts under the skin. It releases progestin only and can prevent pregnancy for three years or longer. At typical usage, it is more than 99 percent effective.

Intrauterine device (IUD): This device is inserted into the uterus by a doctor and releases the hormone progestin. It is more than 99 percent effective with typical use. Another IUD contains copper only and does not release hormones or help with symptoms of PCOS.

Non-hormonal birth control options, such as condoms, natural family planning, or diaphragms, will not help with symptoms of PCOS. Also, women who want to become pregnant must try another type of treatment.

Takeaway
Hormonal birth control can help with PCOS symptoms, but it is not the only option. Lifestyle changes, such as losing weight and exercising more, may help.

Some women also try supplements or special diets. Some other drugs, such as Metformin, may help when birth control does not work.

And for women trying to become pregnant, the medication Clomid can encourage the body to ovulate.

Women with PCOS should talk to their doctors about their symptoms, and their treatment aims to arrive at a comprehensive treatment strategy. A woman can ask a doctor to refer her to a specialist for further advice.

Birth control can be a part of a strategy for dealing with PCOS, but it does not have to be the only option.

[Big Sexy]

Can you get pregnant right after stopping the pill?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320097.php

Taking the pill does not mean a woman never wants to get pregnant.
If the time arrives when she does want to conceive, she may wonder how long it will take her to become pregnant.

The answer to this question can depend not only on when she stopped taking the pill but other factors, including age and overall health.

Contents of this article:

How the pill works
What do the studies say?
Considerations when stopping the pill
Takeaway

Fast facts about getting pregnant after stopping the pill:
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services estimate almost 62 percent of women between 15 to 44 years of age use contraception.
A variety of birth control pills are available on prescription in the United States.
Sometimes taking the pill can conceal menstrual cycle irregularities.
Women may not get pregnant right after stopping the pill, as the menstrual cycle reestablishes itself.

How the pill works

Birth control pills serve several purposes, including:

maintaining consistent hormone levels
stopping the estrogen peak that causes ovulation
thickening cervical mucus, so sperm cannot reach an egg
In addition to preventing pregnancy, taking birth control pills offers several benefits to women. These include reduced bleeding and cramping during a menstrual cycle and reduced risk for ovarian cysts.

When taken at the same time every day, birth control pills prevent pregnancy for 91 percent of women on combined pills and 95 percent of women on mini-pills, according to the U.S. Department of Health & Human Services.

When a woman wishes to conceive, she will stop taking the pill.

How long does it take for the menstrual cycle to reestablish itself?

According to the United Kingdom's National Health Service (NHS), a woman's period may be irregular for up to 3 months after she stops taking the pill.

Doctors call a woman's first period after stopping the pill a "withdrawal bleed" where she may experience bleeding patterns that are different from her period while on the pill.

Doctors call the next period a woman has "a natural period" that is more like her typical period.

It is possible that an irregular menstrual cycle, or reestablishing a natural menstrual cycle off the pill, can affect a woman's ability to conceive.

What do the studies say?

Taking oral contraceptives can result in a short-term delay in achieving pregnancy of 2 to 6 months when a woman stops taking the pill, compared to other contraceptive use, according to a 2013 Danish study published in the journal Human Reproduction.

The study included 3,727 women, aged 18 to 40 years.

The participants were asked to complete a questionnaire on a monthly basis for 12 months to determine if pregnancy occurred.

The researchers also found that women who had used birth control pills for longer rather than shorter time periods were more likely to get pregnant.

Similarly, long-term use had no negative effect on the probability of getting pregnant.

The study also found that women who had used birth control pills, starting younger than age 21 years old, were less likely to get pregnant when compared to women who started taking the pill after the age of 21 years.

The researchers theorized that younger women starting birth control pills might have more irregularities in their menstrual cycle compared with women starting birth control pills later.

An older research study published in the 2009 issue of Obstetrics & Gynecology, found that previous use of oral contraceptives does not affect conception in the short-term or during a one-year period after trying to conceive.

Considerations when stopping the pill

Examples of the factors that impact the likelihood of conceiving after ceasing the contraceptive pill include:

A woman's overall health: Factors, such as thyroid disorders, pituitary gland disorders, or polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), can affect the chances of conceiving. Women who are obese or excessively thin also may have difficulty conceiving.

A woman's reproductive health: Women who have a history of pelvic infections, blocked fallopian tubes, or endometriosis may have greater difficulty conceiving.

A man's reproductive health: Low sperm counts can affect a couple's chances of getting pregnant.

How often a couple has sex: "Regular" sex when trying to conceive is usually having sex every 2 to 3 days. Having sex less frequently is less likely to result in pregnancy.

A woman's age: Rates of pregnancy decline after women reach the age of 35 years. According to the NHS, 92 percent of women ages 19 to 26, will conceive within 1 year of having unprotected sex. An estimated 82 percent of women, 35 to 39 years of age, will conceive within 1 year after having unprotected sex.

Most obstetricians use the 1-year mark of having unprotected sex as a milestone in fertility assessment. If a couple has not conceived after trying for 1 year, they may wish to see an obstetrician for further evaluation.

Takeaway

Many factors go into getting pregnant. While stopping the pill is an important step, so is making sure a woman's body is in the best possible health to conceive.

Additional steps a woman can take to ensure a healthy pregnancy include:

prenatal vitamins or folic acid supplements to avoid birth abnormalities
stopping smoking
refraining from drinking alcohol
keeping stress to a minimum
While stopping the pill may temporarily extend the time to conception, some women will get pregnant immediately after they come off the pill.

Therefore, it is vital for a woman to be ready to take care of her body during her pregnancy, as soon as she and her partner begin trying to conceive.

[Big Sexy]

What is herpes gladiatorum?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320202.php


Herpes gladiatorum is an infection caused by herpes simplex virus type 1, a virus similar to that which causes cold sores. It is common among those who engage in high-contact sports, such as wrestling, and is also known as mat herpes. Those infected with herpes will carry the virus with them for life as there is no cure.
There will be periods where the virus is inactive and no symptoms are present, and times where it is active and causes various symptoms and flare-ups.

When the virus is active, the person carrying it is infectious and can spread herpes gladiatorum to others. The virus can be transmitted by skin-to-skin contact and is easily passed from one person to the next.

In this article, we examine the symptoms of herpes gladiatorum and the parts of the body that can be affected. We also take a look at diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of the condition.

Contents of this article:

Symptoms
Causes and risk factors
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Outlook

Fast facts on herpes:

Herpes gladiatorum is triggered by herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1).
Between 30 and 90 percent of adults have been exposed to the herpes virus in the United States.
Many of these people never develop symptoms.

Symptoms

The symptoms of herpes gladiatorum vary from person to person. The skin condition can reach any part of a person's body and is particularly dangerous if it affects the eyes.

Symptoms tend to appear within 8 days of a person's exposure to someone with the condition. Symptoms of herpes gladiatorum include:

fever
swollen glands
sore throat
sores or blisters on the skin, which can be painful
a tingling sensation in the affected area
headache
Blisters and sores that appear as a symptom of herpes gladiatorum can be treated and usually take 7 to 10 days to clear up.

When the virus is inactive, people carrying it will not display any symptoms and may not be contagious. However, having no symptoms is not a guarantee that they will not infect others.

How frequently flare-ups occur varies, and can be as often as once a month or as infrequent as once a year. A person is most contagious during a flare-up.

Complications

Though it is rare, there have been cases where the herpes simplex virus (HSV) causes blisters, which then become infected by bacteria. If this happens, the skin infection will need to be treated with antibiotics.

There is also a small chance a bacterial infection will spread to different parts of a person's body, including the brain, eyes, liver, or lungs. If this occurs, it is a medical emergency, and urgent medical attention is necessary.

Causes and risk factors

Herpes gladiatorum is highly infectious and is spread from person to person through skin-on-skin contact.

Common ways that herpes gladiatorum can be passed from one person to another include kissing someone who has a herpes cold sore on their mouth, sexual contact, and sharing items, including drinks containers, utensils, or even mobile phones.

More commonly, herpes gladiatorum is spread if someone with the virus plays sports that involve them having skin-on-skin contact with others. High-contact sports, including wrestling, rugby, or basketball can cause herpes gladiatorum to spread. This element is why the condition is also known as mat herpes.

People with the virus often find that stress can cause flare-ups, as well as periods of illness where the immune system is weakened.

While some people carrying the virus can go through long periods without any flare-ups, it is important to remember that a reappearance of symptoms can occur at any time.

Seeking advice from a doctor about what precautions to take to avoid infecting others is always advisable.

Diagnosis

A doctor can examine sores to determine whether someone is carrying the virus. The doctor will often make a diagnosis without further testing, although they may take a tissue sample from the sores to be sent for analysis.

If a person does not have sores but has other symptoms of herpes gladiatorum, it is still advisable to seek medical attention and avoid skin-on-skin contact with others. A blood test can be done to confirm whether the virus is present or not.

A blood test may also be done if a doctor is uncertain whether a person has herpes or another, similar skin condition. People with herpes gladiatorum have particular antibodies in their blood that can confirm whether someone has the condition or not.

[Big Sexy]

Can hepatitis C be transmitted through oral sex?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320253.php

Hepatitis C is a type of liver disease that can spread from person to person. It is caused by the hepatitis C virus, otherwise known as HCV or hep C.
There is no current vaccine to protect against hepatitis C, although preventive measures can be taken to reduce a person's risk of contracting the disease.

Unprotected vaginal and anal sex can lead to contracting sexually transmitted infections (STIs), but people may wonder if the same applies to oral sex.

Hepatitis C is a viral disease and is contagious — is it possible to contract hepatitis C from oral sex?

Hepatitis C spreads through coming into contact with another person's blood. If infected blood from one person enters another person's bloodstream, that person may become infected.

Overall, the risk of transmitting hepatitis C during any type of sexual activity is low. While highly unlikely, it could happen during oral sex if a person with hepatitis C has cracked and bleeding lips and the partner has an open wound.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), hepatitis C is not spread through kissing or saliva.

Contents of this article:

What is hepatits C?
Hepatits C and oral sex
How is hepatitis C transmitted?
Symptoms
When to see a doctor
Treatment
Outlook

What is hepatitis C?

Hepatitis C is a virus that affects the liver.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), around 71 million people have chronic hepatitis C infections globally. Just under 400,000 people die from hepatitis C-related liver diseases every year.

Hepatitis C damages the liver cells, causing inflammation and scarring known as fibrosis, as well as liver cirrhosis. It can also cause liver cancer and liver failure.

Hepatitis C and oral sex
Currently, there is no direct evidence to prove that hepatitis C is transmitted through oral sex alone. However, a person should still be cautious anytime blood is present because an infection can still occur.

If either sexual partner has a break in their skin, there may be a risk of blood passing from one person to the other.

Additional risk factors may include:

menstruation
bleeding from the mouth or gums
a throat infection
cold sores or canker sores
genital warts or herpes
damaged and cracked lips
The risk of contracting or passing hepatitis C from one person to another during oral sex is very low. This is particularly true of couples in monogamous relationships who have been tested for contagious diseases.

Knowing how hepatitis C transfers from one person to another, as well as understanding safer sex practices, can further reduce a person's risk of infection.

Risk factors for contracting hepatitis C include:

a person has an acute HCV infection
a high viral load
individuals who have multiple sexual partners
not using barrier protection, such as condoms or dental dams, during sexual activity
damaging the skin from previous injuries or rough sexual activity
already having an STI or HIV

How is hepatitis C transmitted?

While transmission of hepatitis C through sexual contact is rare, there are many other ways a person can become infected.

The hepatitis C virus lives in the blood and certain bodily fluids. Transmission of the virus occurs when an infected person's blood is transmitted to another person.

Exchange of semen may also result in infection, though the chances of this are very rare.

Additionally, while the hepatitis virus has been detected in saliva, it is believed that antibodies in saliva block the transmission of the virus to others, so the disease is not transmitted through kissing.

Besides sexual contact, the most common ways a person can become infected with hepatitis C virus are:

injecting drugs
intranasal drug use or snorting drugs
unregulated or unsanitary tattooing and body piercing
being born to a mother infected with the virus
sharing razors, toothbrushes, and grooming clippers
certain medical procedures
breastfeeding, only if nipples are cracked or bleeding; it is not transmitted in breast milk

Symptoms

Many people who have been infected with the hepatitis C virus do not realize that they have it.

However, depending on whether the infection is acute or chronic, symptoms of the disease can include:

lack of appetite
fever
abdominal pain
fatigue
tenderness of the liver
darker urine
grey-colored stool
joint or muscular pain
jaundice (yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes)
depression
The majority of people infected will only experience symptoms as the virus progresses and may not experience symptoms when they first contract it.

Many infected people only discover they are carrying the virus when they have a routine blood test or try to donate blood.

When to see a doctor

Although it is often difficult for a person to know that they have been infected with the hepatitis C virus, if they have reason to believe they have been exposed to it, they should get tested as soon as possible.

All individuals born between 1945 and 1965 should be tested for hepatitis C if they have not been already. People of this generation are five times more likely to have hepatitis C than other people. There is no clear reason for this, but researchers know that transmission was at its highest during the 1960s–1980s.

Diagnosis is made using a blood test to check for specific antibodies that would be present in an infected person. This test is known as the hepatitis C antibody test or anti-HCV test.

If a person tests positive for antibodies, doctors will suggest further testing to see whether the hepatitis C virus is currently active. This test is called an RNA or PCR test.

It is possible to have a false positive result. This occurs when a person receives a positive anti-HCV test when they do not have the virus.

A positive result can also occur if a person has had the infection in the past, but it has already cleared. An RNA test should always be done to confirm whether a person has active hepatitis C.

It is also possible for recently infected persons to receive a false negative result when they do have the virus. This is because there may not be sufficient antibodies present in the blood to react with the test early on.

If infected, a doctor may refer a person to a liver specialist. Other blood tests and a liver biopsy may be done to determine the level of damage and whether cirrhosis or cancer of the liver has occurred.

A wide range of factors determine the treatment options. People with hepatitis C should also be vaccinated against hepatitis A and B, if not previously exposed.

Sexually active people should be screened for STIs on a regular basis, particularly if they change sexual partners or have many sexual partners. It may take up to 4 to 12 weeks for hepatitis C to show up in test results.

Treatment

About 15 to 20 percent of hepatitis C infections will clear up without treatment. In all other people with the disease, hepatitis C will be chronic.

It is not clear why some people can eliminate the virus, and others are cannot. If a person is diagnosed with hepatitis C, doctors can prescribe antiviral medications for treatment.

Other self-care practices that a person can do during the acute infection include:

adequate rest
increase the intake of fluids
not drinking alcohol
eating a healthful diet
If a person is unaware they have acute hepatitis C and it develops into a chronic infection, a doctor may recommend other medical treatments.

Outlook

Hepatitis C is considered a manageable condition. New antiviral drugs have proven effective at fighting off the virus, and living a healthy lifestyle can help to treat hepatitis C effectively.

A person with hepatitis C should always take extra precautions during sexual activity to limit the risk of transmitting the disease to someone else.

If a person is diagnosed with hepatitis C, making healthy choices and working closely with a doctor means that they can usually manage the virus.

[Big Sexy]

What STIs can you get from oral sex?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320807.php

Some people mistakenly believe that it is rare or impossible for sexually transmitted infections to be spread through oral sex.
However, it is possible to get a sexually transmitted infection (STI) from oral sex; in fact, some STIs, such as genital herpes and gonorrhea, are more commonly spread through oral sex than other STIs, such as HIV.

Worldwide, about 1 million new STIs are acquired each day, according to the World Health Organization (WHO). It is essential that sexually active people understand how STIs are transmitted and how they can reduce the risk of spreading infections.

Oral STIs

It is possible to contract many STIs through oral sex, as oral sex involves close contact and often an exchange of bodily fluids.

STIs spread through contact with bodily fluids or skin that is infected with the STI. Different STIs spread at different rates and through various bodily fluids. The chances of getting an STI depend on a variety of factors.

The STIs most frequently spread through oral sex include:

Genital herpes

Genital herpes is a virus that is transmitted through vaginal, oral, or anal contact with someone who has herpes. It is highly contagious and tends to be more contagious during an active outbreak.

The primary symptom of herpes is the appearance of blister-like sores on or around the genitals. The sores may spread to the thighs, buttocks, or other nearby regions. They may also affect the mouth, tongue, and lips, depending on the type of herpes.

Even condoms and other barrier protection methods may not prevent the virus from spreading. This is particularly so if someone has a sore or a blister that is not completely covered by a condom or dental dam.

People who have oral herpes may also spread the herpes infection to the genitals of their sexual partners through oral sex.

It is possible for a person to have herpes for many years without having an outbreak of sores. Even people who have only ever had one outbreak, or who have no symptoms but have never been tested, may have herpes.

Herpes is not curable, but medications can manage symptoms.

Gonorrhea

Gonorrhea is a highly contagious bacterial infection that spreads through sexual contact with the vagina, penis, anus, or mouth of a person with the disease.

Many people who have gonorrhea do not have any symptoms at all. When symptoms do appear, they may include:

genital discharge
painful bowel movements
itching or burning during urination
white, green, or yellow discharge from the penis
bleeding between periods
Gonorrhea is treatable, but it can cause serious complications if left untreated. In women, untreated gonorrhea can cause a condition called pelvic inflammatory disease. This syndrome may lead to infertility. Less frequently, gonorrhea may also cause infertility in men.

Syphilis
Syphilis is a bacterial infection that spreads through vaginal, oral, penile, anal, or skin contact with syphilis sores. The sores may be small or unnoticeable, so the only way for a person to know for sure whether they have syphilis is to get tested.

Syphilis is treatable, but if it is left untreated, it can cause organ failure, dementia, and other serious health problems.

In its earliest stage, syphilis presents as many small, blister-like sores. The sores appear where syphilis entered the body, so people who get syphilis from oral sex may have sores on their genitals or near their mouth.

As syphilis develops, it causes rashes and harms the mucous membranes. In later stages, it can cause serious problems in many organs, including the heart and brain.

Other conditions

Other infections are less likely to spread through oral sex, though infection is still possible.

These include:

HIV, which is transmitted when infected bodily fluids come into direct contact with another person's bloodstream. In its earliest stages, HIV may not cause any symptoms. Over time, the disease weakens the immune system.

Chlamydia, which spreads through vaginal, oral, penile, or anal contact with an infected person. Most people do not have symptoms. For those who do, genital itching or burning may occur, along with difficulty or pain urinating.

Pubic lice, which are tiny insects that feed on the blood and live in the pubic hair. The insects can also live on other body hair, but not on the scalp. Pubic lice can jump from one person to another through physical contact.
Hepatitis B and C, which are viruses that attack the liver. They can spread through contact with infected bodily fluids. Symptoms may begin with flu-like symptoms. In some people, the virus can cause acute liver failure or chronic liver problems.

Genital warts, which are lumps and bumps on or near the genitals caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV). The disease spreads when people come into physical contact with a genital wart. Many people with genital warts have no symptoms, though some have pain and itching near their genitals.

HIV and AIDS

HIV is present in blood, breast milk, vaginal fluids, rectal fluids, semen, and pre-seminal fluid. To contract the disease, an infected person's bodily fluids must come into contact with another person's bloodstream.

This can happen in three ways:

through contact with an open wound, even a tiny one
through contact with a mucous membrane, such as the vagina
through direct contact with the bloodstream, such as through sharing needles
Oral sex does not provide direct contact with the bloodstream. To get HIV from oral sex, the bodily fluids of the infected person would need to come into contact with a torn mucous membrane or wound on their partner.

It is also possible to transmit the virus when the person giving oral sex has an open wound in their mouth or another area of the body that comes into contact with the recipient's mucous membranes or an open wound.

AIDS, or acquired immune deficiency syndrome, is the name given to a condition in which a person's immune function is absent due to a chronic HIV infection. AIDS can lead to a range of unusual infections and illnesses, but AIDS cannot be directly transmitted — a person will contract HIV first before developing AIDS.

How contagious a virus is may change over time or with treatment. In the case of HIV, for example, higher viral loads or higher quantities of the virus in the blood make the virus more contagious.

Prevention

The only strategy that can eliminate the risk of transmitting oral STIs is avoiding all sexual activity, including oral, anal, and vaginal sex.

To reduce the risk while remaining sexually active, a person can:

getting tested regularly for STIs and asking all partners to do the same
considering a monogamous, committed relationship with a person who has been screened for STIs

using barrier methods, such as condoms or dental dams, to reduce the risk of transmission

avoiding sex with someone who has a visible outbreak of herpes, genital warts, pubic lice, or syphilis

treating any STIs quickly as prompt treatment can eliminate or reduce the risk of spreading the infection

Outlook
Sexually active people should talk to a doctor about the risk of oral sex with an infected person. In some cases, there are precautions a person can take against getting infected.

In all cases, open communication with a partner and keeping up to date with reliable medical information can help people make wise decisions.

[Big Sexy]

Causes and treatment of ovary pain
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320408.php

While most women are not regularly aware of their ovaries, many women do experience pain or discomfort in that area from time to time.
The ovaries are two small glands situated on either side of the lower pelvis. They play a vital role in reproduction, the menstrual cycle, and the development of sexual characteristics in women.

Each month, one follicle will mature into an egg, which is released from the ovary in a process known as ovulation. For most women, this occurs regularly from puberty until menopause.

Causes of ovary pain
Here are seven of the most common causes of ovarian pain:

1. Ovulation

Ovulation pain is also known as Mittelschmerz, which comes from the German words for "pain" and "middle."

Ovulation is the process of an egg being released from the ovary and occurs on or around day 14 of the average menstrual cycle.

Some women do not feel anything during ovulation, but other women feel severe discomfort for several minutes or hours when they ovulate.

Mittelschmerz can occur on one or both sides of the body and is sometimes accompanied by nausea, bleeding, or increased vaginal discharge.

Treatment

There is no treatment necessary for Mittelschmerz, although some women take the birth control pill to prevent ovulation and the discomfort that comes with it.

2. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection that has spread to the uterus, ovaries or fallopian tubes. Most of the time, the bacteria causing PID is sexually transmitted, such as from gonorrhea or chlamydia.

It is also possible to get PID from an infection after childbirth, IUD insertion, miscarriage, abortion, or another invasive procedure.

Treatment

PID requires antibiotics to treat the underlying infection. Mild PID can be treated with a single injection, while more severe PID may require a stay in the hospital for intravenous antibiotics

3. Torsion
The ovary is connected to the abdominal wall by a thin ligament, through which the blood vessels and nerves that supply the ovary also pass. It is possible for that ligament to twist, or even become knotted.

Torsion is more common if there is a cyst on the ovary because the cyst makes the ovary heavier or larger than usual.

Treatment

Ovarian torsion causes severe ovarian pain and is a medical emergency. Without quick treatment, the ovary may die because of the loss of blood supply.

4. Endometriosis
Endometriosis is the abnormal growth of menstrual tissue outside of the uterus. This tissue can grow anywhere in the abdomen or pelvis, including on the ovary, and it behaves in the same way as it does during a menstrual cycle.

At the beginning of the cycle, the tissue grows in response to the hormones in the body.

Once menstruation begins, the tissue also starts to peel off and shed, just like the lining of the uterus. This can cause internal bleeding, scar tissue, and severe abdominal or pelvic pain.

Treatment

Treatment for endometriosis can be either medical or surgical, depending on how severe it is. There is no cure for endometriosis, but women can manage it with pain medications, hormonal medications, and surgery.

5. Ovarian cyst
An ovarian cyst is a fluid-filled sac that grows on a woman's ovary. Ovarian cysts are very common and in most cases do not cause any symptoms.

A large or ruptured cyst, however, can cause a variety of symptoms, including:

pain
bloating
changes in menstrual periods
frequent urge to urinate
feeling full
general discomfort
Most cysts are benign (non-cancerous), but in extremely rare cases they may be cancerous.

Treatment

If an ovarian cyst is small, the recommended treatment may be to watch and wait to see if it goes away.

Some doctors will prescribe a birth control pill to help the cyst shrink. If the cyst is very large, surgery to remove the cyst may be necessary.

6. Ovarian remnant syndrome
Ovarian remnant syndrome only occurs in women who have had their ovaries and fallopian tubes surgically removed.

If any of the ovarian tissue remains in the pelvis, it can continue to respond to and produce hormones.

This can cause pain that is either constant or comes and goes. Women with ovarian remnant syndrome can also experience pain during sex, when urinating, or having a bowel movement.

Treatment

A woman with ovarian remnant syndrome may need medication or radiation treatment to destroy any remaining ovarian tissue. This will reduce the hormones produced by the leftover tissue.

7. Referred pain
It is possible that a medical condition in another organ can cause pain that feels like it is coming from the ovaries. These can include appendicitis, ectopic pregnancy, kidney stones, constipation, or early pregnancy.

Treatment

A doctor will first need to determine what is causing the pain, and then figure out the best course of treatment.

This may mean surgery to remove an appendix or ectopic pregnancy, laxatives to relieve constipation, or pain relief until a kidney stone has passed.

When to see a doctor

Anytime a woman is having unusual pain in her pelvis she should check in with a healthcare professional. The doctor will be able to perform a pelvic exam or order additional diagnostic tests to help figure out the source of the pain.

Complications associated with ovarian pain depend on what is causing the discomfort.

For example, there are no health complications or long-term problems associated with Mittelschmerz, but a ruptured appendix can be life-threatening if not treated quickly.

Untreated ovarian torsion can lead to the death of the ovary, loss of fertility, and even severe infection or death. The pain associated with ovarian torsion is usually very severe and prompts a woman to call for emergency medical help.

Endometriosis or infections, such as PID, require treatment so that they do not cause other long-term health problems, such as infertility.

Appendicitis or a ruptured ovarian cyst can cause infection or scarring in the pelvis, and can even be life-threatening if left untreated.

It is especially important to seek immediate medical care if the pain is suddenly very severe, or is accompanied by other symptoms, such as:

nausea
vomiting
fever
vaginal bleeding
Very severe pain should be evaluated quickly, which may mean going to the emergency department.

Takeaway

Ovarian pain may or may not have a serious cause. Even if the pain is not severe, it is important to mention the discomfort to a doctor so that it can be evaluated.

There may be a simple way to relieve the pain, or it may be more serious and require treatment. In either case, it is better to get checked out to be sure.

[Big Sexy]

What is penis shrinkage and why does it happen?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320883.php

Penis shrinkage is a decrease in penis size. Sometimes, the shrinkage is permanent, and other times, it is the result of a treatable condition or due to lifestyle habits.

Penis size varies amongst men, and in some cases, considerably. A study shows that neither race nor ethnicity has anything to do with penis size.

While many men may think they have above average size penises, most fall into the range experts consider normal size.

Fast facts on penis shrinkage:

Men who are dissatisfied with their penis size may look for ways to increase its size.
As men age, their penises and testicles will experience some shrinkage.
Many men report that their penis appears smaller when they gain weight.

Research on average penis size

Research from BJU International finds average penis size falls within the following ranges:

Average length of a flaccid penis: 9.16 centimeters (about 3.6 inches)
Average length of a flaccid stretched penis: 13.24 cm (about 5.3 inches)
Average length of an erect penis: 13.12 cm (about 5.2 inches)
Average circumference of a flaccid penis: 9.31cm (about 3.7 inches)
Average circumference of an erect penis: 11.66 cm (about 4.6 inches)

What are the causes of penis shrinkage?

Penis shrinkage is widespread as men age, but there are many other reasons why a penis may shrink:

Aging
As men age, fatty deposits build up in the arteries causing reduced blood flow to the penis. This results in the muscle cells in the erectile tubes inside the penis becoming weaker. The erectile tubes produce erections when they are engorged with blood, so less blood flow means smaller or fewer firm erections.

Another possible reason for penis shrinkage is a buildup of scar tissue caused by years of small injuries from sex and sports. This accumulation of scar tissue affects the spongy erectile tissues of the penis, causes penis shrinkage, and limits erection size.

Weight Gain
The impact of weight gain, particularly around their stomachs, is a genuine concern for many men as they age.

Although a man's penis may appear smaller with weight gain, it has not shrunk. The reason it looks smaller is that the penis is attached to the abdominal wall, and when belly expands, it pulls the penis inward. If a man loses weight, his penis will regain its usual shape and size.

Prostate surgery
Research shows men who have had cancerous prostate gland removal surgery (radical prostatectomy) may experience some penis shrinkage. One report in the International Journal of Impotence Research found that 71 percent of men who underwent a radical prostatectomy experienced some penis shrinkage.

But researchers do not quite know why shrinkage occurs after a radical prostatectomy. Some researchers think it might be related to the urethral tube, which connects to the urinary bladder, shortening during the prostatectomy.

Peyronie's disease
In Peyronie's disease, fibrous scar tissue develops inside the penis causing it to become curved during erection. Most of the time, a curved erection is not a reason for concern, but for some men, the bend might be significant or painful.

According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), Peyronie's affects up to 23 percent of men ages 40 to 70. It is possible that more men have this condition but have not reported it to their doctors due to embarrassment. While Peyronie's develops with age, it has been seen in men as young as 30, according to NIDDK.

Peyronie's can cause a reduction in length and circumference of a man's penis. Sometimes, Peyronie's goes away on its own; most of the time, however, it will either stay the same or get worse. Doctors will only consider treatment if the bend is painful or prevents sexual intercourse. Surgery can be done to remove scar tissue causing the shrinkage, bending, or pain.

Medications
Some medications can cause penis shrinkage. These medicines include Adderall, prescribed for attention deficit or hyperactivity, some antidepressants and antipsychotics, and some drugs prescribed to treat an enlarged prostate.

One 2012 study reported in the Journal of Sexual Medicine found that some of the male study subjects taking finasteride to treat enlarged prostate reported smaller penis size and reduced sensation.

One 2014 study reported in the journal Urology found that 41 percent of men taking dutasteride for the treatment of enlarged prostate experienced some form of sexual dysfunction.

Smoking
Chemicals from cigarette smoking can injure the blood vessels in the penis, preventing the penis from filling with blood and stretching. Regardless of the stimuli and the effect on the brain, if the blood vessels are damaged, the penis will not achieve an erection.

A study carried out in 1998 by the Boston University of Medicine examined the erect penises of 200 men. According to one report, the results of the study found smokers had shorter erect penises compared to men who did not smoke. Researchers believe this is because smoking inhibits blood flow, preventing the penis from stretching, which might reduce penis length.

Smoking is also associated with erectile dysfunction (ED), this according to a 2017 study reported in the BJU International. ED affects a man's ability to maintain an erection, and smoking may prevent erections.

What are the treatment options?

Most causes of penis shrinkage, such as smoking and weight gain, can be addressed by making lifestyle changes. If medications are causing the penis to shrink, an adjustment in medication can reverse the shrinkage.

For some men who experience penis shrinkage after prostate removal, the condition may improve on its own within a few months to a year. Penile rehabilitation (a form of physical therapy) after surgery can help men regain erectile function, and medications, such as Viagra and Cialis, can boost blood flow to the penis.

Treatment for Peyronie's disease focuses on removing scar tissue from inside the penis, either with medication, surgery, or ultrasound technology. Penis shrinkage is irreversible but repairing the curvature can help improve sexual function and reduce pain.

When to see a doctor

Most of the time, penis shrinkage is related to age, medication, or lifestyle habits, such as smoking or weight gain, and rarely requires treatment. Adopting more healthful lifestyle habits or changing medication can often reverse shrinkage and reduce other sexual problems.

Any man who is experiencing penis shrinkage, pain, or other sexual problems, or has concerns about cancer, should talk to their doctor. A doctor, or urologist, can answer questions, reassure male patients, and offer testing and treatment if necessary.

[Big Sexy]

What you should know about date rape drugs
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320409.php

Any drug that alters a person's consciousness in a way that makes self-defense or sound decision-making difficult can be a date rape drug.
Most estimates suggest that at least 25 percent or 1 in 4 of American women have been sexually assaulted or raped. Someone the victim knows, sometimes with the assistance of a date rape drug, commits most rapes.

Knowing the most common date rape drugs, their side effects, and the signs of a perpetrator planning to use one can prevent victimization.

Fast facts on date rape drugs:
Many people worry about a perpetrator adding a date rape drug to an alcoholic drink.
The primary sign of being drugged is a sudden, unexplained change in consciousness.
A person who thinks they may have been drugged should seek safety first and foremost.

Types and their side effects

Date rape drugs make a sexual assault, including rape easier in one or more ways, such as:

making a victim more compliant and less able to say no
weakening a victim so they are unable to resist or fight back
making a victim fully or partially unconscious
weakening a victim's inhibitions, so they consent to sexual activity they may otherwise decline

Any drug that changes a potential victim's state of mind, including some prescription drugs, street drugs such as heroin, and popular drugs such as marijuana, can be a date rape drug.

The most common date rape drugs are:

Alcohol
Alcohol is the most popular and most readily available date rape drug. About half of acquaintance rapes involve alcohol consumption by the perpetrator, victim, or both. On college campuses, which are a common setting for rape, alcohol-related rape is especially common.

Alcohol lowers a person's inhibitions, makes victims less aware of their surroundings and is often readily consumed by victims. It can also spur aggressive behavior by rapists and increase their willingness to harm others.

Benzodiazepines
Benzodiazepines are a class of anti-anxiety drugs that can also cause people to feel sleepy. A number of these drugs, including Xanax (alprazolam) and Klonopin (clonazepam), can be used as date rape drugs.

The most popular benzodiazepine date rape drug is Rohypnol (flunitrazepam). Rohypnol causes a victim to feel very relaxed, weakens their muscles, and may cause loss of muscle control. Some victims lose consciousness or feel dizzy and confused.

After Rohypnol wears off, some victims do not remember what happened. Rohypnol comes in pill form but can be dissolved in liquid, such as an alcoholic drink.

Ketamine
Ketamine is an anesthetic that acts quickly to cause feelings of relaxation. Victims may lose consciousness or be confused and compliant. They might not remember what happened while under the influence of the drug.

Unlike most other date rape drugs, ketamine acts almost immediately. A victim may not have time to realize they have been drugged.

At high doses, ketamine can cause breathing problems that may be fatal.

Ketamine comes as a white powder that may change the taste of someone's drink. Consequently, perpetrators sometimes use it in strong-tasting alcoholic beverages that may disguise the drug's presence.

GHB
Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) is a drug form of a neurotransmitter that naturally occurs in the body. Neurotransmitters are chemicals that help nerves send and receive signals.

GHB slows activity in the central nervous system, making users feel groggy, sleepy, and potentially confused.

At low doses, GHB can cause nausea and vomiting. At higher doses, it can cause loss of consciousness, seizures, difficulty seeing, and the inability to recall what happened when drugged.

GHB is easy to overdose on and is often manufactured in home "labs." Consequently, victims may become extremely sick after being drugged with GHB and it can be fatal.

GHB is a colorless, odorless liquid so a victim may have no idea they have been drugged.

Other date rape drugs

Any drug that changes a victim's consciousness can be used to facilitate date rape.

In some cases, the victim might even ingest the drug willingly. A person who uses heroin, for example, may be so intoxicated that they do not realize a perpetrator is attempting to rape them.

People who use drugs should, therefore, avoid taking them around certain acquaintances or in settings that might facilitate date rape.

Recognizing the signs of a date rape drug

A person who has recently accepted a drink from another person, even a friend, or who has left their drink unattended should be cautious.

Some signs to watch for include:

feeling drunk despite not having drunk any alcohol
feeling confused or disoriented
losing consciousness
not remembering how you got somewhere
being unable to remember anything after drinking
waking up feeling confused, hungover, or unable to recall the night before
genital or urinary pain and difficulty remembering what happened
torn clothes

Date rape drug or severe intoxication?
It can be hard to distinguish the effects of a date rape drug from those of alcohol, particularly after consuming large quantities of liquor.

People who are accustomed to the effects of alcohol should consider how they normally feel after drinking or when intoxicated. An unexplained change in a person's reactions to alcohol could mean a date rape drug is involved.

A person who feels significantly drunker than usual should consider the possibility that they have been drugged. The only way to know for sure is to seek medical testing.

What to do if you think you've been drugged
It is possible to lose consciousness quickly, so a person should not waste time trying to find the perpetrator or researching whether their symptoms match those of a date rape drug.

Instead, they should immediately tell a trusted friend that they suspect they may have been drugged. They or a friend should call for emergency help by dialing 911 then get themselves to a safe place.

They may want to ask a friend for a ride home or go to a public location and tell someone about the drugging.

Next, they should seek emergency medical care. Date rape drugs leave the body within a few hours, leaving no trace. After going to the emergency room or calling 911, a person should tell the doctor, nurse, or dispatcher that they may have been drugged and request immediate testing.

A person who wakes up to signs they may have been drugged must also seek emergency medical care. A hospital can use a rape kit to test for signs of sexual assault. If the police catch a perpetrator, this kit can be used to prove their guilt.

To preserve evidence, a potential victim should avoid showering or bathing until after the exam is complete.

A person who thinks they may have been a victim of a sexual assault may want to consider contacting their local rape crisis center

Protecting yourself
Some simple strategies can protect against date rape drugs:

Avoid drinking large quantities of alcohol around strangers.
Adopt the buddy system, always go out with a friend and look out for one another.
Never leave a drink unattended.
Never accept a drink from a stranger.
Never leave somewhere with a stranger, particularly after drinking.

Takeaway
Date rape is never the victim's fault, yet many victims feel guilty or ashamed. That guilt can prevent them from seeking medical care or reaching out for support to help them recover.

Rapists are the only people responsible for rape.

By acting quickly when a person thinks they might have been drugged or raped, they can protect themselves, help to catch the perpetrator, and potentially mitigate the dangerous effects of date rape drugs.

[Big Sexy]

HK scientists say new research points to 'functional cure' for HIV
Read more at https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/health/hk-scientists-say-new-research-points-to--functional-cure--for-hiv-10435854

HONG KONG: A research team at Hong Kong University’s AIDS Institute says it may have found a "functional cure" to HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, in a major breakthrough that could see a new antibody be used for both prevention and treatment.

The research by the team led by Professor Chen Zhiwei comes as China is facing a growing epidemic issue among high risk groups, including men who have sex with men and sex workers.

There are about 850,000 people in China infected with HIV, according to the UN-supported AIDS Data Hub.

The HIV virus disables the immune system and makes people far more vulnerable to infections and disease.

Chen’s discovery, which has been tested on mice, shows that the new antibody can help control the virus and eliminate infected cells.

The antibody would be able to treat all varieties of HIV – a first, Chen said - as there is no one vaccine to treat the many different types of HIV viruses.

"For our newly discovered bispecific antibody, it works for all of them, so that’s the major difference," Chen told Reuters.

Chen said a “functional cure” means the virus level would be so low as to be undetectable in the body, as long as people continued taking injections of the antibody, perhaps on a quarterly basis, or less frequently.

The findings by Chen's team have been published in the Journal of Clinical Investigation, one of the world's leading biomedical journals.

People infected with HIV can keep the virus under control with antiretroviral drugs, which stop the virus from infecting new cells.

However, treatments must be taken daily and do not eliminate the infected cells from the body. The virus can, therefore, still exist and come back if patients stop taking their medication properly.

The new antibody would have a significantly longer half-life than current treatments, and could, for example, be administered on a quarterly basis, Chen said.

This would make it easier to administer than the daily treatment that most HIV infected patients must undergo.

While the results are promising Andrew Chidgey, chief executive of the group AIDS Concern in Hong Kong, said it did not mean the treatment would be readily available very soon.

"Governments are being very slow to implement programmes here. So just because a treatment becomes available, doesn’t mean that people will get it, or that it will have an impact.”

Chen and his team say they are aiming to bring the antibody into clinical trials and give a time frame of three to five years.


Read more at https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/health/hk-scientists-say-new-research-points-to--functional-cure--for-hiv-10435854

[Big Sexy]

GSK's two-drug HIV treatment meets main goal in late stage studies
Read more at https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/health/gsk-s-two-drug-hiv-treatment-meets-main-goal-in-late-stage-studies-10431302

REUTERS: GlaxoSmithKline said on Thursday that its two-drug treatment for HIV, the virus that causes AIDS, met its main goal in late stage studies: a big win after regulators warned of possible birth defects from one of the two drugs.

The safety results for the new HIV treatment, which combines dolutegravir and lamivudine, were consistent with the product labelling for the medicines, GSK's majority owned ViiV Healthcare said.

The studies were designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the two-drug combination.

U.S. and European regulators said in May they were assessing evidence that GSK's HIV drug dolutegravir might be linked to serious birth defects, casting a shadow over a medicine that has been a profit driver in recent years.

ViiV Healthcare said on Thursday it plans regulatory submissions for the two-drug combination later this year.

(Corrects drug to lamivudine not rilpivirine and removes reference to once-daily tablet in paragraph 2, removes incorrect reference to aim of the study in paragraph 3, deletes reference to European Medicines Agency approval)

(Reporting by Arathy S Nair in Bengaluru; editing by Alexander Smith and Jason Neely)

Source: Reuters
Read more at https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/health/gsk-s-two-drug-hiv-treatment-meets-main-goal-in-late-stage-studies-10431302

[Big Sexy]

Urinary hesitancy: Causes in men and women
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321087.php

Urinary hesitation is when a person has trouble starting or maintaining a urine stream. While urinary hesitancy is most common in older men due to an enlarged prostate, it can happen to both men and women of any age.
Anyone who experiences symptoms of urinary hesitancy should speak to a doctor who can rule out any underlying causes.

In this article, learn about the causes of urinary hesitancy for men and women as well as how to treat and prevent symptoms.

Causes

There is a wide range of possible causes of urinary hesitancy. Some affect both men and women, while others only affect one sex.

Some of the most common causes include:

nerve damage from accidents, strokes, diabetes, or brain damage
anesthesia from surgery
urinary tract infections
kidney or bladder stones
surgery on any part of the urinary tract
medications, such as decongestants
sexually transmitted infections
cancerous tumor causing a blockage
psychological conditions
bladder muscle disorders
voiding dysfunction

Typical causes for men

One common cause of urinary hesitancy in men is a benign, enlarged prostate. This is the most common cause in older men, but an enlarged prostate can affect younger men as well.

The prostate is a gland unique to men that surrounds the urethra. The urethra is a tube that transports urine out of the body. As the prostate enlarges over time, it puts pressure on the urethra. This increasing pressure may make it difficult for a man to start or maintain a urine stream.

Also, men may experience an inflammation of the prostate called prostatitis. Infections are often the cause of prostatitis. The inflammation puts pressure on the area around the urethra and may make it difficult to urinate.

Typical causes for women
Women are not as likely to develop urinary hesitancy as men. However, women can develop urinary hesitancy during pregnancy and after childbirth.

Women are most likely to develop urinary hesitancy after childbirth if they experience any of the following:

prolonged second stage of labor
episiotomy
perineal tearing
use of forceps or vacuum during childbirth
epidural use
baby weighing over 4000 grams
Urinary hesitancy is relatively common after childbirth due to trauma to the nerves surrounding the bladder and urinary tract.

Proper postpartum bladder care, including voiding the bladder at least once every 6 hours, can help prevent and relieve urinary hesitancy after childbirth.

Urinary tract infections are another common cause of urinary hesitancy in women.

[Big Sexy]

What causes burning in the vagina?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321104.php

A burning sensation around the vaginal area is a relatively common complaint. There are many different causes of vaginal burning, including irritants, sexually transmitted diseases, and menopause. Each cause has its own symptoms and forms of treatment.
In this article, we examine nine possible causes of a burning sensation in the vagina, along with other symptoms associated with each one. We also look at the available treatment options and potential complications.

Nine causes of vaginal burning

1. Irritation

Certain things can irritate the skin of the vagina when they come into direct contact with it. This is known as contact dermatitis.

Irritants that can cause contact dermatitis include soaps, fabrics, and perfumes. As well as burning, other signs and symptoms include:

severe itching
rawness
stinging
pain
The main form of treatment for irritation is to avoid whatever has caused the irritation. Avoiding the irritant and not itching the area allow the skin to heal. Sometimes, a person may require medication.

2. Bacterial vaginosis

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a condition that occurs when there is too much of certain kinds of bacteria in the vagina, affecting the area's normal balance. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), BV is the most common vaginal infection in women aged 15 to 44.

One symptom of BV is a burning sensation in the vagina, which can also occur when urinating.

BV does not always cause symptoms. When it does, symptoms can also include:

white or gray vaginal discharge
pain
itching
strong fish-like odor, especially after sex
Having BV can increase a person's risk of getting sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), so if anyone develops symptoms of BV, they should be checked and treated by a doctor. Treatment for this condition will often involve a course of antibiotics.

3. Yeast infection

An infection in the vagina caused by yeast can lead to a burning sensation. The medical term for this is candidiasis, and it is also known as thrush.

Associated symptoms include:

itching
soreness
pain during sex
pain or discomfort when urinating
discharge from the vagina
Many women get yeast infections, but some women are more likely to develop an infection if they:

are pregnant
are using hormonal forms of contraception
have diabetes
have a compromised immune system
have recently taken, or are taking antibiotics
Treatment is usually an antifungal medicine, which a woman can either apply directly in the form of a cream or take orally as a capsule.

4. Urinary tract infection

Different parts of the urinary tract can become infected, including the bladder, urethra, and kidneys.

A woman with a urinary tract infection (UTI) will likely feel burning in the vagina when urinating. Other symptoms of a UTI include:

needing to urinate suddenly or more often
pain when urinating
smelly or cloudy urine
blood in urine
pain in lower stomach
feeling tired or unwell
Doctors will usually prescribe antibiotics to treat urinary tract infections. In general, an infection will clear up in around 5 days after starting a course of antibiotics.

Repeat prescriptions may be required if an infection returns.

5. Trichomoniasis

Also known as trich, it is the most common STD in the United States. Trichomoniasis is caused by a parasite that is passed from one person to another during sexual intercourse.

Only around 30 percent of people with trich show any symptoms. As well as a burning sensation in the vagina, these symptoms may include:

itching, redness, or soreness
discomfort when urinating
vaginal discharge that can be clear, white, yellow, or green and with a fishy smell
Trichomoniasis is treated using metronidazole or tinidazole, which are pills taken by mouth.

6. Gonorrhea

Gonorrhea is an infection where bacteria called Neisseria gonorrheae infect mucous membranes, such as the cervix, uterus, and fallopian tubes. It is typically transmitted through sexual contact with someone who has the infection.

This STD is particularly common in people aged 15 to 24. Women can experience vaginal burning when urinating, as well as these symptoms:

pain when urinating
vaginal discharge
vaginal bleeding between periods
Gonorrhea can be cured with the right medical treatment, which often requires dual therapy. This is when a person takes two different types of drugs at the same time.

7. Chlamydia

Chlamydia is caused by the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis and is typically transmitted through sexual contact with someone who has the infection.

Research suggests that at least 70 percent of people with chlamydia experience no symptoms, which is why the condition is sometimes known as a "silent" infection.

When symptoms do occur, they can include a burning sensation in the vagina, as well as:

increased vaginal discharge
pain when urinating and during sex
bleeding during sex and between periods
Chlamydia is treated using antibiotics. The most commonly prescribed are azithromycin and doxycycline.

8. Genital herpes

Genital herpes is caused by skin-to-skin contact with a person with the herpes virus. It is estimated that around 1 in 6 people in the U.S. aged 14 to 49 have genital herpes, and women are more prone to infection than men.

Once a person has the virus, it stays with them for life. However, they may not develop any signs or symptoms until the virus becomes active.

If the virus becomes active, they might experience a burning sensation in the vagina, which can be a symptom of genital herpes. Other symptoms include:

an itching or tingling sensation
flu-like symptoms
swollen glands
pain in the vaginal area, particularly when urinating
change in vaginal discharge
Painful sores, blisters, or ulcers may also develop after a few days.

The symptoms of genital herpes can be treated with antiviral medication but never cured.

9. Menopause

The shifting levels of hormones in a woman's body before she enters menopause can affect the vagina. Vaginal burning is one possible result of these changes, especially during sex.

Other common symptoms of menopause transition include:

hot flushes
night sweats
difficulty sleeping
reduced sex drive
vaginal dryness
headaches
mood changes
Not all women entering menopause have treatment to relieve symptoms, but there are often options available that a doctor can outline, including hormone therapy.

Home remedies
Many causes of vaginal burning require medical treatment, and anyone who has any concerns should see a doctor.

However, applying an ice pack or cold compress to the affected area can help reduce the sensation. Applying petroleum jelly to the skin can also help protect it.

Wearing cotton underwear and avoiding tight-fitting clothes can help reduce irritation in the vaginal area. It is also important to avoid products that could irritate the area further, such as perfumed soap, scented toilet paper, and sanitary products with deodorant or a plastic coating.

Possible complications
Some causes of vaginal burning, such as BV or STDs, can have some serious complications if left untreated.

STDs are particularly risky to women who are pregnant, as they can affect their baby or pregnancy. Some can be passed on to the baby when they are born. Chlamydia, genital herpes, and trichomoniasis are all linked with preterm delivery.

BV, chlamydia, gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis all make people more susceptible to contracting HIV if they have sexual contact with someone who has the virus.

When to see a doctor
Many causes of vaginal burning will go away on their own over time. If they do not go away, are becoming worse, or are of a concern, then the woman should go and see a doctor.

In most cases, a doctor will prescribe medication once they have diagnosed the underlying condition causing the burning sensation.

Anyone with a sexual partner who has recently received an STD diagnosis should also consider seeing a doctor.

Outlook
Some cases of vaginal burning will go away on their own. Others will be relieved once the underlying cause is treated.

In some cases, however, there can be long-term and lasting effects depending on what caused the burning sensation. Long-term problems are most likely to develop if the underlying condition is not properly treated.

For each cause of burning sensations in the vagina, there is a treatment plan that can relieve this symptom, or help people to manage their condition.

[Big Sexy]

What can you do about mucus in urine?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321112.php

Mucus is a slimy substance produced by membranes and glands to lubricate and protect certain parts of the body. Mucus coats and protects the urinary tract, so some mucus in the urine is normal.
But too much mucus, or mucus that has changed in color or consistency, can signify an underlying condition that may need addressing.

Read on to learn more about mucus in the urine and discover what is and is not normal.

Fast facts on mucus in urine:
The bladder and urethra produce mucus to help keep the urinary tract germ-free.
Rarely, mucus in the urine can be a sign of something more serious, such as bladder cancer.
The treatment for mucus in the urine will depend on the underlying cause.

Causes of mucus in urine
There are many reasons why mucus may be present in the urine, including:

Normal discharge
As the mucus moves through the urinary tract, it flushes out germs that may otherwise cause infection.

Mucus in urine is thin and fluid-like and is typically clear, white, or off-white. The amount of mucus in urine can vary. However, large amounts of mucus, or mucus that changes color might indicate an infection or other problem.

Sometimes, women may think that they are producing more mucus in their urine, but this mucus may be coming from the vagina.

Vaginal mucus varies in amount, color, and thickness at different stages of the menstrual cycle, as well as during pregnancy.

Urinary tract infection (UTI)
UTIs are among the most common types of infection treated by doctors every year. Both men and women can get UTIs, although they are much more common among females. According to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, at least 40 to 60 percent of women will experience at least one UTI in their lifetime.

Symptoms of a UTI include:

mucus in the urine
blood in the urine
burning sensation when urinating
urinary urgency
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
STIs are more common than many people think, with 20 million new infections being contracted every year in the United States. Young people are most at risk, and the American Sexual Health Association reports that half of all sexually active people will get an STI by the age of 25.

Both chlamydia and gonorrhea are known to cause excess mucus in the urine. This symptom is particularly noticeable in men.

Other symptoms of these STIs include:

Chlamydia:

burning sensation when urinating
general pain and discomfort in the pelvic area
testicular pain and inflammation
vaginal bleeding (unrelated to menstruation)
white, cloudy discharge

Gonorrhea:

general pain and discomfort in the pelvic area
pain when urinating
vaginal bleeding (unrelated to menstruation)
yellow or green discharge

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

IBS is considered a functional digestive disorder. This means that the digestive tract appears normal and does not show damage or inflammation, but it does not function normally. IBS is the most common functional gastrointestinal disorder, affecting 10 to 15 percent of people worldwide.

One possible symptom of IBS is mucus in the digestive tract. Although mucus is present in the large intestine (colon) and leaves the body through the anus, it may mix with urine in the toilet bowl — leading people to think the mucus is in their urine.

Other common IBS symptoms include:

abdominal pain
bloating
constipation
diarrhea
gas

Ulcerative colitis (UC)
UC is a form of inflammatory bowel disease. Up to 907,000 Americans have UC.

To combat damage to the colon, the body may produce excess mucus, which passes from the body in the stool. Again, it can mix with urine in the toilet, giving the impression that there is too much mucus in the urine.

Additional symptoms of UC are:

abdominal pain and cramps
anemia
bleeding from the anus
diarrhea
fatigue
fever
weight loss

Kidney stones

Kidney stones are hard deposits that form inside the kidneys. They comprise various minerals and salts. A man's lifetime risk of getting kidney stones is 19 percent, while a woman's risk is 9 percent.

Stones that remain in the kidneys do not cause symptoms, but if they move into the urinary tract they can cause increased mucus, as well as:

a persistent need to urinate
blood in the urine
nausea
pain in the abdomen and lower back
vomiting

Signs of bladder cancer

In cases of bladder cancer, other signs and symptoms usually show up first, including:

blood in the urine
difficulty urinating
fatigue
painful urination
the urge to urinate frequently
It is more likely that mucus in the urine is related to an infection, digestive condition, or one of the other causes discussed above.

The only way to be sure is to see a doctor.

When to see a doctor
Anyone who experiences excessive amounts of mucus in the urine or a general increase in mucus production should see a doctor. While there is typically a certain amount of mucus in the urine, too much might suggest an underlying condition that requires medical treatment.

Tests for mucus in urine
To test for mucus in the urine, a doctor may perform a urinalysis, which involves checking a urine sample under a microscope. The procedure is straightforward and noninvasive, and a person will just need to provide a container of urine.

Many doctors will carry out a urinalysis as part of a routine checkup. A doctor may also carry out tests if they suspect an individual has a UTI.

Treatment options
Common treatments for these conditions may include:

Urinary tract infection
Doctors will prescribe antibiotics for UTIs that are caused by a bacterial infection. It is also important to drink lots of water to flush the bacteria from the system.

People who experience recurrent UTIs may require a 6 month or longer course of low-dose antibiotics to prevent a new UTI developing. If a person develops a UTI that is caused by sexual activity, they will typically require a single antibiotic dose.

Sexually transmitted infections
Doctors will treat both gonorrhea and chlamydia with prescription antibiotics. There are no home remedies or over-the-counter treatments proven effective for sexually transmitted infections. Sexual partners will also require treatment for the STI.

Use condoms to prevent future STIs.

Irritable bowel syndrome

Because IBS is a chronic condition, there is no cure. However, several treatments are available to help reduce symptoms and improve quality of life.

Medications include:

anti-diarrheal medicine, which is available over the counter or on prescription, to control diarrhea
antibiotics to treat any bacterial infections
antispasmodic drugs to prevent intestinal spasms
Dietary and lifestyle changes may also help, such as:

avoiding foods that cause gas and bloating, including cruciferous vegetables and beans
removing gluten (found in wheat, rye, and barley) from the diet
using fiber supplements to relieve constipation
managing stress, which can be a trigger for symptoms

Ulcerative colitis

As with IBS, there is no cure for UC, although there are medicines that may alleviate symptoms. Such medications include:

Anti-inflammatory medications and immunosuppressant medications: These can reduce inflammation in the body, and can be used independently or in combination.
A biologic drug: Doctors may prescribe these drugs to people with moderate to severe symptoms to block inflammation-causing proteins.
Over-the-counter painkillers and anti-diarrheal drugs: Some people may benefit from the use of these medications, but a person should only take them after consulting a doctor.
Severe cases of UC may require surgery to remove the colon and rectum.

Kidney stones
Smaller kidney stones may not require any treatment as they can pass from the body through the urine. Drinking more water can aid this process. Symptoms will resolve once the stone is removed.

Larger stones may be treated with extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy — a procedure that breaks up the kidney stone into smaller pieces so that they can be passed more easily.

Surgery may be needed to remove very large kidney stones.

Takeaway
As discharge is part of a healthy urinary system, moderate amounts are not cause for alarm. However, excessive amounts of mucus in the urine will need to be investigated so that a doctor can determine the underlying cause.

Once a cause is identified, it can usually be treated with medication, lifestyles changes, or other appropriate interventions.

[Big Sexy]

How long do genital warts last? What to know
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321127.php

Genital warts are a sexually transmitted infection caused by the human papillomavirus. They can disappear on their own over time, but usually heal faster with treatment.
They appear as flesh-colored bumps around the genitals and are usually soft to the touch.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI) in the United States. Once infected, a person cannot get rid of HPV.

Not everyone with HPV has genital warts. As a symptom, warts come and go. While there is no cure, they can be managed with creams or other treatments.

How long do genital warts last?

Genital warts can disappear without treatment. This will usually happen within 2 years, though it can take longer. Warts left untreated are likely to return more quickly. People can eliminate genital warts much faster with treatment.

For a person using cream, it may take as little as a few months for warts to disappear. They may go away more quickly following a surgical procedure.

Treatment

Genital warts may appear within weeks, months, or years of a person contracting HPV.

An outbreak will present as lumps anywhere around the genitals. In some cases, outbreaks can also appear on the throat, mouth, lips, or tongue.

In addition to clearing up genital warts more quickly, treatment can:

ease associated pain, itching, and irritation
lower the risk of spreading HPV to other people
Treatments for genital warts include:

Topical creams

A doctor can prescribe a topical cream, or recommend an over-the-counter variety. It is important to note that over-the-counter remedies for regular warts cannot treat genital warts.

Creams for genital warts include:

Sinecatechins

This cream is made from green tea extract and is prescribed to manage external and anal genital warts. Apply this to the affected area three times daily for up to 4 months.

Sinecatechins is highly effective, and most people tolerate it well.

Side effects may include:

a burning sensation
pain or discomfort in the area
itching
redness

Imiquimod

Imiquimod works to get rid of external genital warts and has also been used to treat some skin cancers. Apply the ointment directly to warts at least 3 days a week for up to 4 months.

Imiquimod can also help to boost a person's immune system, encouraging it to fight the HPV infection. However, studies have shown it to be effective in just over 50 percent of people. Also, women observed a complete disappearance of warts more often than men.

Side effects can include:

redness or swelling in the area
a burning sensation
itching
tenderness
flaky or scabby skin


Cryotherapy

This involves the use of liquid nitrogen to freeze off genital warts. The nitrogen causes a blister to form around each wart, and the warts will fall away as the blisters heal.

Cryotherapy is a quick and effective solution, although many people require multiple treatments to maintain results over time.

Side effects of cryotherapy may include:

pain
swelling of the area
a mild burning sensation

Electrodesiccation

In this procedure, a surgeon burns genital warts with an electrical current. The dried tissue is then scraped away, leaving the person wart-free.

A person will usually receive general anesthetic. Healing time can take between 4 and 6 weeks.

Electrodesiccation is considered very effective. Controlled trials have reported that up to 94 percent of people who received this treatment were wart-free after 6 weeks.

Side effects may include:

bleeding
infection
scarring
changes in the color of the skin

Laser surgery
A surgeon also performs this procedure, using laser light to burn away the tissue of the wart.

A person will usually receive either local or general anesthesia, depending on the number and size of the warts.

A doctor may recommend laser surgery when warts are:

difficult to access
difficult to treat by other means
extensive
prominent
Recovery is expected to take around 4 weeks.

Side effects of laser surgery may include:

bleeding
scarring
pain
soreness and irritation in the area

Preventing transmission

If a person has HPV, it is vital that they tell their partners before engaging in sexual activity.
A person can reduce the risk of infecting a partner by abstaining from sex until an outbreak of warts has been cleared for 2 weeks.

However, HPV can still spread from person to person, even if no warts are present.

Wearing a condom or dental dam will reduce the risk of transmitting HPV and other STIs.

Outlook

While genital warts may eventually disappear without treatment, HPV remains infectious. It is therefore essential to wear a condom during sexual activity.

Treatment can help to eliminate genital warts and reduce future outbreaks, although it may take several months to be effective. Repeated treatment may be necessary, and warts may still return.

[Big Sexy]

What do different types of vaginal discharge mean?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321131.php

Vaginal discharge is fluid that contains a mix of vaginal secretions and cervical mucus. The amount of vaginal discharge produced varies from woman to woman but is often normal and healthy.
Pregnancy, changing hormones, or the presence of an infection can also affect the consistency and amount of vaginal discharge.

Usually, vaginal discharge starts after a girl gets her first menstrual period and has several functions. It naturally keeps the vagina clean, provides lubrication during sexual intercourse, and may help prevent infection.

What is normal vaginal discharge?

Vaginal discharge can be abnormal or normal. In many cases, it does not signify a problem.

Normal vaginal discharge is clear, may be thick or thin, and is usually odorless. The amount produced and the consistency may change at different times during a woman's monthly menstrual cycle.

For instance, discharge may become heavier, thicker, and more noticeable when a woman is ovulating. It may also be white at this time.

The amount of discharge may also change due to sexual activity and the use of birth control.

Types of vaginal discharge

There are different types of vaginal discharge based on consistency and color. Changes in the color, amount, or smell of vaginal discharge may indicate a problem.

In some cases, it is difficult to make a diagnosis based on vaginal discharge alone. Other symptoms such as burning, itchiness, or irritation are often a better indication of a problem.

Below are different types of vaginal discharge and their possible causes.

White
Different shades of white discharge may be normal, especially if it occurs during ovulation or just before a woman's period. As long as there is no vaginal itching, burning, or unusual smell accompanying the discharge, there is probably no underlying issue.

But in other instances, white vaginal discharge could be a sign of an infection. If the discharge is clumpy and looks similar to cottage cheese, it may be due to a yeast infection.

A yeast infection may also cause vaginal itching and burning. It occurs due to an overgrowth of a type of fungus called Candida.

Thin, white vaginal discharge that has a strong fishy odor may indicate bacterial vaginosis (BV). BV is the most common vaginal infection in women between 15 and 44. Other symptoms may include burning on urination and vaginal itching.

Yellow

Yellow discharge may or may not indicate an infection. If the discharge is a pale yellow, odorless, and not accompanied by other symptoms, it may not be a cause for concern.

In other instances, yellow discharge can be a sign of a sexually transmitted infection (STI) or a bacterial infection.

Causes of yellow discharge include:

Trichomoniasis, which may also cause itching, pain during urination, and an unpleasant odor.
Chlamydia, which often does not have any symptoms.

Clear

Clear vaginal discharge is typically normal. However, the amount may vary during a woman's monthly menstrual cycle and between individuals.

For instance, clear discharge may be stretchy and have an egg white consistency around the time of ovulation.

Prevention

Normal vaginal discharge does not need to be prevented. However, taking the following precautions can sometimes prevent abnormal discharge:

Avoid douching, which can destroy the good bacteria that help prevent vaginal infections.
Wear cotton underwear, which absorbs moisture and may prevent a yeast infection.
Practice safe sex by using a condom, limiting the number of sexual partners, and getting tested regularly for STIs.
Use unscented soaps, tampons, and pads. Scented or strong products may disrupt the natural balance of bacteria in the vagina, which can increase the risk of infection.

When to see a doctor

Vaginal discharge is often nothing to be concerned about, but there are times when changes in discharge can indicate a problem.

Different types of infections can have similar symptoms, but they are treated differently. It is essential to see a doctor if any of the following develops:

green, yellow, or gray discharge
vaginal itching or burning
discharge that is frothy, foamy, or looks like cottage cheese
a fishy or unpleasant odor
pelvic pain
To determine the cause of abnormal discharge, the doctor may ask about any additional symptoms, a person's general health, and their sexual history.

Treatment for the underlying cause of abnormal vaginal discharge will vary and may include antibiotics or antifungal medication.

Takeaway

Vaginal discharge is often normal, but there are instances when the color, amount, or consistency of discharge may indicate a problem.

Yeast infections, STIs, and BV can all lead to a change in vaginal discharge. In most cases, causes of abnormal vaginal discharge can be treated successfully.

[Big Sexy]

Can masturbation cause hair loss?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321153.php

There are many myths surrounding masturbation, but is there any truth to the theory that masturbation can make your hair fall out?
People often find masturbation difficult to discuss, which may explain why this topic attracts so many myths.

This myth that masturbation causes hair loss may come from theories about protein loss or changes in testosterone.

However, these myths rarely hold water, and masturbation is a regular part of life for many people — in a survey of more than 2,000 adults, 80 percent of men and women reported masturbating.

In this article, we take a closer look at why people think that masturbation might cause hair loss. We also investigate other masturbation myths and facts, and look at real causes of hair loss.

Does masturbation cause hair loss?

In a word, no — there is no scientific evidence that masturbating causes hair loss.

This myth may come from the idea that semen contains high levels of protein, and so with each ejaculation, the body is losing protein that it could use for hair growth.

While it is true that semen is high in protein — with approximately 5.04 grams (g) of protein per 100 milliliters (mL) of semen — each ejaculation contains just 3.3 to 3.7mL of semen, which is a comparatively small amount.

Another theory is that masturbation increases testosterone, which in turn increases the levels of a hormone linked to hair loss, called DHT (dihydrotestosterone).

However, a study from 2001 showed that adult males actually had an increase in testosterone levels after abstaining from masturbation for 3 weeks. This means that testosterone levels might actually rise if a person avoids ejaculating.

In either case, there is no evidence to suggest that masturbation increases DHT levels.

Busting other masturbation myths
Many myths exist about masturbation, but modern science has not proven it as the cause of any specific physical ailments.

Alongside hair loss, there is no evidence that masturbation will:

cause hair to grow on the palms of the hands
lead to blindness
do permanent damage to the genitals
cause impotence in men and infertility in women
Many people find masturbation difficult to talk about, which means that myths about masturbation can be very persistent.

Benefits of masturbation

Masturbation may have many benefits, including:

Understanding the body

Masturbation may help a person to become more familiar and comfortable with their body, helping them understand their sexual sensations and what gives them pleasure.

Studies have reported that women who masturbate early in life may be more likely to have positive sexual experiences as an adult, and a healthy self-image.

Physical health

Orgasms, whether achieved alone or with a partner, support and strengthen the circulatory, nerve, and muscular systems of the genitals in men and women.

For men, orgasms may help to keep sperm and semen healthy. A study published in 2016 reports that frequent ejaculation may reduce a man's risk of developing prostate cancer.

Stress relief

Many people use masturbation as a way to relieve stress or help with sleep. It may be considered a risk-free way to experience sexual pleasure, since it cannot lead to pregnancy or sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

Risks of masturbation

Although many people find it difficult to talk about, there are few risks associated with masturbation. It may become a problem if it begins to:

interfere with school, work, or other aspects of an individual's life
cause problems in a relationship
cause excessive guilt
be too rough, resulting in swelling or decreased sexual sensitivity
If a person is worried that masturbation is becoming a problem, a doctor or sex therapist will be able to advise on the best course of action.

What causes hair loss?

The actual cause of hair loss is most often a combination of heredity and hormones, not masturbation.

Common causes of hair loss include:

Male pattern baldness

Androgenetic alopecia or pattern baldness is a genetic disorder and is the most common cause of hair loss.

An individual with androgenetic alopecia has a genetic sensitivity to DHT. When exposed to DHT, the hair follicles shrink, which prevents them from generating strong, healthy hair.

According to the American Hair Loss Organization, male pattern baldness (MPB) causes over 95 percent of hair loss in men and may affect 85 percent of men by the time they are 50.

Although women have lower levels of testosterone than men, androgenetic alopecia can also affect females. According to the British Association of Dermatologists, about 50 percent of women over the age of 65 will experience androgenetic alopecia.

Alopecia areata

This form of alopecia typically results in bald patches developing on the head or elsewhere. The hairless areas may stay contained and hair may re-grow, or the hair loss can spread to include the entire scalp, facial area, and body.

Alopecia areata is considered to be an autoimmune condition. It can affect men, women, or children.

This condition affects about 2 percent of people. For about 30 percent of people with this condition, hair loss is recurring or can become permanent.

Chemotherapy

While chemotherapy typically focuses on cancer cells, some of the cancer-fighting compounds in chemotherapy drugs can cause as much as 90 percent of a person's hair to fall out. This hair loss is temporary, and the hair should regrow following treatment.

Major bodily stress

Major stress to the body, such as childbirth, serious infection, or malnutrition, can result in a significant loss of hair.

This form of hair loss usually resolves on its own, but it may also be persistent.

Traction alopecia

This form of alopecia occurs when the hair is pulled too tightly for a long time, resulting in damage to the hair follicles.

Traction alopecia occurs when a person wears cornrows, extensions, tight braids, or ponytails for an extended period.

In its early stages, this hair loss is temporary. However, if a person continues to wear the same hairstyle for months or years, the hair loss can become permanent.

Medication

Some medications, including birth control pills and certain antidepressants, can cause hair loss as a side effect.

Takeaway

Masturbation is a common activity that will not affect a person's health or lead to hair loss.

Anyone who wants to talk about the benefits or problems associated with masturbation should speak to their doctor, or a sex therapist. Likewise, anyone worried about hair loss should discuss it with a healthcare professional.

[Big Sexy]

Why might urination happen during intercourse?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321156.php

It is possible for women to urinate during sex. During sex, pressure can be put on the bladder by the penis, fingers, or another object.

This is because the bladder in a woman's body is close to the vagina and clitoris. As a result, prodding the bladder in some way during sex is a relatively common occurrence.

There is also some debate about whether female ejaculation is urine or another sort of fluid. Female ejaculation does not happen to all women, but some experience fluid coming from the urethra during orgasm.

Columbia University have described this fluid as not being urine or vaginal fluid. However, a different study claims that this fluid is the uncontrolled release of urine.

In this article, we examine the causes of urination during sex. We also take a look at treatment and management options, along with how to prevent urination from occurring at this time.

Causes

The main reason for women urinating during sex is because of incontinence. This is when someone urinates unintentionally and uncontrollably.

The National Association for Continence estimate that around 25 million people in the United States are affected by bladder or bowel incontinence in some way.

Women are up to five times more likely to be affected by urinary incontinence than men.

Urinary incontinence

Urinary incontinence (UI) is a common condition among women. As female reproductive and urinary systems share parts of the body, this condition can interfere with sexual intercourse.

One study reported that around 60 percent of women with UI experience some sort of urinary leakage during sex.

Doctors split UI into three different types:

stress urinary incontinence
urgency urinary incontinence
mixed urinary incontinence
Stress urinary incontinence

This is the most common type of UI that occurs during sex, with around 51 percent of cases being caused by stress urinary incontinence.

It occurs when an activity, such as sex, puts stress on the bladder. Other common triggers include:

laughing
lifting something heavy
coughing
sneezing
Urgency urinary incontinence

Urgency urinary incontinence refers to the sudden and uncontrollable need to urinate, which is a symptom of an overactive bladder.

In a properly functioning bladder, the need to urinate usually arises when it is around half full. People are able to wait until an appropriate time to use the toilet.

In urgency urinary incontinence, the bladder contracts too early, making a person suddenly need the toilet and sometimes leaking urine before they get there. The exact cause is unknown, but it appears to be more common in older people.

Mixed urinary incontinence

Mixed urinary incontinence is when incontinence can either be caused by stress or urgency. This form of UI is more common than just urgency urinary incontinence on its own.

Male incontinence

The opening of the bladder in a man's penis closes during sex so that urine does not mix with semen. As a result, urination during sex does not often occur among men.

However, some men can experience incontinence during sex as a side effect of treatment for prostate cancer.

The American Cancer Society estimate that around 1 in 9 men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer during their lifetime. A common form of treatment for prostate cancer is radical prostatectomy, which is the complete removal of the prostate.

While often effective in treating cancer, one side effect can be incontinence when sneezing, coughing, exercising, or during sex.

Risk factors

Some women can be born with risk factors that make their chance of having UI more likely. These includes:

the urinary tract not developing properly
a family history of UI
Caucasian women are more likely to experience UI than Hispanic, Latina, African-American, or Asian-American women.

UI is not a disease but a symptom of another condition or event that has happened in someone's life. There are some common risk factors for UI, which include:

childbirth
chronic coughing
menopause
physical inactivity
obesity
getting older
pregnancy

When to see a doctor

If someone thinks that they may be urinating during sex, they should speak to their doctor. This can help determine whether it is because of incontinence or something else.

If it is incontinence then the doctor will be able to discuss what may be the best treatment going forward.

Treatment options

The treatment options for UI are split into three areas:

Pelvic floor muscle training

Exercises for the pelvic floor muscle, also known as Kegel exercises, look to strengthen this part of the body. Stronger pelvic floor muscles can hold in urine better than weaker ones.

A medical professional will be able to help teach someone the exercises and when to do them.

Surgery

An operation can help treat UI. Surgery tends to be used if the area around the urinary tract needs extra support or if the bladder neck needs to be repositioned.

The surgery will require general anesthesia, and it will often take people around 2 to 3 weeks to fully recover.

There can be serious complications with surgery for UI. It is important for people to discuss this treatment option with a doctor, to see if it is the right course of action for them.

Medication

In cases of urgency incontinence, there are different sorts of medication that can be prescribed to help relax the bladder or decrease the bladder spasms causing incontinence.

Types of medication that doctors may suggest include antimuscarinics, tricyclic antidepressants, and beta-3 agonists.

[Big Sexy]

How deep is a vagina? What to know
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321220.php

A woman's vagina is a sex organ as well as part of the birth canal. Just as women can have different sized breasts, hands, and feet, the size and depth of vaginas can also vary.
According to one study, the average depth of a vagina is about 3.77 inches, which is 9.6 centimeters (cm). Other sources suggest that the average range of size may be about 3 to 7 inches (approximately 7.6–17.7 cm)

However, these variations in size are not usually apparent, even to a sexual partner.

Size and appearance of the vagina

A report in the BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology said that the average depth of the vagina is about 3.77 inches (9.6 cm), but that vaginal depth and appearance can vary widely.

In fact, the depth of the vagina (from the opening to the tip of the cervix) can measure anywhere up to 7 inches (17.7 cm).

The vagina is the canal to the cervix, which separates the uterus and the vagina.

Several types of tissue line the inside of the vagina, including the mucosa. The mucosa is made up of specialized cells that secrete a lubricating fluid, which helps the vaginal walls to stretch.

The exterior portion of the female genitals is the vulva. The vulva includes the labia minora and majora — the lip-like parts of the female genitals.

The appearance of vulvas varies widely. The skin may be the same color or darker than the rest of the body. The labia majora, which are the external "lips," can vary from around 2.7 to 4.7 inches (7 to 12 cm) in length.

The clitoris ranges from about 0.1 to 1.3 inches (5 to 35 mm) in size but swells and enlarges if a woman is aroused.

What affects vaginal size?

The vagina's size and depth changes in certain situations. It can stretch to accommodate the insertion of a tampon, a finger, or a penis.

During arousal, more blood flows to the vagina. This causes the vagina to elongate and the cervix, or tip of the uterus, to lift up slightly, allowing more of a penis, finger, or sex toy to fit in the vagina.

While a vagina expands during arousal, a large penis or sex toy can still cause discomfort when having sex.

How does the vagina change over time?

The vagina will not change in appearance, as it is internal. In fact, research has found no link between the depth of a person's vagina and their age.

However, the labia may appear smaller over time. This is because the amount of estrogen in the body decreases with age, which can reduce fat and collagen.

The genitals may also appear to change color, becoming lighter or darker with hormonal changes over time.

Some women may find that their vagina feels different following childbirth. While the tissues in the vagina do stretch to accommodate a baby, this is not permanent.

Research has found no difference in vaginal length between women who had given birth and those who had not.

If a person thinks their vagina feels different after childbirth, a doctor may recommend Kegel exercises, which involve squeezing and releasing the muscles used to control urination to help strengthen the pelvic floor.

Vagina size and penis length

The average erect penis is about 33 percent longer than the average vagina. While both penis and vagina sizes can vary, these organs can usually accommodate each other.

A 2015 study found the average erect penis length to be just over 5 inches (13.12 cm). Some women may report discomfort if their sexual partner has a penis that is larger than average.

It may be painful or uncomfortable if an object such as a penis or sex toy hits the cervix. Having adequate lubrication and communicating any discomfort to a partner can help keep sexual activity pleasurable.

Self-care tips

Tips for keeping the vagina healthy include:

avoiding douching or using highly fragranced bath products, tampons, or feminine hygiene sprays
changing out of wet clothing and swimsuits as quickly as possible to reduce the risk of infection
changing pads and tampons frequently
using protection during sexual activity
refraining from wearing clothing that is too tight, which can contribute to irritation and excess sweat
urinating after sex to reduce the risk of urinary tract infections (UTIs)

Takeaway
The depth and appearance of vaginas vary greatly between individuals. Usually, the depth of the vagina is between 3 and 7 inches.

The vagina is an organ that is designed to accommodate both childbirth and sexual activity. However, if a woman is experiencing pain during sex due to what she perceives as a shallow vagina, she should talk to her doctor.

Doctors can investigate any underlying causes for the pain, and may refer someone to a specialist. A specialist may recommend pelvic floor therapy or sex therapy, which can make sex more pleasurable regardless of vaginal depth.

[Big Sexy]

Is it normal to have differently sized testicles?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321234.php

It is entirely normal for one testicle to be bigger than the other. Many people find that the right testicle is slightly larger and the left hangs lower.

A difference in size is usually nothing to worry about, though it can occasionally indicate a problem. If a testicle is painful or changes shape, a person should see their doctor as soon as possible.

In this article, we look at reasons why one testicle may be bigger than the other. We discuss complications, treatments, and explain how to perform a testicular exam at home.

Causes

There are several reasons why one testicle may be bigger. These include:

Epididymitis

The epididymis is a duct behind the testes. Epididymitis occurs when this duct becomes inflamed, usually as a result of infection. This condition can be a sign of the sexually transmitted infection (STI) chlamydia.

See a doctor if the following symptoms are present:

pain when urinating
discharge from the penis
inflammation in the testicle

Orchitis

Orchitis happens when an infection causes inflammation in the testicle. It may occur after a person catches the mumps virus.

If an individual experiences testicular pain and suspects that orchitis is the cause, they should see a doctor. This condition can damage the testicles.

Epididymal cyst

A cyst is a thin sac filled with fluid. Epididymal cysts may occur when there is excess fluid in the duct. They may also form while the epididymis is developing.

These cysts are harmless and usually painless. No treatment is necessary, and they will often go away on their own. If epididymal cysts cause discomfort, however, they can be surgically removed.

A hydrocele

A hydrocele refers to a sac that forms around the testicles and fills with fluid.

While it usually does not require treatment, a hydrocele can indicate inflammation, in which case a person should see a doctor.

A varicocele

When the veins within the scrotum become enlarged, this is called a varicocele.

It usually does not require treatment if there are no additional symptoms, but a varicocele can cause a low sperm count.

Testicular torsion

Testicular torsion occurs when the testicle rotates and the spermatic cord is twisted.

This can cause testicular pain that is severe and lasting. If this pain follows an injury, it may subside then suddenly return.

Testicular torsion is severe and should be treated as an emergency. The twisting of the cord can reduce or block blood flow to the testicle, and without treatment the testicle may need to be removed.

Testicular cancer

Cancerous cells can appear and multiply in the testicle. A doctor should investigate lumps or new growths in the area as soon as possible.

According to the American Cancer Society, testicular cancer is uncommon, developing in about 1 in 250 males. It is most prevalent in young and middle-aged men and can usually be treated successfully.

When should a person worry?
Several signs and symptoms can indicate a problem with testicular health.

If any of the following symptoms occur with an enlarged testicle, seek medical attention as soon as possible:

a sharp pain or ache in or around the testicles
swelling of the testicles
redness
discharge from the penis
trouble passing urine
pain in the back or lower abdomen
swelling or tenderness in the breast tissue
A doctor will help to identify the underlying cause by examining the scrotum and testicles for lumps or abnormalities. If they suspect testicular cancer, they will take a blood test and ask about family history.

Other tests a doctor may recommend include:

a urine test to check for infections and kidney problems
an ultrasound to look for growths and check blood flow
a CT scan to look for testicular abnormalities
If an underlying condition is diagnosed, a doctor may prescribe medication or other treatment.

Treatment
Treatment for differently sized testicles depends on the cause. Below are common underlying conditions and their treatments.

Epididymitis. If chlamydia is the cause of epididymitis, a doctor will usually prescribe a course of antibiotics to treat the infection, and may recommend elevating the scrotum to reduce swelling.

Orchitis. If an STI is causing orchitis, a doctor will usually prescribe medication to fight the infection. Common medications include ceftriaxone (Rocephin) or azithromycin (Zithromax). Painkillers and an ice pack may help to relieve discomfort.

Testicular torsion. Testicular torsion requires treatment as soon as possible. A doctor may be able to untwist the testicle, in a procedure called manual detorsion, but surgery is often necessary to prevent reoccurrence. A delay in treatment increases the likelihood that the twisted testicle will need to be removed.

Testicular cancer. A doctor may recommend removing the testicle where the cancer is present. Radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination may help to reduce or destroy cancer cells. If the cancer has spread, or if it originated in another part of the body, additional treatments and surgeries may be necessary.

How to perform a testicular self-exam

It is very important to monitor the size and shape of testicles so that any change can be detected.

Perform a self-examination once a month. Be on the lookout for lumps, growths, pain, swelling, and other abnormalities.

A healthy testicle is smooth, and closer to egg-shaped than round. Lumps or abnormal protrusions should be investigated by a doctor right away.

To perform a testicular self-exam:

Ensure that the scrotum is loose before beginning.
Carefully and slowly roll the testicle between the fingers and thumb.

Thoroughly check the surface of each testicle, looking for lumps, areas that feel tender or sore, protrusions, swelling, or changes in size.

Feel along the bottom of the scrotum, reaching the epididymis, which should feel like several grouped tubes.
Check both testicles at least once a month.

Outlook

Having differently sized testicles is common.

If one testicle becomes noticeably bigger, most underlying causes are easily treated. The sooner a person consults a doctor, the better the outlook is likely to be.

If other symptoms are present, such as pain, lumps, or swelling, seek medical attention right away.

While a diagnosis of cancer is concerning, the outlook for testicular cancer is good. Treatment and support can help a person and their family to deal with this condition.

[Big Sexy]

Sex anxiety: How can you overcome it?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321304.php

Whether you're a woman or a man, you might have experienced sexual anxiety over the years. Feeling anxious sometimes about our prowess between the sheets is normal, but when it happens repeatedly, this can affect our quality of life. So, what can you do to dispel the doubts and lead a healthy sex life?

Sexual anxiety — or sexual performance anxiety — is something that affects men and women of all ages, regardless of how much experience they have with intercourse.

For some, this type of anxiety is short-lived and may appear briefly in the wake of a new sexual encounter.

Other people, however, might find it difficult to enjoy a wholesome sex life because of it, and they may experience this type of anxiety with more regularity.

But how does sexual anxiety manifest? Well, according to sex therapist Claudia Six, it has different expressions among men and women, though in most instances, it is related to the fear that some aspect of their presence between the sheets may be disappointing for their partner.

"In women, sexual performance anxiety can show up as difficulty getting interested in sex, difficulty getting aroused, or difficulty with orgasm. In men, we know what it looks like — difficulty getting an erection, keeping an erection, or coming too soon. I put all that under the umbrella term of 'sexual performance anxiety.'"
- Claudia Six

And why do we feel sexual performance anxiety? Here, the matters get a little more complex, but to simplify: we tend to become insecure about how well we do in bed or what we may look like to our partners, or we may simply be daunted by the idea of becoming so intimate with someone.

In some cases, sexual performance anxiety stems from a past traumatic experience — perhaps related to sexual violence. If that is your situation, please do not hesitate to seek out specialist advice. If you are based in the United States, your first port of call should be the Rape, Abuse, and Incest National Network hotlines.

But, in most cases — as sex educator Amy Jo Goddard explains — this response is conditioned by the way in which we were brought up to think about certain aspects of sex and our own bodies, and by social expectations that impact our relationship with our own sexuality.

Below, we give you some tips about how to tackle these moments of uncertainty and worry both before and during sexual encounters, so you can enjoy a happier, healthier sex life.

Own your body

Body image is often an important factor in achieving a healthy sex life. If we feel insecure about the way that our body looks, we may worry about whether or not our partner finds us attractive. This, needless to say, is not at all conducive to enjoyment.

Studies have noted that a significant number of men and women have body image issues, which might lead to all manner of anxieties when the time comes to slip between the sheets with that special person.

For instance, a study published in the Journal of Sex Research found that about a third of college women feel unhappy with how their body looks, and that this self-consciousness was detrimental to enjoying their time in bed with a partner.

Other research — that studied young men enrolled in the military — found that more than a third of the participants had a poor image of their own genitalia, which often led to erectile dysfunction.

So, what can be done if you're worried that your body isn't "supermodel quality," whatever that may mean? According to sex educator and researcher Emily Nagoski, you should take steps to get comfortable in your skin by actively acknowledging everything you like about your body — repeatedly.

She advises doing the following exercise. "You stand in front of a mirror, as close to naked as you can tolerate. You're going to look at what you see there, and you're going to write down everything you see that you like."

"And then do it again tomorrow, and then do it again the next day, and the next day." The key, says Nagoski, is in repetition, so that you can begin to get comfortable with your body and love it for its unique beauty.

Learn more about (your kind of) sex

Another obstacle that may be contributing to your sexual performance anxiety — although you may not like to hear this — is simply a lack of appropriate sex education.

This doesn't necessarily mean that you don't yet know which bits go where, but perhaps that you haven't been fully prepared for the realities of a sexual encounter. The reality is that everyone functions differently and has different needs.

Maybe you're not sure about the techniques of achieving — or giving — pleasure. Or, perhaps you've heard myths about pregnancy, or how your body is "supposed" to react during sex.

Or, you may even be worried that your wants and needs aren't "normal."

If you have any worries at all about sex, it may be worth speaking to a healthcare professional to get reassurance, reading a book (or two) exploring this topic, or joining workshops led by sex educators.

As Goddard explains, "[A]dults need sex education, too. If we didn't learn it somewhere, then how can we have the fulfilling sexual lives that we really want to have?"

"Stop telling yourself how broken and unfixable you are, because you're not. You just didn't get the education that you need, you just didn't get the resources that you need."- Amy Jo Goddard

On that note, you may also find it helpful to self-educate simply by exploring your own body and what gives you pleasure. Take the time to learn what turns you on and how you like things done.

Despite the fact that masturbation is — unfortunately — still typically portrayed as a shameful or even dangerous act, research points to the contrary, explaining that it can actually improve our relationship with our bodies and with our sexuality.

Express what you enjoy

Once you know what you enjoy, it's very important to learn to voice your needs when in bed with an intimate partner, and to explain what's going through your head.

If you trust this person enough to want to get it on with them, why not tell them if something isn't working?

You could also encourage them to do more of something that is.

Open communication may just be the best way forward if you are worried about taking a long time to orgasm, being unable to stay aroused, or being afraid that you won't even become aroused in the first place.

A study published last year in the Journal of Marital and Family Therapy worked with 142 committed couples and found that intimate partners who freely communicate their sexual needs and desires have a more healthy and fulfilling sex life.

In their paper, the authors explain that "women who communicated about sex more reached orgasm more often," and that speaking openly about sexual needs in a couple was linked to better relationship and sexual satisfaction among both men and women.

Six urges anyone who is experiencing sexual anxiety to reflect and embrace the awareness that they are "not a disappointment," and that "there is room for [their] needs." She also explains that everyone needs to "find [their] voice" in order to "have a good time in bed."

"So how do we set ourselves up for success?" Six asks. "Gentlemen, please let go of 'performing.' 'Performing' is 'entertaining an audience.' And ladies, know your bodies and what brings you pleasure."

To dispel any unwanted tension in the wake of a sexual encounter, she advises people to "[o]pen [their] mouth, say what's happening in the moment, it takes the charge out of it."

And remember: whoever you're getting into bed with really wants to be there, with you, and that they are looking forward to the time you're about to spend together.

So, take advantage of this moment of connection to acknowledge that your partner welcomes your presence and your sexual needs, and that they want you both to be comfortable and at ease with each other.

[Big Sexy]

Why are there white bumps on my penis?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321281.php

Whiteheads and other small, white bumps on the penis are common and usually harmless.
White bumps on the penis may be pimples caused by acne, pearly penile papules, or bumps called Fordyce spots. However, white spots can also be caused by some sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and may require treatment.

This article will look at some possible causes and treatments of whiteheads and other bumps on the penis.

Can you get whiteheads on your penis?

Whiteheads are a common form of acne. They are more common in areas of skin with lots of pores, such as the face, chest, and back, but can also occur on the penis. They are more common on the base or the shaft of the penis.

Whiteheads develop when a pore becomes clogged with the skin's natural oil, called sebum, along with sweat, dead skin, or other debris. When bacteria get into the pore, they can cause inflammation and small, fleshy-white rounded bumps.

These spots are harmless. They usually go away on their own and should not cause any significant discomfort.

Other bumps on the penis

Whiteheads on the penis are easily misidentified, and bumps on or around the penis may be something different. In some cases, they could be a sign of an underlying health condition that requires treatment.

Alongside whiteheads, potential causes for bumps on the penis include:

Pearly penile papules

Pearly penile papules are small, fleshy bumps that usually develop in rows around the head of the penis. It is not clear what causes them, but they have no other symptoms and do not pose a health risk.

These bumps usually develop after puberty and may occur in between 14 and 48 percent of males.

Fordyce spots

Fordyce spots are small, yellow-white bumps that develop on various parts of the body. They are common on the lips or inside the cheek, but may also form around the head or shaft of the penis.

Fordyce spots are oil glands that do not have hair follicles, as most other oil glands do. They may be mistaken for a symptom of a STD, but they are harmless and usually do not have any symptoms.

Tyson glands

Tyson glands are small sebaceous glands that can form on either side of the frenulum, which is the elastic tissue that connects the foreskin to the head of the penis. These are also completely normal.

Ingrown hairs

Ingrown hairs can develop in any area where hair grows, including the pubic area. They occur when a hair grows back into its follicle, causing itchy, red bumps to develop. They can be painful or uncomfortable but are not serious.

Most ingrown hairs will go away on their own, but sometimes they can become infected. A person can remove the hair from its follicle using a sterilized pin or tweezers before applying an antibacterial cream.

Skin tags

Skin tags are small, soft skin growths. These are more common in middle-aged males and are not a cause for concern.

Molluscum contagiosum

Molluscum contagiosum is a contagious skin infection that causes clusters of small, firm bumps to develop on the skin. These lumps have a small dimple in the middle, and so they can be identified from other conditions.

They can occur on or around the penis and can sometimes be itchy. This condition often clears up on its own, but in some cases, it may require treatment using creams or gels.

Lichen planus

Lichen planus is a rash of purple-red bumps that can develop anywhere on the body, including the penis. The rash can be itchy and uncomfortable but does not always cause any symptoms. This condition may require treatment with a short course of steroid cream.

Bumps caused by STDs

Some spots or bumps that develop on the penis are caused by a STD and will require treatment. These include:

Genital warts

Genital warts are a caused by a STD and may develop after a person has come into contact with the human papillomavirus (HPV).

Genital warts appear as small, flesh-white bumps that grow on the shaft or head or the penis, or under the foreskin. Genital warts can disappear without treatment, but some cases require medication.

Treatment for genital warts may involve using a cream to destroy the wart tissue, undergoing cryotherapy to freeze the wart off, or a combination of both.

Syphilis

Syphilis can cause white or red ulcers to develop on or around the penis. Syphilis is a STD caused by coming into contact with the bacterium Treponema pallidum.

This bacterial infection requires treatment, which is often a single shot or a short course of antibiotics. If left untreated, it can pose a significant health risk.

Genital herpes

Genital herpes can cause grey-white sores to form on or around the penis. They are a STD that is caused by coming into contact with the herpes simplex virus (HSV).

These sores can be itchy and uncomfortable and may spread to other areas of the body. They are treated using antiviral medication, but the virus cannot be cured.

Treatments and home remedies

Whiteheads caused by acne do not usually cause other symptoms or pose a health risk, and so medical treatments are not required.

A person can treat or prevent whiteheads on the penis using the following methods:

avoid touching the area to stop whiteheads from spreading
wash the area regularly to stop bacteria and oil from building up
avoid picking or popping whiteheads, as this can cause irritation and scarring
use over-the-counter (OTC) medication that reduce bacteria and excess oil
Some OTC acne medications contain chemicals such as benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, or exfoliants. The skin of the penis is very sensitive, so anyone who notices irritation should stop using the treatment.

Home remedies that could help reduce the spread of whiteheads include:

Tea tree oil. Tea tree oil has anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, which can help to reduce whiteheads.
Witch hazel. Witch hazel is a plant extract that is an ingredient in many OTC acne medications. It may act as a cleanser to clean out pores and reduce whiteheads.
Some home remedies, such as apple cider vinegar and lemon juice, are too acidic for sensitive skin and people should not use them on the penis.

When to see a doctor

If a person has bumps on their penis that get worse or do not go away by themselves, they should consult a doctor, as the bumps could be a sign of a more serious condition. This is particularly important when the person is sexually active.

If the bumps are itchy, painful, or occur with other symptoms, a person should seek medical attention as soon as possible. Until a doctor can confirm the cause of the bumps, a person should avoid sexual activity to reduce the chances of spreading an infection.

[Big Sexy]

Why does urine smell like ammonia while pregnant?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321340.php

n most cases, an unusual ammonia-like vaginal smell during pregnancy is caused by changes in urine. This can be due to lifestyle factors, such as dietary preferences, dehydration, and supplement use.
What a person eats and drinks during pregnancy can affect the smell of their urine. Sometimes, after using the restroom, small amounts of urine can remain on the outside of the vagina, causing it to take on the smell of urine.

Some infections, such as urinary tract infections (UTIs) and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), can also cause the vagina to smell odd or unpleasant.

Causes
There are several reasons why the vagina may smell like ammonia, including:

1. Increased nasal sensitivity

Some pregnant women are more sensitive to certain smells, even in trace amounts.

This heightened sense of smell is called hyperosmia.

Ammonia is found naturally in the urine but does not usually give off a strong smell.

However, a pregnant woman may become more aware of a faint smell of ammonia that she did not previously notice.

Some researchers think women's nasal sensitivity increases during pregnancy to trigger nausea and vomiting, helping the mother to avoid digesting toxins that may harm the fetus, especially during the first few months of pregnancy.

Some limited research suggests that hyperosmia may be related to changes in circulating levels of the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) during pregnancy.

2. Dietary changes

During pregnancy, many women experience cravings for foods they would not usually eat. Sudden dietary changes can cause the urine to smell different.

Certain foods contain nutrients and vitamins that may cause urine to smell like ammonia. These foods include:

asparagus
Brussels sprouts
garlic
onions

3. Vitamins and supplements

Many vitamins and supplements, especially those containing types of vitamin B, often cause changes in urine color and smell.

Pregnant women should always consult a doctor before taking new vitamins or supplements.

It is often best to increase the daily intake of foods rich in nutrients such as calcium, iron, and folic acid. Avoiding having to take unnecessary supplements can help reduce the risk of side effects and overdose.

4. Dehydration

When the body is dehydrated, the kidneys have less fluid available to dilute the urine, resulting in concentrated, stronger-smelling urine.

Many pregnant women experience some dehydration, especially before they know they are pregnant.

If a person does not drink plenty of water, the body will be unable to produce as much urine as usual. Urine will likely be darker than usual and might be bubbly.

5. Urinary tract infections

Around 8 percent of pregnant women develop urinary tract infections (UTIs), which can cause an ammonia smell.

Most UTIs are caused by bacterial infections, usually by a species of bacteria called Escherichia coli or E. coli.

Aside from the effects on odor, UTIs also cause:

painful or burning urination
sudden, intense urge to urinate
dark or cloudy urine
pelvic or lower abdominal pain
It is essential for pregnant women to talk with a doctor if they suspect they have a UTI because an infection can affect the growing baby.

Prevention

The best way to stop the vagina from smelling like ammonia during pregnancy depends on the cause of the condition.

However, following some lifestyle tips may help reduce the likelihood, severity, and duration of the smell.

Easy ways to help prevent the vagina from smelling like ammonia include:

Practicing good hygiene

Practicing good hygiene can help reduce the likelihood of developing infections and an ammonia-like smell. Tips for good hygiene include:

Changing and washing clothing and bedding regularly. Clean clothing is also less likely to contain trace amounts of urine, which may be more noticeable to pregnant women.
Wiping from front to back. Make sure to always wipe from the vagina toward the anus to reduce the spread of rectal bacteria and chance of infection.
Washing the genitals with plain soap and lukewarm water. Make sure the vagina is clean, but avoid exposing sensitive vaginal tissues to irritants found in scented body wash, vaginal deodorants, antiseptic products, and spermicidal products.
Avoiding douches and diaphragms. Douching and the use of diaphragms can irritate vaginal tissues and allow external bacteria to enter the urinary tract, spreading infection.

Staying hydrated

One of the easiest ways to stop the vagina from smelling like ammonia is to ensure that the body has enough fluid available to dilute the urine properly.

Drinking cranberry juice or apple cider vinegar

Many people believe that cranberry juice and apple cider vinegar can help acidify urine, which may help reduce its smell.

While cranberry juice has long been used as a home remedy for UTIs, there is no conclusive evidence that it is effective.

Urinating more often

The longer urine sits in the bladder, the more concentrated with uric acid it becomes. Holding in urine also gives bacteria time to multiply.

Urinating more often or before the urge to urinate occurs might help reduce the concentration and smell.

Eating probiotics

Probiotics are healthy intestinal bacteria. Eating foods rich in probiotics or probiotic supplements may help reduce the risk of bacterial UTIs.

Some research shows that probiotics found in fermented milk products, such as yogurt or kefir, may help prevent urinary infections and promote vaginal health.

Practicing safe sex

Sexual activity without using a condom or having multiple sexual partners increases the risk of developing conditions associated with urine that smells like ammonia. This includes UTIs and some sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

Is it a sign of an STI?

A vagina that smells like ammonia is rarely a sign of a STI.

However, some STIs are known to cause intense or foul-smelling urine, especially chlamydia. It is essential to get tested for STIs, as infections such as chlamydia often occur without symptoms.

Additional signs and symptoms of STIs associated with foul smelling urine include:

lower abdominal pain
vaginal discharge
painful urination
cloudy urine
painful, swollen labia or external genitalia

Treatment

If the vagina has an ammonia smell because of specific lifestyle factors, such as dehydration and dietary preferences, a person can make simple changes to reduce the odor.

Common tips for reducing ammonia-smelling urine include:

staying hydrated

avoiding foods that can cause urine to smell like ammonia, especially asparagus
limiting supplement or multivitamin use, especially those containing B vitamins
practicing safe sex
practicing good hygiene
urinating more frequently
Most UTIs and STIs are easily treatable with antibiotics if caught early enough. However, not all antibiotics are safe for pregnant women to take.

Penicillin and cephalosporin-based antibiotics are considered safe to take during pregnancy, while trimethoprim, fluoroquinolones, and sulphonamides should be avoided.

What is ammonia?

Most ammonia in the body is a by-product of the digestion of protein in the intestines. Millions of microbes, primarily bacteria, inhabit the intestines and help digestion.

After digestion, ammonia is taken up in the blood and drained into the liver where it is broken down into uric acid and glutamine, which are less toxic substances.

Uric acid then travels in the blood to the kidneys where it is diluted with water and expelled from the body in urine.

Ammonia is toxic and high levels of ammonia in the blood can cause symptoms including:

confusion
sleepiness
irritability
disorientation
High levels of ammonia may occur if the liver is unable to convert ammonia into uric acid, usually due to severe hepatitis or cirrhosis.

If left untreated, very high blood levels of ammonia can eventually cause difficulty breathing, seizures, coma, and death.

Outlook

The vagina can smell like ammonia for a variety of reasons, especially during pregnancy.

The condition is typically harmless and associated with factors such as dietary changes and dehydration.

But if the vagina smells like ammonia for longer than a few days, or does not change with lifestyle changes, a woman should talk with her doctor.

Pregnancy is known to increase the likelihood of some conditions associated with unusual smelling urine, such as UTIs and STIs, which require prompt medical treatment.

While very rare, chronic ammonia-smelling urine can be a sign of severe medical conditions, such as kidney or liver failure.

[Big Sexy]

What can cause vaginal swelling?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321333.php

Vaginal swelling can be concerning and uncomfortable, but it rarely indicates severe illness.
People with vaginal swelling often assume that they have a yeast infection, but this is just one of many possibilities. Vaginal swelling can be caused by allergies, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), cysts, or rough intercourse. Treatment will depend on the cause.

Anyone who experiences vaginal swelling should look for signs of infection and consult a doctor for a diagnosis and treatment.

Causes

Here are 14 possible causes of vaginal swelling, along with possible treatment options.

1. Allergy

An allergic reaction may cause the vagina to swell. The vagina is a sensitive part of the body and may react to any number of ingredients found in personal care products such as:

soaps
lubricants
vaginal washes and douches
tampons and pads
vaginal contraceptives
body lotions and creams
latex condoms
Swelling may appear in response to a new product, but a product the body is familiar with can also cause an allergic reaction. If a person suspects that they are allergic to a particular product, it may be a good idea to stop using it and consult a dermatologist.

2. Irritation

Even if an allergy is not present, the body may react adversely when it comes into contact with specific products. Even the most popular and most widely used chemical ingredients may cause vaginal swelling.

Chemical fragrances are often to blame. They can be found in many products that come into contact with the vagina, including:

laundry detergent
perfumes
toilet paper
body washes
bath bombs and soaps
Some types of cloth may also cause vaginal irritation and swelling. Lace or polyester underwear, in particular, may irritate the skin.

Sometimes, the cut of underwear is responsible for the swelling. Thin thongs or G-strings may not cover the labia entirely, which may cause unnecessary friction in the area throughout the day that can lead to swelling.

It is important to identify and avoid irritants. If a person stops using a specific product and the swelling goes down, they may have found the culprit.

Anyone unable to identify the cause of vaginal swelling should visit a doctor or dermatologist.

3. Rough intercourse

Sexual intercourse can cause the vagina to swell. If the vagina is not sufficiently lubricated, added friction may lead to discomfort or pain during sex, and swelling of the vagina after sex.

Rough intercourse can also tear vaginal tissues, putting a person at higher risk of infection.

If a person suspects that rough intercourse has caused vaginal swelling, they may want to spend more time engaging in foreplay or use a lubricant to reduce friction.

An over-the-counter pain reliever or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) may help if the swelling is causing pain.

4. Gartner's duct cysts

A duct that forms in fetuses when the urinary and sexual organs are developing usually disappears after birth. If part of this duct remains, it is known as a Gartner's duct. The remaining tissue may attach to the vaginal wall and develop into a cyst.

Gartner's duct cysts tend to be harmless, but they can become problematic when they grow. A Gartner's duct cyst may become infected or cause pain and swelling in the vagina.

In some cases, the cyst will appear as a growth on the outside of the vagina.

Surgery is often necessary to remove a troublesome Gartner's duct cyst. Once the cyst is gone, symptoms should diminish.

5. Bartholin's cysts

The Bartholin glands are on either side of the vaginal opening. They secrete moisture and help to provide lubrication.

A cyst on one of these glands may go unnoticed until it becomes infected, at which point an abscess may form. Also, the skin around the vagina may become inflamed and painful. In some cases, there may be a burning sensation or bleeding.

If the cyst or abscess is small, it may drain on its own. A warm, shallow bath may help to ease the pain, and over-the-counter medications can reduce pain and swelling.

In more severe cases, a doctor may recommend antibiotics, surgical drainage, or removal of the cyst.

6. Cellulitis

Cellulitis is a bacterial infection of the inner layers of the skin that may cause the skin to become swollen, red, and tender. A person can develop cellulitis when the bacteria enter a cut, such as one sustained when shaving the pubic area.

Cleaning a cut regularly may help to combat infection. In some cases, a doctor will recommend antibiotics.

7. Bacterial vaginosis

An overgrowth of harmful bacteria in the vagina may lead to vaginosis. Symptoms may include swelling and a grayish discharge with a foul smell.

Many cases resolve on their own, but a doctor may recommend antibiotics to speed up recovery.

Cleaning the vaginal area regularly and avoiding potential irritants can help to prevent bacterial vaginosis.

It may also be a good idea to avoid products such as douches, which disrupt the bacterial balance in the vagina.

8. Yeast infection

A yeast infection is caused by an overgrowth of the Candida fungal species. It can cause vaginal swelling, and other symptoms may include:

burning
pain during sex and urination
redness
thick, chunky discharge
irritated skin
Yeast infections are treated with antifungal medications. However, it is a good idea to see a doctor for a diagnosis because other conditions have similar symptoms.

9. STIs and cervicitis

Some of these infections can cause inflammation of the cervix, which is called cervicitis. Symptoms of cervicitis can include pain during intercourse, bleeding between periods, and abnormal discharge.

Below are some STIs that can cause vaginal swelling.

Chlamydia: This can seriously damage a woman's reproductive system and may also lead to painful urination and unusual discharge.
Gonorrhea: Symptoms in women are often mild and are easily confused with those of an infection in the urinary tract or bladder. Other symptoms include bleeding between periods and increased discharge.
Trichomoniasis: This is caused by a parasite and may have no symptoms. When they appear, symptoms can include itching, soreness, pain while urinating, and changes in discharge.
Anyone who suspects that they have an STI should see a doctor.

10. Genital herpes

The herpes simplex virus often causes clusters of tiny, painful blisters to appear near the vagina. These can burst and become painful sores.

While some people notice no symptoms, others find that swelling, pain, and body aches accompany these sores.

There is currently no cure for genital herpes, but prescription medication may shorten or prevent outbreaks.

11. Edema

The term edema describes a collection of water or fluid in the body. Edema in the vagina is usually caused by lymph nodes or veins failing to drain.

Conditions that enlarge the uterus or put pressure on the veins in the pelvis, such as uterine fibroids or pregnancy, can cause edema to form.

A doctor has to identify the cause of the edema to treat it. Gently massaging the area may help to reduce swelling in some cases, but this should be done under the guidance of a doctor.

12. Pregnancy

Pregnancy may also cause the vagina to swell.

As the fetus grows, it can place pressure on the pelvis and nearby muscles and blood vessels.

This pressure can cause inflammation and affect the return of blood and fluid from the lymphatic system, which may lead to swelling.

Anyone experiencing uncomfortable vaginal swelling during pregnancy should consult a doctor about safe medications.

13. Sexual assault

Injury from rape or sexual assault may also cause vaginal swelling and bleeding, as well as pelvic pain.

Resources are available for people who have been forced into sexual activity. Organizations like the Rape, Abuse, & Incest National Network (RAINN) in the United States offer free, confidential support. The organization's 24-hour hotline also connects callers with local services that can help. The number for the RAINN hotline is 800-656-HOPE (4673).

People who have experienced rape or sexual abuse should consider visiting a doctor to discuss options and receive any necessary treatment.

14. Foreign objects in the vagina

When the body tries to expel a foreign object lodged in the vagina, symptoms may include:

pain
swelling
itching
irritation
fever
foul discharge
In some cases, a doctor may need to remove a foreign object.

Regularly cleaning the vagina may prevent objects from becoming stuck in it.

When to see a doctor

Swelling of the vagina is usually not the result of a severe medical condition. Anyone uncertain of the cause should visit a doctor.

Seek a professional diagnosis if the following symptoms are present:

signs of infection, such as fever or chills
painful or unbearable symptoms
persistent symptoms
Anyone who suspects that they have an STI should see a doctor.

To discover the cause of vaginal swelling, a doctor may perform a physical exam or a blood test. Many medications are available to treat vaginal swelling, and most incidences can be treated quickly and effectively.

[Big Sexy]

Everything you need to know about wet dreams
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321351.php

While wet dreams are typically associated with adolescent boys, they are a common experience for both sexes from puberty through adulthood. The medical term for a wet dream is nocturnal emission.
In this article, we look at the facts about wet dreams and debunk some of the myths surrounding this normal, healthy occurrence.

What are wet dreams?

Wet dreams are when a person orgasms involuntarily while they are sleeping because of a dream, which may or may not be erotic.

They are called wet dreams because when a male has this type of dream, he may awaken with wet clothing or bedding. This is because semen, the fluid containing sperm, is released during ejaculation.

However, the same term is also used to refer to when a woman orgasms during sleep.

Wet dreams are not caused by masturbation during sleep; they occur without any manual stimulation.

Research has found that, on average, 8 percent of dreams have some sexual content. In the same study, both men and women reported having an orgasm in about 4 percent of their erotic dreams.

The facts and myths about wet dreams

There are many myths about wet dreams, which can make them confusing or cause anxiety if a person does not know what to expect.

1. Wet dreams do not reduce sperm count

Some people believe that wet dreams will reduce a man's sperm count. However, wet dreams are a way for the testicles to remove older sperm and help with the natural formation of new, healthy sperm in the body.

2. Women can have wet dreams

Many people associate wet dreams with men or, more specifically, adolescent boys, but women can also have wet dreams.

A female wet dream may result in orgasm as well as additional vaginal secretions from arousal.

Men may be more prone to wet dreams because they naturally produce several erections a night.

3. Wet dreams do not reduce a person's immunity

Some people believe that wet dreams can cause a person to have lower immunity to things such as a cold or infection. This is a myth and has no basis in fact.

However, wet dreams can help reduce excess sperm in the testicles, which is a healthy function for a male's reproductive system.

4. Wet dreams only happen during puberty

While wet dreams are most common during puberty, they can also happen during adulthood.

Wet dreams tend to occur more often in puberty due to hormonal changes. Hormone levels in adults are much more consistent, making it less likely that they will have a wet dream.

Wet dreams may also be more frequent during adolescence because younger boys may not frequently be masturbating or having sex, so the older sperm is released during sleep instead.

5. Wet dreams are not a sign of illness

It is a myth that wet dreams are a result of an underlying illness or medical condition. In fact, the opposite is true.

Wet dreams are a normal occurrence and may be a sign of healthy sexual functioning.

6. Masturbation probably cannot prevent wet dreams

While masturbation may reduce the number of wet dreams a person experiences, it does not guarantee a person will never experience them.

Evidence linking masturbation and wet dreams is lacking, but a person can experiment to see if it helps in their situation.

Try masturbating before bed for a week or more, followed by the same length of time without masturbating, to see if there is a difference in the frequency of wet dreams.

7. Wet dreams will not shrink a penis

Some people believe that wet dreams reduce the size of the person's penis. However, there is no scientific evidence for this.

There are no illnesses, conditions, or natural occurrences that will cause the male reproductive organ to shrink.

8. Some people never have wet dreams

Wet dreams are a natural occurrence for both men and women. They cannot be controlled or stopped, and a person should not feel ashamed to have them.

How often wet dreams occur varies between individuals. People may have:

no wet dreams ever
only a few, sporadic wet dreams during adolescence
several, frequent wet dreams throughout adolescence but none in adulthood
regular or sporadic wet dreams throughout their life

9. Wet dreams are not always erotic dreams
Wet dreams are often associated with sexual or erotic dreams. However, this is not always the case.

A person can have a wet dream without dreaming about sexual activity and may become aroused due to stimulation from friction with the bedding or other factors.

10. Sleeping on the stomach may induce a wet dream

One study suggests that sleeping on the stomach makes it more likely the person will experience a sexual dream.

The evidence is limited, however, and more studies need to be done to determine if sleep position plays any role in whether a person experiences wet dreams.

Prevention and coping

While there is no proven way to prevent wet dreams, there are some techniques that may reduce them. However, these methods do not guarantee any results.

If wet dreams make a person embarrassed or uncomfortable, or they are negatively affecting their life, the following methods to reduce or eliminate wet dreams might help:

masturbating or having sex more frequently
meditating or practicing relaxation techniques before bed
speaking to a psychologist or counselor about dreams
A person experiencing wet dreams needs to know that it is a perfectly natural occurrence and that climaxing during sleep is an involuntary reaction that cannot be prevented.

Having wet dreams is not a sign that a person is not having enough sex or that they are unhappy with their sexual partner.

A person experiencing regular wet dreams in adulthood should be open and comfortable speaking with their partner about their experiences. This can reduce anxiety and any embarrassment a person may feel.

A person embarrassed by their wet dreams may wish to speak to a counselor.

Outlook

Not everyone will experience a wet dream, but for people who do, it is important to remember they are a normal, healthy part of life.

Wet dreams are often associated with teenage males, but they occur in both men and women and may continue after puberty.

[Big Sexy]

What causes an enlarged clitoris?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321367.php

There is no standard size for a clitoris, but it usually grows with sexual arousal. When a person is not aroused, a hormonal imbalance or another medical condition can cause enlargement of the clitoris.
The clitoris is a female sexual organ. It is located just above the urethra, where urine is released from the body.

The medical community refers to an enlarged clitoris as clitoromegaly or macroclitoris. This refers to a clitoris longer than 10 millimeters (mm) in an adult or 9 mm in a newborn.

A swollen clitoris in an adult is not usually a cause for concern. However, a child or newborn with a large or swollen clitoris should be evaluated by a pediatrician to rule out certain conditions.

In this article, we look at causes of clitoral enlargement at several stages of life. We also explore symptoms and treatments.

Causes in adults

Sexual excitement

An adult's clitoris usually swells because of sexual excitement or arousal. During arousal, more blood flows to the genitals, and the clitoris can fill up and appear larger. A similar process occurs in the penis.

Blood flow quickly returns to normal after orgasm, and the clitoris returns to its usual size. If no orgasm follows arousal, it can take hours or day for the clitoris to shrink. This will not harm a person, but if the clitoris remains swollen and rubs against clothing, it can cause irritation or discomfort.

Inflammation of the vulva

An enlarged or swollen clitoris may be caused by general inflammation of the genitals. This is known as vulvitis, which describes inflammation of the vulva.

Causes of vulvitis include:

An allergic reaction to a product such as a laundry detergent, soap, moisturizer, or lubricant
An infection, such as a yeast infection or a sexually transmitted infection (STI)
Excessive friction during sex or masturbation
The genitals have abundant nerve endings, and overstimulation of this sensitive area can cause pain or swelling. If a person handles the genitals more gently, discomfort should subside within a day or two.

Symptoms of a yeast infection are similar to those of many STIs. See a doctor for a diagnosis and treatment.

If a person suspects that an allergic reaction is causing vulvitis, they should avoid contact with any products that might be responsible. See a doctor if symptoms do not improve within a week.

Hormone disorders

Female hormones (estrogens) and male hormones (androgens) are normally present in the body. Testosterone is one example of an androgen.

An excess of any androgen can cause the clitoris to swell. The following may be responsible for this hormonal imbalance:

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)

In this condition, many small cysts form on the ovaries, which cause an excess of androgens in the body. A small study from 2015 found that a larger clitoris was strongly linked to a diagnosis of PCOS.

The following factors may also indicate PCOS:

extra face and body hair
acne
weight gain
Irregular periods
fertility problems
Hormone medication and lifestyle changes are usually sufficient to manage this condition.

Anabolic steroids

These steroids are used to build muscle and boost athletic endurance.

Anabolic steroid use can also lead to an excess of male hormones. This can result in:

an enlarged clitoris
extra facial hair
a deeper voice
acne
serious health issues that can affect the heart, liver, and kidneys
Steroids should only be used to treat designated medical conditions under a doctor's careful supervision.

Adrenal gland tumors or growths

The adrenal glands secrete hormones. If a tumor or another type of growth form on these glands they cannot function properly. In this event, a person may develop a hormonal imbalance and an enlarged clitoris.

A person may also experience other hormone-related symptoms, such as weight gain, menstrual changes, or excessive hair growth.

Treatment for adrenal gland tumors depends on many factors, such as the size of the tumor and whether it is cancerous.

Causes in children

Several conditions can cause an enlarged clitoris in a child. Only a doctor can make a proper evaluation and diagnosis.

An enlarged clitoris in a child is usually caused by one of the following conditions:

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia

This disorder of the adrenal glands leads the body to produce too much androgen, which can result in swelling of the clitoris. It may be difficult to determine whether the genitals are male or female.

Disorders of sex development

Congenital disabilities that affect the sex organs can cause an enlarged clitoris at birth. Many additional types of developmental complication fall under this category.

Other disorders

Growths may cause the clitoris to appear unusual in size or shape. According to a 2013 report, the following factors can cause clitoral enlargement in children:

a lympho-angiofibroma, which is an abnormal, noncancerous growth that contains lymphatic other connective tissues
an epidermoid cyst, a noncancerous growth filled with fluid
a fibroma, a noncancerous tumor
The report stated that surgery was successful in removing the growths from these children.

A report from 2017 described a hemangioma, a noncancerous birthmark containing blood vessels, which had developed on an infant's clitoris, causing it to appear abnormally large and red. Hemangiomas often disappear after several months or years. Surgery may not be required.

When to see a doctor

Changes in the appearance of the clitoris or other genital organs should be checked by a doctor if a person has:

clitoral swelling that does not go away within a couple of days
pain, redness, or a feeling of heat, which may be a sign of infection
unusual vaginal discharge
blisters on the genitals
itching
pain during urination
bleeding in the area
Outlook
If swelling of the clitoris goes away in a few days, it usually does not indicate a serious condition.

However, a child who has enlarged or swollen genitals should be evaluated by a pediatrician, to rule out certain conditions.

[Big Sexy]

What causes dark nipples?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321383.php

A person's breasts will change over time due to natural events that include puberty and pregnancy. The nipples themselves do not change color, but the circular area of skin that surrounds each nipple, which is known as the areola, may change.
Most of the time, color changes in the areola are benign. However, there are occasions when a change in the color of the nipples needs medical attention. Causes of darkening nipples include:

oral contraceptives
puberty
pregnancy
hairs around the nipples
menstruation
breast-feeding
cancer
Read on to learn more about each of these circumstances that can lead to a person's nipples darkening.

1. Oral contraceptives

Birth control pills contain synthetic versions of the hormones estrogen and progesterone. Taking these pills can help prevent unwanted pregnancy.

Birth control pills may affect the body in a similar way to other hormonal changes. They may cause the area around the nipples to darken, but this should clear up once a person stops taking the pill.

Birth controls pills can also cause melasma, which is when brown or grey pigmented patches form.

2. Puberty

A person's estrogen levels spike during puberty when the ovaries release the hormone. This spike in estrogen causes the breasts to develop.

The nipples may undergo changes that usually include darkening and elevation from the surrounding skin as the breasts grow.

3. Pregnancy

As a fetus grows in the womb, the breasts start to prepare for the baby that will soon be born.

The body produces additional estrogen and progesterone to help prepare for milk production to feed the newborn infant. The breasts change when this hormone production occurs.

It may be noticed, during pregnancy, that the breasts become sore and swell. The nipples will also darken, which is believed to help the baby identify the food source.

Darker nipples in pregnancy are temporary. After pregnancy and breast-feeding, the nipples will lighten again.

4. Breast-feeding

As described above, breast-feeding causes many changes, including darker nipples.

Scientists think that the areolas may darken to help a newborn latch on to its mother's breasts. But hormonal fluctuations that enable milk production are also likely to cause some change in the color of the nipples.

Newborns have very poor eyesight, and darker nipples may be an evolutionary way of helping a newborn find their food source. The nipples will return to their previous color over time after breast-feeding has ended.

5. Hairs around the nipples

It is not uncommon for a person to have tiny hairs that grow around the nipples. These tiny hairs may be darker than some of the other hair on an individual's body.

The dark hairs can make the nipples appear darker when they grow close to the nipples.

6. Menstruation

Menstruation is a natural part of the reproductive cycle. The ovaries prepare to release an egg for fertilization during this cycle.

In turn, the breasts experience changes at different points in the menstrual cycle. These alterations occur because the menstrual process is driven by changes in hormone levels in the body.

Breasts will go through some changes during ovulation, as well. Breasts may become tender or swell as the hormone levels change. Similarly, an individual may notice that the nipples become darker while the cycle takes place.

7. Cancer

Paget's disease of the breast is a rare form of cancer that begins in the nipple area.

The early signs of Paget's disease include darkening nipple color along with other signs and symptoms that include:

flattened nipple
yellow or bloody nipple discharge
flaking or thick, crusty skin around the nipple
itching or tingling around the nipple
People may develop this cancer at any time in their lives after puberty. However, it is more common in older adults than younger people.

If a person has any signs of this cancer, they should consult a doctor as soon as possible.

When to see a doctor

People see natural changes in their nipples and breasts as their bodies develop and age. Many life events, such as menstruation, pregnancy, and breast-feeding can all cause the nipples to darken.

However, a doctor should be seen if any of the following are noticed:

peeling
flaking
only one nipple changing color
itchiness
redness
lumps
If someone suspects they are pregnant, they should also consult a doctor immediately.

Takeaway

Nipples naturally change in color over time and due to many different biological events during a person's life. The color change is nothing to worry about, and the nipples will usually lighten again after the normal body changes have occurred.

An individual should consult a doctor to rule out underlying causes and get treatment if nipple-darkening is accompanied by any other symptoms not related to normal events.

[Big Sexy]

How to prevent endometriosis pain during sex
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321417.php

Endometriosis occurs when cells that resemble the uterus lining grow elsewhere in the body, including the ovaries, fallopian tubes, or bowel. Sometimes, these growths can get in the way during sex, which can be painful.
Symptoms of endometriosis include heavy menstrual bleeding, painful periods, and sometimes, pain during sex.

Dyspareunia is the medical term for pain during sex. It frequently occurs in people with endometriosis because penetration and other movements associated with intercourse can stretch and pull the endometrial growths.

In this article, we look at the ways that endometriosis can lead to painful sex. We also discuss tips for managing this pain, including positions, toys, timings, and how to talk to a partner about the condition.

Why is sex painful with endometriosis?

Pain during sex is a common symptom of endometriosis. Penetration and other movements related to intercourse can pull and stretch endometrial tissue, particularly if it has grown behind the vagina or lower uterus.

Vaginal dryness can also cause this pain. Some means of addressing endometriosis, such as hormonal treatments or a hysterectomy (surgical removal of the uterus), can cause dryness.

What does sex feel like with endometriosis?

Not every woman with the condition experiences pain during sex.

Those who do may experience the following:

pain that is acute or feels like stabbing
pain deep in the abdomen
pain ranging from mild to severe
This pain varies from person to person and may depend on the type of intercourse. Some experience pain only during deep penetration, for example, while others experience pain after sex, rather than during it.

Best positions for endometriosis

Some positions put less pressure on areas of the pelvis that contain endometrial tissue. An individual should experiment with their partner to discover the positions that are best for them.

However, many people find that certain positions are better than others. For example, when the person with endometriosis is on top, they can control the depth and speed of penetration, allowing them to determine a comfortable pace.

Also, comfortable positions often involve shallow penetration. Some of these positions include:

face-to-face
spooning
raising the hips of the person with endometriosis
a modified doggy style
The missionary position is often painful for women with endometriosis.

Sometimes any form of penetrative sex is painful, and a person may prefer to engage in other types of sexual activity, including:

oral stimulation
massage
foreplay
using toys

Other tips for sex with endometriosis

Anyone experiencing pain during sex should talk to their doctor to determine a pain management plan.

Below are some additional steps a person with endometriosis can take to reduce pain during sex:

having penetrative intercourse at certain times of the month. It may be less painful in the week after ovulation, or in the 2 weeks following a period.
extending foreplay to increase the amount of natural lubrication before penetration
practicing gentle and slow penetration
using plenty of lubricant during sex
communicating with a partner about what does and does not feel good
having a warm bath or taking a painkiller to ease symptoms before sex
trying different positions
practicing forms of sexual activity that do not involve penetration
attending counseling or sex therapy to deal with consequences of endometriosis and improve communication

How to talk to a partner about endometriosis and sex

It may feel intimidating, embarrassing, or otherwise uncomfortable to speak about sex with a partner, but communication is key for a healthy sex life.

Telling a partner when sex is painful and talking about what is and is not pleasurable can make sex more enjoyable for everyone involved, as well as increase feelings of intimacy.

It is important to share feelings, needs, fears, and frustrations around sex. A partner may be experiencing similar feelings, and worry about causing pain or discomfort.

It may be easier to start this conversation in a neutral place outside the bedroom.

The way a person approaches the subject matters. It is best to use sentences that invite dialogue rather than criticize. Sentences should begin with "I" rather than "you." For example, a sentence beginning with "I really liked when you..." is better than, "You don't touch me anymore."

Partners should discuss preferred positions, those to avoid, and their favorite types of physical stimulation.

Overall, dealing with painful sex may be a difficult and emotional task. The goal is to foster genuine and open communication, to ensure that sex is pleasurable and free of pain for each partner.

Takeaway

Endometriosis can cause severe abdominal pain, which often occurs during or after sex.

Although treatment can help to relieve the symptoms of endometriosis, including pain during sex, it is a good idea for partners to foster an environment of understanding and communication about forms of sex that are pleasurable and free of pain.

[Big Sexy]

Could this implant protect women from HIV?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321524.php

Researchers in Canada have developed a vaginal implant that aims to protect women from becoming diagnosed with HIV.

In a paper now published in the Journal of Controlled Release, they report how they successfully tested the vaginal implant in laboratory animals.

HIV, which is the virus that causes AIDS, hijacks activated immune T cells to use their machinery to complete its life cycle — that is, to produce copies of itself and spread. A major site of transmission is in the female genital tract.

The new vaginal implant slowly releases drugs that keep the T cells of the female genital tract in a resting, or "quiescent," state, which is much less productive for the virus.

Unlike activated T cells, quiescent T cells block the early stage of the HIV life cycle, "resulting in a largely inefficient [transmission]."

Some sex workers 'naturally immune' to HIV

Senior study author Emmanuel Ho, who is a professor in the School of Pharmacy at the University of Waterloo in Canada, and colleagues came up with the idea of a vaginal anti-HIV implant after studying sex workers in Kenya, East Africa.

There, they observed that many female sex workers did not become HIV-positive, even though they were having sex with clients who were.

Further investigation revealed that the women's natural resistance to HIV came from the fact that their immune T cells remained in a quiescent state.

When they realized this, the researchers wondered whether it might be possible to induce T cell quiescence in the female genital tract with drugs.

This approach could "provide an excellent women-oriented strategy against HIV [transmission]," they note in their study paper.

Prof. Ho says that they decided to pursue the idea of a vaginal implant rather than a drug that is taken by mouth because "some drugs taken orally never make it to the vaginal tract."

A vaginal implant that can block HIV could offer a cheaper, more reliable way of preventing transmission, he adds.

Implant induces 'an immune quiescent state'

There are 36.7 million people living with HIV or AIDS worldwide, including 2.1 million children under the age of 15.

Most of the 160,000 children newly diagnosed with HIV each year live in sub-Saharan Africa. Their mothers transmit the virus either during pregnancy, while giving birth, or when breast-feeding.

The implant is a porous, hollow tube filled with a drug that is secreted slowly and is absorbed into the walls of the female genital tract. The tube has two flexible arms that prevent it from moving around.

In their study, the researchers filled the vaginal implant with hydroxychloroquine and tested it in rabbits.

The implant caused a significant reduction in activated T cells, indicating that it induced "an immune quiescent state" in the female rabbits' genital tracts.

"What we don't know yet is if this can be a stand-alone option for preventing HIV transmission or if it might be best used in conjunction with other prevention strategies."

Prof. Emmanuel Ho

"We aim to answer these questions with future research," he concludes.

[Big Sexy]

Nuts may boost male fertility: study
https://medicalxpress.com/news/2018-07-diet-rich-nuts-sperm-motility.html

Eating nuts "significantly" boosted the number and health of sperm in young men in a scientific trial, researchers said Wednesday.

The findings "support a beneficial role for chronic nut consumption in sperm quality," they said, but stressed the study participants were all healthy, apparently fertile men.

The potential benefits of nuts for men struggling with fertility have yet to be probed.

For the study, researchers recruited 119 men aged 18-35, who they divided into two groups.

One group ate 60 grammes of almonds, hazelnuts, and walnuts daily on top of their usual "western-style" diet, while the second group got no nuts.

After 14 weeks, the nut group "had significant improvements in their sperm count, vitality, motility (movement) and morphology (shape)"—all associated with male fertility, said a statement.

"Moreover, the subjects in the nut group also showed a significant reduction in their levels of sperm DNA fragmentation, a parameter closely associated with male infertility."

The results were consistent with sperm improvement observed in other studies that looked at diets rich in omega-3, antioxidants such as vitamin C and E, selenium and zinc, and folate.

Nuts are rich in many of these nutrients.

The study results were presented at a meeting of the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology in Barcelona.

Does this mean that men hoping to conceive a child should add nuts to their diet?

"We can't yet say that," said study co-author Albert Salas-Huetos of the Rovira i Virgili University in Spain.

"But evidence is accumulating in the literature that healthy lifestyle changes such as following a healthy dietary pattern might help conception—and of course, nuts are a key component of a Mediterranean healthy diet."

[Sin4bkk]

Any No17 Delay Spray sellers here? PM me. Thanks

[Big Sexy]

What to know about sex during pregnancy
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321648.php

After about 9 months of reduced sexual activity during the development of a fetus, a couple may be ready to resume intercourse shortly after having a baby. But at what point after delivery does it become safe to continue having sex?
In general, it is recommended that a person avoids sexual intercourse during the first 4 to 6 weeks following a vaginal or cesarean (C-section) delivery. However, it is important to speak with your healthcare provider before resuming sex.

Most often, especially in cases of a C-section, perineal tear, or episiotomy, it is recommended to wait until after you are seen for your 6-week postpartum visit for approval from a health care provider to resume sexual activity.

Following childbirth, your body is in a healing phase in which bleeding stops, tears heal, and the cervix closes. Having intercourse too early, especially within the first two weeks, is not recommended due to a risk of postpartum hemorrhage or uterine infection.

When a woman is ready to resume sexual intercourse following the birth of a baby depends on several factors, including:

pain levels
fatigue
stress
sex drive
fear of sex or pregnancy
vaginal dryness
postpartum depression

What will sex after giving birth feel like?

Due to the hormonal changes experienced during the postpartum period, many women experience vaginal dryness, which may continue past the typical 4-6 week timeframe if breastfeeding; this is due to low levels of circulating estrogen.

Breastfeeding can also lower your sex drive. In addition to lower levels of circulating hormones, painful sex may accompany a perineal tear or episiotomy, which can last for several months following the birth of a baby.

Steps that can reduce pain associated with sex after pregnancy include:

controlling the depth of penetration with varied sexual positions
increasing vaginal lubrication
taking pain medication
emptying the bladder
taking a warm bath
Vaginal lubrication such as over-the-counter (OTC) creams or gels may be useful in relieving the symptoms of vaginal dryness. If you are using barrier method birth control, using a water-based lubricant is recommended to avoid weakening the latex.

Alternatively, oral or manual stimulation may be an option during the healing process. For some people, an appointment with a pelvic floor rehabilitation specialist may be recommended to evaluate and treat painful postpartum sex.

Sex following childbirth may feel different due to decreased vaginal muscle tone and stretching. Typically, this laxity in vaginal tone is temporary, however, and is affected by factors such as genetics, the size of the baby, the number of previous births, and the use of Kegel exercises.

Hormones can cause a variety of interesting - and, at times, inconvenient - symptoms. For example, during sexual intercourse, your breasts may leak milk due to the hormonal response to orgasm. Try pumping before having sex to reduce this symptom.

Hormones can cause a variety of unusual symptoms. For example, during sexual intercourse, your breasts may leak milk due to the hormonal response to orgasm. Try pumping before having sex to reduce this symptom.

Kegel exercises

Kegel exercises of the pelvic floor muscles can help provide strength and stability to the vaginal area following the delivery of an infant.

They are simple and can be performed almost anywhere.

The first step is to find your pelvic floor muscles. These can be easily located by stopping the flow of urine next time you visit the bathroom. The points at which you feel the strain are the pelvic floor muscles.

Follow these steps to perform a Kegel correctly:

Relax the muscles in your chest, abdomen, thighs, and buttocks.
Squeeze the pelvic muscles in a similar manner to the way the muscles were found in the first found. Try to stop an imaginary stream of urine mid-flow.
Hold this for between 5 and 10 seconds.
You should be able to feel a tightening and upward movement of the anus, bladder, or vagina. This means you have successfully completed a Kegel.
Break for 5 to 10 seconds and repeat this 10 times.
Repeat this 3 times per day.
You should be able to increase the length of each squeeze and the number of sets as the pelvic floor muscles become stronger.

Over time, this should help make sex less painful and more enjoyable.

Birth control options following childbirth

Having a reliable method of birth control following delivery is important to prevent an unintended pregnancy. If you are interested in immediate contraception, you can consider barrier options such as condoms or progestin-only contraceptives (Depo-Provera or the mini-pill).

The timing for a copper or hormonal intrauterine device or utilizing a fitted barrier method of contraception such as a diaphragm or cervical cap should be discussed with your healthcare provider.

If you are interested in combination birth control methods containing both estrogen and progesterone, such as pills or a vaginal ring, speak with your healthcare provider to see if this option is right for you.

The timing when a woman and her partner resume sexual intercourse following the birth of a child is ultimately a personal decision. Women should speak with their partner and health care team about any concerns that may be present.

[Big Sexy]

Over 10 percent of PMS cases linked to drinking habits
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321592.php

If you are a woman, you may be acquainted with the confusing hell of premenstrual syndrome. Nobody knows exactly what factors raise the risk, but data point the finger at alcohol.

Do you experience mood swings and changes in appetite before your period?

Do your breasts get so sensitive that you start to wear loose-fitting tops and bralettes just so you don't hurt yourself?

Do these and other premenstrual symptoms — changes in your sleeping pattern, sporadic nausea, and headaches, for example — interfere with your normal lifestyle to a lesser or greater degree?

If so, you may have premenstrual syndrome (PMS), which many women commonly experience.

Though the exact causes and risk factors for PMS are unknown, several studies have suggested that women who regularly drink alcohol are more likely to experience the symptoms.

A new systematic review and meta-analysis of the relevant literature now confirms that there may be more than a little merit to the claim that alcohol influences PMS.

The researchers who conducted the analysis hail from: the University of Santiago de Compostela in Spain, the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública in Madrid, also in Spain, and the University of Southampton, in the United Kingdom.

An article detailing the findings of this research, whose first author is María del Mar Fernández, was published yesterday in BMJ Open.

Risk heightened by 45 percent
The researchers extracted and analyzed the data from 19 studies conducted across eight countries and, combined, worked with more than 47,000 participants. They found a "moderate association" between alcohol and an increased risk of PMS.

The estimated percentages, however, are far from negligible: drinkers are estimated to have a 45 percent higher risk of PMS, and heavy drinkers have an even higher risk, at 79 percent.

Thus, del Mar Fernández and colleagues think that 11 percent — or approximately 1 in 10 — of PMS cases may have to do with the women's drinking habits.

However, as it often goes with studies that observe relationships without looking at the possible underlying mechanisms, there is a caveat: the researchers are unsure as to the direction of the causal relationship.

In other words, though they find it likely that alcohol consumption puts women at a heightened risk of PMS, it may also be the case that individuals up their alcohol consumption in an attempt to ease their symptoms.

After all, popular knowledge has it that drinking certain types of alcohol — usually red wine — can help to ease cramps related to the menstrual period.

Still, the study authors believe that the high numbers and the consistency of the links revealed by studies looking at the relationship between alcohol and PMS suggest that alcohol is the probable culprit in this equation.

Many women may drink too much
"Worldwide, the proportion of current female drinkers is 28.9 percent, while that of heavy female drinkers is 5.7 percent," the study authors write.

"In Europe and America," they add, "these figures are much higher and reach 59.9 percent for current drinking and 12.6 percent for heavy drinking in Europe."

According to data from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 5.3 million adult women in the United States have alcohol use disorder. Also, among the women who drink, 13 percent indulge in more than seven drinks per week.

"If [the] association [between alcohol consumption and PMS] is of [a] causal nature," write the researchers, "eliminating heavy drinking in women would then prevent 1 in every 12 cases of PMS in Europe."

As to how alcohol may raise the risk of premenstrual symptoms, several biological mechanisms could be at play. Among these, the study authors mention the fact that alcohol could create hormonal imbalances by influencing the levels of certain sex hormones.

Another effect of alcohol, they say, may be that it alters levels of serotonin — which is a hormone largely held responsible for mood alterations and disorders such as anxiety and depression — in the brain.

[Big Sexy]

What should you do about a pimple on the penis?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321630.php

Pimples can develop on the penis, although they are more common elsewhere on the body. Pimples are usually harmless, and it may not be a cause for concern if one develops on the penis.
Pimples, however, can sometimes resemble the symptoms of other conditions, such as a sexually transmitted disease or STD, and so it is important to know if a growth on or around the penis needs medical attention.

This article will discuss other signs to look out for that could indicate an STD, methods for treating a pimple on the penis, and when to see a doctor.

What is a pimple?
Pimples develop when the oil glands on the surface of the skin are blocked by oil, dead skin cells, or other debris.

This blockage can trigger an immune response, causing the area to become inflamed and swollen.

The resulting small lump is known as a pimple, and pimples can occur anywhere on the body.

Signs of an STD

Pimples appear as small, round bumps on the skin's surface. The base is usually red or flesh colored.

The tip of a pimple can either be white (whiteheads), black (blackheads) or the same color as the base, depending on the type of debris that has caused the build up. Some pimples also contain pus.

Factors that increase the likelihood of a pimple include:

tight-fitting clothes
humidity
excessive sweating
shaving
poor hygiene
oily skin
Being aware of these factors can help to determine the likelihood of it being a straightforward pimple that has developed or something else.

Pimples can occur regardless of sexual activity, which also helps to narrow down the cause of a bump.

It is possible that an STD is causing them if someone is sexually active and other symptoms also occur.

There are three STDs, which we give details of here, with symptoms that could be mistaken for pimples.

Genital warts

A primary symptom of genital warts is the growth of small, flesh-white colored bumps on the shaft, or head of the penis.

The tips of warts can be shaped like cauliflowers and can vary greatly in size. It is also possible for genital warts to appear on areas surrounding the penis, such as the scrotum or inner thigh.

Genital warts often disappear on their own, but can be easily treated with creams or freeze and heat therapy.

Genital herpes

Genital herpes causes gray-white blisters with a red base to develop on the penis or surrounding areas. They are often uncomfortable, itchy, and can spread to the anus.

The blisters can become open sores and ooze fluids and will crust over. Blisters can also appear around the mouth or lips.

Genital herpes is usually treated using antiviral drugs.

Syphilis

White or red painless ulcers on or around the penis can develop as a symptom of syphilis.

A bacterial infection causes the condition and can pose a serious health risk if left untreated.

Syphilis is typically treated using antibiotics.

Treatment

Medical treatment is rarely required for pimples. Pimples will disappear on their own after a few days, in most cases.

It is important to avoid itching or popping the pimples. This can worsen the condition and may cause permanent scarring and superimposed infection.

Addressing the likely causes of pimples is the best method of preventing them from developing again.

Methods to reduce the risk of pimples include:

avoiding humid environments
minimizing activities that induce sweating
wearing loose-fitting clothing and avoiding clothing that rubs and causes friction
showering regularly
avoiding rubbing or touching the affected region
changing bedding and clothing regularly
Over-the-counter (OTC) medications, such as benzoyl peroxide, salicylic acid, or exfoliants, can be helpful for reducing the appearance of pimples.

The region around the penis is highly sensitive, so these medications must be used cautiously.

When to see a doctor

A doctor should be seen if pimples occur with other symptoms that may include:

fever
headaches
fatigue
swelling in other areas, such as glands in the groin
skin rashes or irritation
sores developing in other areas, including the face
muscle aches

Takeaway

If action has been taken to reduce the risk of a pimple developing, or they do not disappear after one week, it may be worth consulting a doctor.

If there is any uncertainty over whether a growth is a pimple or not, it is important to seek medical advice, to ensure they are not a symptom of a more serious condition.

[Big Sexy]

Why does my urine feel hot?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321654.php

Urine can feel hot for two reasons — either because the temperature of the urine is warmer than usual, or because urinating causes a burning sensation.
Both symptoms point to a possible infection, so it is important to seek medical care, especially if there are other symptoms as well.

In this article, we look at what a normal temperature should be, and what causes unusually hot or burning urination in men and women. We also look at when a person should see their doctor, and possible treatments for this symptom.

What is normal?

Urine is generally the same temperature as the body — on average 98.6°F.

This means that when the urine comes out of the urinary tract, called the urethra, it can feel warm on the skin that it touches, including the genitals, hands, or legs. In cold temperatures, a person may observe steam rising from urine.

Noticing that urine feels warm or hot is perfectly normal. Urine may feel especially warm if a person's body or hands are cold.

However, if a person notices that their urine feels warmer than usual, or hot as it comes out of the urethra, this may mean that there is an infection or injury. A hot, burning, or painful sensation when urinating is called dysuria.

Symptoms
A hot sensation when urinating can feel painful, and may even cause a person to withhold their urine. Parents of young children who do not want to urinate should consider the possibility of burning during urination.

Most people who feel a hot sensation when urinating notice other symptoms, too. Those may include:

swelling in the genitals or urethra
discharge from the vagina or penis
fever
foul-smelling urine
dark urine
cloudy urine
increased need to urinate
difficulty urinating
nausea and vomiting
pain in the back or abdomen

Causes of hot urine in both sexes

If a person's internal body temperature increases — for instance, if they have a fever caused by an infection or if they have just done intense exercise — then their urine may also be warmer than usual.

Below, we provide a list of causes for hot urine or burning urination.

Urinary tract infection (UTIs)

Urinary tract infection (UTIs)

Urinary tract infections are among the most common reasons why urination feels hot or burns when coming out. A UTI occurs when harmful bacteria, often E. coli, get into the urinary tract.

UTIs most commonly affect the bladder. People with UTIs may experience the following symptoms:

burning pain when they urinate
a frequent need to urinate
an intense urge to urinate even immediately after going
foul-smelling urine
blood in the urine
In most cases, antibiotic treatment quickly cures a UTI. Left untreated, the infection can spread to the kidneys or other areas of the body. UTIs can affect both sexes, but are more common in women than in men.

Other infection

One of the ways that the body fights infection is by heating up. This is why people often develop fevers when they are sick. When the urine is a higher temperature than usual, this could mean that a person has a fever.

A fever could be due to an infection anywhere in the body, so it is important to track symptoms and see a doctor if they do not get better.

When the urine feels physically warm and it burns to urinate, this may mean someone has a UTI or an infection in the kidneys.

Injuries near the urethra

Urine is acidic. This means that when it comes into contact with an injury, even a small one, a person may experience a hot, burning sensation. An injury in or around the urethra can cause the urine to feel hot coming out.

People who shave their genitals may have tiny cuts near the urethra. Friction-related injuries from sexual intercourse, tiny pimples, cuts, and scrapes can all make the urine feel hot.

Small injuries usually go away on their own. If the urethra hurts, a fever occurs, or there is a large wound, a person should see their doctor.

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

Sexually transmitted infections can cause urinary tract problems. They may also injure the genitals or the area surrounding the urethra, causing pain during urination.

Anyone who is or has been sexually active can get an STI, even if they have previously tested negative. Some STIs are symptom-free for a long time, so a long period without symptoms does not necessarily mean person does not have an STI.

Chlamydia is an STI that commonly causes burning pain when urinating. It can also cause discharge from the vagina or penis, and in men may cause the testicles to swell or hurt.

Interstitial cystitis

Interstitial cystitis is a poorly understood chronic illness that causes symptoms of a UTI, even when a UTI is not present.

This condition is more common in women than in men.

Researchers do not fully understand what causes it, but one potential cause is damage to the tissue of the bladder. People with interstitial cystitis may experience burning when urinating, or other unusual sensations, such as a feeling that the urine is too hot.

Causes in women

Causes specific to women include:

Post-childbirth pain

After childbirth, many women experience tears in the area between the vagina and the anus, which are known as perineal lacerations. Tears can occur near the urethra, or inside the vagina.

If urine comes into contact with these injuries it can cause burning pain in the weeks following birth.

Spraying the area with a warm perineal irrigation bottle during urination can reduce pain.

Vaginal infection

A vaginal infection can irritate the tissue of the vagina and vulva. When this irritated tissue comes into contact with urine, it may burn and feel hot.

It is impossible to diagnose a vaginal infection based solely on burning, so it is important to see a doctor when urination burns. The symptom could be caused by infections such as:

a vaginal yeast infection
bacterial vaginosis
vaginitis
vulvodynia

Post-menopausal vaginal changes

After menopause, the body produces less estrogen. This can change the vaginal tissue, causing it to shrink and weaken. The vagina may also feel dry, which can make the skin and other tissues feel tender and sore.

When urine comes into contact with the vagina or urethra, it may feel hotter than it did previously because of these changes.

Causes in men

Causes specific to men include:

Prostatitis

Prostatitis is swelling, pain, and inflammation in the prostate, often due to a bacterial infection. Men with prostatitis may experience pain or burning when urinating, as well as changes in the flow of urination.

They may also have nausea and vomiting, or pain during ejaculation. It is important to diagnose the cause of prostatitis, so men who suspect they have a prostate issue should see a doctor.

Epididymitis

The epididymis is a tube that contains the sperm on top of the testes. An infection or inflammation in this tube can cause painful burning when urinating. Men with epididymitis may also experience swelling around the testicles, pain in the penis or testicles, and a fever.

This painful condition is usually caused by a bacterial infection or surgery and responds well to antibiotics and rest.

Treatment

Treatment for hot urine depends on the cause. Because the urine can feel hot for so many reasons, and because many diagnoses have similar symptoms, it's important to see a doctor before trying home treatment.

Many causes of painful or hot urination can easily be treated with antibiotics.

Drinking plenty of water can also help flush bacteria from the urinary system and make the urine slightly less acidic.

When to see a doctor

When the only symptom is hot urine and urination does not hurt, it is often safe to wait to see a doctor. See a doctor immediately for:

a very high fever
pain in the back, as this could indicate a kidney infection
uncontrolled vomiting
See a doctor within a day or two for:

painful urination
foul-smelling urine
frequent urination

Outlook

Urine is naturally hot, but quickly cools after it leaves the body. People who inadvertently put a hand in their stream of urine may be surprised by how hot urine feels.

Most causes of hot urine are easily treated, and symptoms will usually get better within a few days. Prostatitis, however, can be difficult to treat and interstitial cystitis is a chronic pain syndrome.

It is important to see a doctor who specializes in treating urinary disorders to reduce the severity of symptoms and decide on appropriate treatment.

In most cases, nothing is wrong. When urine feels hot or painful coming out, though, it's time to see a doctor. Most urinary problems are common and easy to treat, so there's no need to feel anxious or ashamed. In many cases, diagnosis only requires a urine sample and a medical history.

[Big Sexy]

What are the early signs of HIV in men?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321920.php

HIV is a virus that attacks the body's immune system, destroying a specific type of cell that helps the body fight off infections and diseases. In the United States, a higher number of men are living with the virus than women.
With effective treatment of antiretroviral medication, people with HIV can live healthy lives without the risk of transmitting the virus to others.

In this article, we look at the early signs and symptoms of HIV in men, along with when they should take a test to ensure they receive effective treatment.

Symptoms specific to men

Initial HIV symptoms are usually vague and unspecific in men. Early symptoms of the infection are usually bearable and frequently mistaken for flu or another mild condition.

As such, men may undervalue the symptoms and put off seeing a doctor until the symptoms worsen, at which time the infection might be very advanced. The fact that some men do not receive timely treatment may be a reason why men are more severely affected by the disease than women.

However, this may not be true for every man. Besides flu-like symptoms, some men may also experience more severe symptoms early on, such as:

dementia
weight loss
fatigue
In rare cases, it is possible for the condition to progress to AIDS rapidly.

Early signs and symptoms of HIV

Early signs and symptoms of HIV are generally subtle in men. People may easily underestimate them or mistake them for minor health conditions.

Men can experience flu-like symptoms some days to weeks after contracting the virus, which may include:

fever
skin rash
headaches
a sore throat
tiredness
Less common early HIV symptoms include:

ulcers in the mouth
ulcers on the genitals
night sweating
nausea or vomiting
sore muscles
pain in the joints
swollen lymph nodes

How common is HIV in men and women?

Although scientists and researchers have made significant progress in the prevention and treatment of HIV over the last decades, it remains a serious health problem in most countries around the world.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), in 2016, an estimated 39,782 people were diagnosed with HIV in the U.S.

Although the number of new diagnoses fell by 5 percent between 2011 and 2015, there were still around 1.1 million people in the U.S. living with HIV in 2015.

A higher number of men than women are living with the virus. By the end of 2010, 76 percent of all people with the virus in the U.S. were male. Most new diagnoses that year were also in men: approximately 38,000, which represents 80 percent of all new diagnoses.

Some groups of people are affected more by HIV than others. Among men, 70 percent of new diagnoses were a result of male-to-male sexual contact in 2014. A further 3 percent were associated with male-to-male sexual contact and injection drug use.

In 2016, 44 percent of new HIV diagnoses were among African Americans, compared with 26 percent among white people and 25 percent among Hispanics and Latinos.

Timeline of HIV

HIV typically progresses through three stages. Each stage has particular characteristics and symptoms.

Stage 1: Acute phase

This stage usually occurs 2 to 4 weeks after transmission, and not every person will notice it.

Typical symptoms are similar to flu and may include fever, sickness, and chills. Some people do not realize they have the virus because their symptoms are mild and they do not feel sick.

At this stage, people usually have a significant amount of virus in their bloodstream, which means that it is easy to pass it on. If someone thinks that they might have the virus, they should seek medical care and get tested as soon as possible.

Stage 2: Clinical latency

This stage can last for 10 years or more if the person does not receive treatment. It is marked by an absence of symptoms, which is why this is phase is also known as the asymptomatic phase.

At this stage, a medication known as antiretroviral therapy (ART) can control the virus, meaning that HIV does not progress further. It also means that people are less likely to transmit the virus to others.

While the virus is still reproducing in the bloodstream, it may do so at levels that are undetectable by testing. If someone has undetectable levels of the virus for at least 6 months, they cannot pass the virus on to others through sex.

During this phase, HIV is still multiplying inside the body but at lower levels than in the acute phase.

Stage 3: AIDS

This is the most severe stage when the amount of virus in the body has devastated the body's population of immune cells. Typical symptoms of this stage include:

fever
sweat
chills
weight loss
weakness
swollen lymph nodes
At this stage, the immune system is very weakened, which allows opportunistic infections to invade the body.

In the U.S., most people do not develop AIDS due to ART.

Diagnosis in men vs. women

Doctors diagnose HIV in both men and women by testing a blood or saliva sample, although they could also test a urine sample. This test looks for antibodies produced by the person to fight the virus. The test typically takes around 3 to 12 weeks to detect antibodies.

Another test looks for HIV antigens, which are substances that the virus produces immediately after transmission. These antigens cause the immune system to activate. HIV produces the p24 antigen in the body even before antibodies develop.

Usually, both the antibody and the antigen tests are done in labs, but there are also home tests that people can take.

Home tests may require a small sample of blood or saliva, and their results are quickly available. If the test is positive, it is essential to confirm the results with a doctor. If the test is negative, a person should repeat it after a few months to confirm the results.

How often should a man get tested?

Men who are sexually active should get tested for HIV at least once in their lifetime as part of their routine health care.

The CDC recommend that everyone between the ages of 13 and 64 should take an HIV test.

The CDC also recommend that people with specific risk factors should take a test at least once a year. This recommendation applies to gay and bisexual men, and men who have sex with men, and users of injectable drugs.

Besides these formal recommendations, everyone who may have been exposed to HIV or had sex without a condom should also take a test.

Outlook

HIV is a virus that weakens the person's immune system and leaves the body more prone to opportunistic diseases and infections.

Although there is no cure for HIV, it can be well-controlled with medication. People with the virus can live healthy lives with proper medical care and medication.

Getting an early diagnosis and treatment can help slow the progression of the virus and significantly improve a person's quality of life. For men, being able to spot the early signs can help with getting a quick diagnosis.

[IAmAwesome]

Tea tree oil. Tea tree oil has anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, which can help to reduce whiteheads


This is very true each time when i have any whiteheads, i use some tea tree oil cream after about 2/3 days the whitehead disappears

[Big Sexy]

What causes vaginal skin tags?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321687.php

Skin tags are small, harmless skin growths. They may be loose and movable, and might even be mistaken for peeling skin. They do not require treatment but are easy for a doctor to remove if a person finds them irritating.
Skin tags are sometimes called achrocordons or soft fibromas. While they are uncommon near the vagina, they can develop anywhere.

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Some vaginal growths that look like skin tags may actually be genital warts, so it is essential to get a proper diagnosis.

In this article, we list the possible causes of vaginal skin tags and how people can get rid of them. We also discuss how to tell the difference between vaginal skin tags and genital warts.

What is a skin tag?

Skin tags are harmless skin growths. According to the American Osteopathic College of Dermatology, as many as half of Americans have at least one.

Doctors are unsure what causes skin tags, although they seem to run in families. They are made of loose fibers of collagen, which is a protein that helps make up the skin. They may also contain blood vessels.

Skin tags are usually relatively small and can resemble warts, moles, or a piece of skin that is hanging loose. They may be flesh-colored or slightly lighter or darker than the surrounding skin.

Skin tags do not cause cancer or turn into cancer. However, some forms of cancer can look like skin tags. Moles that resemble skin tags may also turn cancerous, so a person should not assume that a new or rapidly growing bump is a skin tag.

Skin tags do not normally cause symptoms and should not be painful. However, they can get caught on clothing or be scraped when shaving or rubbing the skin. This may pull them off, rip them, or cause skin infections.

Anyone with a painful or bleeding skin tag should speak to a doctor.

Causes

Researchers are unsure why some people develop skin tags and others do not. Skin tags are not a sign of any underlying skin disease.

Some research suggests that people with human papillomavirus (HPV) may get more skin tags than others. The type of HPV linked to skin tags is a lower-risk form of the virus than the type linked to cancer, however.

Other risk factors for skin tags include:

diabetes and insulin resistance
being overweight
pregnancy
Skin tags are more common in areas where the skin is dry, folded, or exposed to a lot of friction. These areas include the underarms and areas that are frequently rubbed by clothing.

Skin tags do not grow inside the vagina, but they may appear near the vagina. Skin tags can grow on or around the vulva. They may also grow near the vulva on the inside of the thighs.

Friction from underwear or other clothing can irritate skin tags in this area, and may even be a risk factor for developing them.

Diagnosis

Dermatologists can usually diagnose skin tags with a quick visual examination. When skin tags look unusual — such as when they are very large or dark — it may be necessary to take a sample to test in a lab.

A doctor may also test for HPV, particularly if there is a large group of skin tags near the genitals.

Vaginal skin tags vs. genital warts

Growths that look like skin tags on the genitals may actually be genital warts. Genital warts are typically caused by the HPV virus.

Some forms of HPV can increase a person's risk of cancer, so a doctor may test the warts to determine the type.

Most genital warts are caused by a strain of HPV that does not cause cancer. However, other strains of HPV are linked to cervical, throat, and other cancers, so proper diagnosis of the type of HPV is important.

Skin tags look different from genital warts. A skin growth is probably a skin tag if:

it is loose and stalk-like
it is in an area where the skin folds
it is located in an area of dry skin, not in or around the vagina
it is not painful or itchy
there are only one or two growths together
A growth could be a genital wart or another condition if:

the growth is flat and round
there are many skin growths in clusters
the growth is in or around the vagina or anus
it causes itching, pain, or bleeding

What's to know about bumps on the skin?
What's to know about bumps on the skin?
There are many different types of bump that can appear on the skin. In this article, we look at common bumps, where they might occur, and self-care tips.

How to get rid of them

Removing skin tags at home can be dangerous and cause infections, so it is important to see a doctor.

In rare cases, growths that look like skin tags may be a sign of another condition, including cancer. Removing the growth will not get rid of any underlying conditions, so it is essential to see a doctor first for diagnosis.

Even if the growth is definitely a skin tag, home removal is dangerous. Cutting or pulling a skin tag may not remove the whole thing. It may become infected and irritated. A severe skin infection can cause scarring or spread to other parts of the body.

Safely removing a skin tag near the vagina is even more dangerous, since the skin tag can be difficult to see and will be surrounded by sensitive tissues.

Doctors can easily and safely remove skin tags. One option is to freeze the tag off with liquid nitrogen. A doctor may also inject a numbing solution into the skin and cut the skin tag with scissors or a scalpel. These procedures are not painful but the skin may feel tender temporarily.

When to see a doctor
If a skin tag is bleeding or gets caught on clothing or a zipper, people should speak to a doctor. Injured skin tags can become painful and infected, or cause scarring and skin damage.

Most skin tags do not require medical treatment. As other skin growths may resemble skin tags, however, it is important to see a doctor who specializes in skin health for a proper diagnosis.

People should also have annual skin checks with a family doctor or a dermatologist to ensure that moles and other skin growths, including those that look like skin tags, have not become cancerous or pre-cancerous.

Outlook

True skin tags are harmless and can be easily removed in a doctor's office. Some skin tags disappear over time.

People with one skin tag may develop more later on. By the age of 70, most people stop developing new skin tags.

While skin tags can be annoying, they will not cause cancer or other serious medical problems. It is important to prevent them from snagging on clothing or getting ripped, however, as they can get infected.

People should not pick at or pull on skin tags. With time, they may disappear. If they do not go away, treatment is safe, easy, and painless.

[Big Sexy]

What causes a friable cervix?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321666.php

A friable cervix occurs when a person's cervix, which is the opening between the vagina and uterus, becomes more sensitive than usual.
The term "friable" refers to tissue that is easily irritated, which makes it more prone to inflammation, bleeding, or tearing. A person with a friable cervix may notice pain or bleeding after intercourse.

There are several reasons why a person may have an overly sensitive cervix, including sexually transmitted infections (STIs) or physical irritation. The treatment will depend on the cause.

In this article, we explore the symptoms, causes, diagnosis, treatment, and outlook for a friable cervix.

Symptoms

The symptoms of a friable cervix may vary depending on its cause. Common symptoms that indicate a person has a friable cervix include:

bleeding between periods or after intercourse
pain or discomfort during sex
unusual vaginal discharge
irritation that is felt inside the vagina
In some cases, a person may have a friable cervix without having any symptoms, which means it can go undetected.

If a person notices the symptoms of a friable cervix, they should speak with their doctor to rule out other causes that have similar symptoms, such as pregnancy, infection, or growths in the uterus or cervix.

Causes

There are several factors that can cause an overly sensitive cervix. These include:

Cervicitis

Cervicitis is the name given to any inflammation of the cervix. It can be caused by various kinds of infection, including:

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs). STIs can cause irritation and inflammation in the cervix. STIs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis, and genital herpes.
Bacterial vaginosis. Bacterial vaginosis is a condition that occurs when there is an imbalance in the bacteria of the vagina. It can affect the cervix.

Physical irritation

A friable cervix can also be caused by physical irritation or an allergic reaction. For instance, an adverse reaction in the cervix can be caused by spermicides, latex condoms, or female contraceptives devices such as diaphragms and pessaries.

Pregnancy

Pregnancy hormones can cause the cervix to become more sensitive than usual. This is because of the increased blood supply in the tissues surrounding the cervix.

This increased sensitivity means that any irritation to the cervix, such as intercourse or an internal examination, can result in spotting or bleeding.

A friable or sensitive cervix on its own is not a risk to pregnancy. However, a woman should consult her doctor immediately if any bleeding occurs during pregnancy.

Cervical polyps

Cervical polyps are small growths that develop on the cervix. Most are benign but could cause bleeding after intercourse or between periods.

Cervical ectropion

Cervical ectropion occurs when the thin layer of glandular cells that are normally found inside the cervical canal extend to the outside of the cervix. This is a benign condition.

Symptoms include vaginal discharge and bleeding after intercourse. They normally do not need to be treated.

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)

This condition occurs when cells in the cervix undergo abnormal changes over time and could potentially turn cancerous if not treated.

Cervical cancer

Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that affects the cells of the cervix. In its early stages, cancer of the cervix often has no visible symptoms.

If there are signs, the most common one is vaginal bleeding, which a person may notice after intercourse or between periods.

Most cases of cervical cancer are caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV), a virus that can be passed on through sexual contact.

Treatment

The treatments for conditions that cause a friable cervix can vary depending on the underlying causes.

Cervicitis can be treated once the cause of the infection, usually an STI, is identified. If left untreated, cervicitis can cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which can, in turn, cause fertility problems.

STIs such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis can be treated with antibiotics.

While there is no cure for viral infections such as herpes and HPV, there are treatments that can ease its symptoms.

Doctors can remove cervical polyps with an instrument called polyp forceps. They can also remove CIN tissue using a small, electrically charged wire loop called LEEP.

Cervical ectropion usually clears up on its own without need for treatment. But if it causes problems, a doctor can cauterize or burn it off.

Treatment

Treatment for cervical cancer will depend on how far the cancer has spread. They would include:

removal of abnormal cells using cone biopsy or laser therapy
surgery
radiotherapy
chemotherapy
Some studies suggest that drinking green tea and eating yogurt or taking probiotic supplements can ease gynecological disorders. However, these should only be used to supplement and not replace medical treatments.

Diagnosis

There are several ways to diagnose conditions that cause a friable cervix:

STI tests. These tests normally require a swab from the infected area or a urine sample.
A pap test. A pap test, also called a smear test, involves gathering cells from the surface of the cervix to detect abnormal cells or identify the HPV types that could lead to cancer.
A biopsy. A biopsy involves removing a small sample of tissue from the cervix and testing it for abnormal or precancerous cells, or cervical cancer.
Colposcopy. A colposcopy is an examination of the cervix using a magnifying device called a colposcope.

Prevention

There are several ways to reduce the risk of developing conditions that cause a friable cervix in the first place. These include:

Having a HPV shot. This vaccination protects against infection by the HPV strains that cause cervical cancer, other genital cancers, and most genital warts. The vaccines may be given to children from 11 years old until they reach 26.
Attending regular cervical screenings. Also called pap smears, cervical screenings are the best way to detect abnormal changes in cervical cells at an early stage.
Using barrier protection during sex. The use of condoms during intercourse to lower the chances of developing an STD.
Having regular STI tests. These tests are recommended for people who are sexually active, especially since many symptoms are not immediately visible.
Avoiding smoking. People who smoke are less likely to get rid of the HPV infection, which can progress and develop into cancer.

Outlook

It is possible for a friable cervix to clear up on its own. Many of the conditions that cause its symptoms can be treated easily, especially if detected early.

However, if left untreated, some infections, such as chlamydia, can result in infertility or pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). An HPV infection can lead to cervical cancer if not treated early.

If a person experiences the symptoms of a friable cervix, they should visit their doctor for an accurate diagnosis and treatment.

[Big Sexy]

What is the treatment for a pimple on the scrotum?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321986.php

A pimple on the scrotum is usually harmless, but it may also be a sign of a virus or infection. The scrotum can be particularly affected by pimples because sweat and moisture often build up and clog pores in the area.
Sweat and dead skin cells are common causes of pimples. Hence, pimples usually go away without treatment.

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The primary cause of pimples is pores that are blocked by:

dead skin cells
dirt
sweat
natural body oils
When a pore is blocked, bacteria can build up. This causes redness, a raised area of skin, pus, or sometimes all three.

Types and causes

Pimples can form in almost any area of the body, and there are several different types:

blackheads, which form when oil clogs a pore and the air turns it black
whiteheads, which form the same way but remain white as the top of the pore is closed
papules or red bumps that often feel sore when touched
pustules that have a white tip in their center caused by pus building up
nodules or bumps below the surface of the skin, which are often painful
Any one of these forms of pimple may develop on the scrotum.

The cause of a pimple on the scrotum is usually the same as for a pimple on the face or back:

Ingrown hair

An ingrown hair is a common cause of a pimple on the scrotum. This happens when a hair twists and grows back into the skin. It usually creates a red spot that can cause itching or discomfort.

An ingrown hair can happen when hair follicles become blocked with dead skin cells. This causes a hair to grow sideways or inward instead of outward. Pubic hair is usually curlier and coarser than the hair on the head, and this type of hair is more likely to become ingrown.

Ingrown hairs are more common on areas that have been shaved. If someone shaves the hair on or around their testicles, this may cause ingrown hairs.

Folliculitis

The hair follicles around an ingrown hair can become inflamed or infected. This is a condition known as folliculitis.

The hair follicles may swell up and fill with pus, and often appear in a cluster.

Heat rash

Heat rash can affect the skin in warm weather. It appears as small, red spots and usually causes an itching or prickling feeling.

Sweating can irritate the rash, so keeping the skin cool can help with symptoms.

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

Some sexually transmitted infections or STIs can cause spots to form on the scrotum:

Herpes causes small blisters to appear on the skin.
Syphilis is now a fairly uncommon STI, but it can cause a sore on the skin.
Pubic lice, also known as crabs, can cause a rash of small red bumps.

Cysts

Cysts are pus-filled spots that form underneath the skin.

They can appear on any part of the body and are usually harmless unless they become infected.

Molluscum contagiosum

Molluscum contagiosum is a virus that affects the skin. It is more common in children and usually does not need treatment.

The main symptom is small, raised spots that are firm to the touch. They form in clusters, usually in creases around the body, such as the armpits and groin.

Close physical contact can spread the virus. To prevent the infection from spreading, a person should not share baths, towels, or clothing.

What does a white, red, or black color mean?

A pimple may appear in a range of colors.

White pimples usually contain pus.
Black pimples are often open. Air reaches the oil blocking the pore, causing a reaction that turns it black.
Redness is usually a sign of irritation or swelling.
An STI or other infection can cause red spots or a rash. Black or white pimples are more likely to be caused by the pores clogged with oil or dead skin cells.

When to see a doctor

If pimples appear on the scrotum repeatedly, people may wish to seek medical advice.

Pimples that appear in clusters, or look like they may be a rash, can be a virus or infection that may need treatment.

If someone has symptoms of an STI, they should see a doctor. Symptoms can include itching, fever, pain when urinating, and discharge from the penis.

What are the treatment options?

Pimples often do not need any treatment. They should disappear on their own within 1 to 2 weeks.

An ingrown hair should be left alone, as it will usually work its way out of the hair follicle naturally.

Folliculitis usually does not need treatment, but a person should see a doctor if it lasts for more than a week.

Using chemicals on the body can irritate pimples. The skin should be kept clean and dry, using warm water and gentle soap for washing.

Do not pick or scratch a pimple, as this can damage it. A pimple that has burst or bled is more likely to become infected.

Heat rash can be treated at home by:

applying a cool, wet flannel to skin to soothe irritation
having a cool shower or bath
wearing loose-fitting clothing
staying hydrated by drinking plenty of fluids
Pimples that are caused by an infection or virus may need treatment. A doctor will be able to advise on the right course of action.

If a person has an STI, they may need to take a course of antibiotics. Abstaining from sexual contact until the infection has cleared will prevent it being spread to others.

Prevention

Good hygiene can help to prevent pimples. Wearing clean underwear and showering every day can help to stop pimples from developing. Taking a shower after exercise or sweating a lot can help to prevent sweat clogging pores, which can lead to pimples.

Loose-fitting underwear made from natural fabrics can stop heat and moisture from building up. If pimples are caused by ingrown hairs, avoiding shaving can prevent them from developing. Hair removal cream is less likely to cause ingrown hairs than shaving.

Takeaway

Most pimples are harmless, and will usually go away on their own. Anyone with recurrent pimples on the scrotum should consider seeing a doctor or take preventive measures.

People who have symptoms that may indicate an STI should see a doctor for a diagnosis.

[Big Sexy]

Scientists report setbacks in quest for AIDS cure
http://www.digitaljournal.com/print/article/527824

Scientists reported setbacks Tuesday in the quest for an AIDS cure, and highlighted concerns about inconclusive evidence linking a promising new HIV drug to birth defects.

According to research presented at the 22nd International AIDS Conference in Amsterdam, four cases of "neural tube" defects were recorded among the pregnancies of 426 HIV-positive women in Botswana who took the drug dolutegravir before conception.

Neural tube defects cause severe brain and spinal deformities in the first weeks after conception, and often lead to stillbirth.

The cases amount to a ratio of nearly one defect per 100 pregnancies, compared to the rate in the general population of about one per 1,000, researcher Rebecca Zash of the Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health explained.

The defects were observed between August 2014 and May this year.

There have been no new reports among 170 dolutegravir pregnancies monitored since, but Zash said, "I don't think we can take much reassurance" from that.

Four birth defects in 596 pregnancies was "still seven times higher than other groups, and statistically significant", she added.

Dolutegravir is a relatively new HIV-suppressor with fewer side-effects, and is thought less likely to spark drug resistance in patients.

Countries targeted by the US PEPFAR AIDS relief fund were on the cusp of rolling it out as the leading antiretroviral therapy (ART), International AIDS Society president Linda-Gail Bekker told AFP.

- Waiting game -

Botswana was the first country to introduce dolutegravir as a first-line antiretroviral drug for all who need it, including women of child-bearing age.

"This puts a very definite bump in the road," Bekker said, adding that conference organisers "scurried" to organise last-minute sessions to discuss the consequences of the Botswana results.

Pending clarification, global health agencies have advised HIV-positive women planning a family to use other antiretrovirals instead.

"I wish so badly that this (data) signal would go away" with further research, Zash told AFP.

In the meantime, "it's tough, but I think we just have to wait" for more information.

On the cure front, there was bad news too.

A trial to test a new strategy to "kick" the AIDS-causing HIV virus out of its hiding place in human cells, then "kill" it, yielded a disappointing outcome.


178827

Researchers tested the effects of several medicines on top of standard ART in a trial with 60 HIV-positive men.

Volunteers received two vaccines meant to coach the body's immune system to recognise HIV, and another drug to "wake up" the reservoir cells hiding the virus, allowing it to be attacked by the body's own defences.

But trial participants who received these drugs had no different outcome to those on standard ART, said Sarah Fidler, a professor of HIV medicine at Imperial College London who took part in the research.

"Of course the overall effect wasn't what we would hope for, but it was definitive," she told journalists in the Dutch capital.

"All results move the knowledge forward even if they're somewhat disappointing."

For scientists, "cure" means weakening HIV to a point where it poses no harm to the infected person and cannot be transmitted to others -- allowing people to stop treatment without any risk.

- 'Very difficult challenge' -

"A cure remains a top scientific priority," said researcher Sharon Lewin of the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity at the University of Melbourne.

However, "what we've learnt, I think over the last decade: this is going to be a very difficult scientific challenge."

In another potential setback, a Thai study concluded that a type of "feminising hormone" used by transgender women appears to lower the concentration of a virus-repressing drug, tenofovir, in the blood.

This did not necessarily mean that hormone therapy renders the virus-repressing drug less effective, said Akarin Hiransuthikul of the Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre.

But further research is needed to unlock the potential repercussions.

There was some encouraging news too.

Updated findings in an ongoing study found zero infections among uninfected men in relationships with HIV-positive men who use virus-suppressing drugs.

Another study provided further evidence that "on-demand" use of antiretrovirals, pre- and post-sex, appears to work as a means of infection prevention.

And new data in the APPROACH vaccine study among nearly 400 HIV-negative adults, showed an immune response was still present 78 weeks after a fourth dose, though this does not yet constitute evidence that it works.

[Big Sexy]

11 babies die after Viagra drug trial on pregnant women
https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/viagra-pregnant-babies-die-trial-women-placenta-amsterdam-study-pregnancy-a8461846.html

Scheme terminated early after 17 infants developed ultimately fatal lung issues

A drug trial that saw pregnant women given Viagra has been halted after 11 babies died of complications linked to the drug.

As part of the scheme led by Amsterdam University Medical Centre, pregnant women whose placentas were underdeveloped in the womb and had a high likelihood of giving birth prematurely took sildenafil, the medication sold under the brand name Viagra.

Viagra is a treatment for erectile dysfunction in men that dilates blood vessels. The drug is also prescribed to treat high blood pressure.

The hope was that Viagra would encourage blood flow to the placenta, subsequently promoting increased growth of the child - as backed by experimental research conducted on lab rats.

However, the trial, carried out across 10 hospitals in the Netherlands, was terminated when an independent committee discovered that more babies were dying after birth as a result of lung problems compared to the babies born to women taking the placebo.

According to Marc van den Broek, a spokesperson for Amsterdam UMC who spoke to The Independent, all of the women who participated in the study had a “very low birthrate” and the children would be in intensive care after they were born.

Of the 93 women given Viagra as part of the trial, 17 babies developed lung problems, 11 of which have since died. A further eight died from unrelated conditions.

In comparison, of the 90 women in a control group who took the placebo, just three babies developed the same lung issues. No babies died from conditions that were linked to the Viagra, however nine did die from unrelated problems.

A further 10 to 15 women are still waiting for results on their children’s health following the trial.

Although the results of the terminated trial have not been confirmed, it is believed that drug caused high blood pressure in the lungs resulting in too little oxygen in the babies who died.

Van den Broek said the babies developed “severe lung problems” and thath the results of the study were released after the women were informed.

A statement released by the hospital said: “An interim analysis by Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, showed that sildenafil may be detrimental to the baby after birth. The chance of a disease of the blood vessels of the lungs appears to be greater and the chance of death after birth seems to have increased.

“The researchers found no positive effect for the children on other outcomes. All adverse effects occurred after birth … Based on these findings, the study stopped immediately. All participants were approached personally and almost everyone was informed and know by now whether they have taken the drug or the placebo.”

Similar studies on the effects of Viagra on pregnant women have been conducted in the UK by the University of Liverpool and New Zealand by the University of Auckland but the results of these studies were inconclusive.

A study currently being conducted in Canada has also been halted following the 11 deaths.

Before the drug trial, some doctors prescribed Viagra to pregnant women who asked for it as a measure to save their unborn children, according to van den Broek.

Speaking to the Dutch newspaper De Volkskrant, gynaecologist and the lead researcher of the drug trial Wessel Ganzevoort said: “It was buzzing at conferences. Foreign colleagues let slip that they sometimes prescribed it, with good results.”

Of the request for Viagra from women carrying underdeveloped foetuses, Mr van den Broek said: “They are happy with anything that might help.

“The study helps despite the very sad outcome because it helps to prevent more babies from dying while women are pregnant.”

Although it is believed the trial, which began in 2015 and was meant to conclude in 2020, was conducted properly, it is expected that an external investigation will be launched

[Big Sexy]

Vulvovaginitis
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322014.php

Vulvovaginitis refers to different conditions that cause inflammation or infection in the vulva and vagina. The condition is common and easily treatable.
Potential causes of vulvovaginitis include:

bacteria
yeast
parasites
Typically, the symptoms of vulvovaginitis affect both the vulva and vagina. How someone experiences the condition depends on the cause.

Causes of vulvovaginitis?
The types and causes of the condition include the following:

Bacterial vaginosis (BV)

BV is the most common type of vulvovaginitis. Bacterial imbalances in the vagina cause the condition.

Any woman can get BV, and sexual activity does not usually play a role in its development, but it can.

BV prevalence in the United States is estimated to be 21.2 million, or 29 percent in females ages 14 to 49 years old, this is according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Up to 84 percent of females with BV do not report any symptoms.

Yeast infections, including Candida infections, are common causes of vulvovaginitis. These infections are also called vulvovaginal candidiasis.

Yeast infections are not sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

Yeast infections affect up to 75 percent of the female population at least once in their lifetimes, and recurrences are not unusual. Recurrences are more common in those with immunodeficiency disorders, such as diabetes and lupus.

Trichomonas
Trichomonas or trichomoniasis is an infection caused by a parasite and is usually spread through sexual contact, but not always.

The prevalence of trichomonas in the U.S. is believed to be around 2.3 million, or 3.1 percent, amongst girls and women, ages 14 to 49 years of age, according to the CDC.

Other causes

Further causes of vulvovaginitis include:

ingredients in soaps, lotions, and personal hygiene products, including douches
spermicides
heat rashes from tight-fitting or wet clothing
chronic skin conditions
reduced estrogen levels around the start of menopause or after childbirth
foreign bodies, including lost tampons
poor hygiene spread from bacteria in feces
Vulvovaginitis caused by poor hygiene tends to be more common in young girls who have not yet hit puberty. This may be due to poor hygiene practices that can transfer fecal bacteria to the vagina.

What are the symptoms?

General symptoms of vulvovaginitis include:

itching
burning
irritation
redness or soreness
swelling
dryness

Some women may also experience:

pain or discomfort with urination
pain during sexual activity
light bleeding outside monthly periods
abnormal discharge
odor, sometimes fishy smelling

What do odor and discharge say about the cause?

Discharge and odor distinguish the three causes of vulvovaginitis.

Discharge with yeast infections is generally white and cottage cheese-like, but it does not have an odor. Yeast infections also cause itching.
BV discharge is more substantial and may appear as a grey or green color. Its fishy smelling odor can distinguish BV.
Trichomoniasis discharge may also have a fishy odor. The color of the discharge is a yellow-green color, and it appears foam-like.

When to see a doctor

Vulvovaginitis can be serious if not treated, although it is not generally a severe condition.

Seeing a doctor is the best way to determine what is happening and to get the right treatments because of the many causes, including sexual contact.

A doctor will make a diagnosis of vulvovaginitis based on symptoms and analysis of any vaginal discharge.

Carrying out a pelvic exam can also help with diagnosis. Pelvic exams involve physical and visual examination of the reproductive organs, including the vulva and vagina.

A doctor may test vaginal discharge with a wet prep test, also called a vaginal wet mount.

They may test vaginal pH as well, as raised pH levels can indicate BV or trichomoniasis. A doctor will apply a pH testing stick to the vaginal walls to check pH levels.

Once a doctor has decided the bacteria, yeast, or parasite source of the vulvovaginitis, they will diagnose the type of vulvovaginitis, and treatment can begin.

What are the treatment options?

Treatments depend on the cause and include the following:

BV treatments

Treating BV involves an individual taking medications and applying gels and creams to the vulva and vagina.

Medications, such as metronidazole (available as a tablet or gel) or clindamycin (a cream) are only available with a doctor's prescription.

Yeast infection treatments

Treating yeast infections can be done with over-the-counter (OTC) antifungal creams and suppositories, such as miconazole, which is available under the brand name Monistat.

Doctors may treat yeast infections with prescription oral antifungal medications, including fluconazole (Diflucan). If they have diagnosed a yeast infection, they will probably prescribe fluconazole or another prescription antifungal.

Trichomoniasis

A single dose of either metronidazole or tinidazole can treat and cure trichomoniasis, according to the CDC.

It is necessary to treat all sexual partners. They should also avoid sexual contact for at least a week, and until all symptoms are gone to prevent reinfection.

It is also essential to get rechecked if symptoms return.

Do home remedies work?

Mild cases of BV and yeast infections can go away without treatment or with home remedies. It may still be a good idea to see a doctor who can prescribe appropriate treatments, however.

Research has been done on natural remedies for BV and yeast infections, including yogurt, garlic, and boric acid.

Yogurt

Because yogurt contains good bacteria, eating it daily is an effective remedy for BV. Moreover, the probiotics in yogurt help maintain pH levels to minimize bad vaginal bacteria and yeast growth.

Garlic

Garlic has been found to be similar to metronidazole in treating BV and does not cause side effects. It can be added to the diet or taken as a supplement to manage symptoms and prevent BV.

What do the studies say about home remedies?
Research from the Journal of Women's Health found that boric acid is a safe alternative for treating recurrent yeast infections. A person can apply it as a vaginal suppository before bedtime. It is a good idea to check with a doctor before starting boric acid treatment.

Takeaway

Treatment for vulvovaginitis depends on the cause, and some cases may go away without treatment.

Good hygiene is the best way to prevent non-infectious vulvovaginitis. Wearing comfortable clothing that absorbs moisture can also reduce infection. Using a condom can prevent most sexually transmitted forms of vulvovaginitis.

Adoption of good lifestyle habits, including a healthy diet, and management of all health conditions can also help avoid vulvovaginitis.

[Big Sexy]

why do they need such data? :rolleyes:
They should include their full name, phone number, bank and bank account number to receive the refund in their bank accounts within 14 days, Durex said.

Durex recalls some batches of Real Feel condoms in Singapore over durability concerns

https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/durex-recalls-some-batches-of-real-feel-condoms-in-singapore-10596516

SINGAPORE: Durex has recalled several batches of one of its condoms in Singapore after they failed to pass shelf-life durability tests, the condom manufacturer said on its website.

The recall, initiated on Aug 1, involves three batches of non-latex Real Feel condoms with the batch numbers 1000433144, 1000438055 and 1000422259.

The numbers are shown on the bottom of the pack and on the foil wrapping of individual condoms, Durex said.

181025

"We recently found that a limited number of non-latex Real Feel condoms made earlier this year are not passing our stringent shelf-life durability tests," Durex said in the notice, adding that it decided to recall the affected batches after working with regulatory authorities.

There is no immediate safety concern for consumers and only the three batches listed are affected, it added.

Customers who have purchased condoms with the batch numbers listed can get a refund by mailing them to Durex at this address: Durex Real Feel, 1 Sophia Road #04-14 Peace Centre, Singapore 228149.

They should include their full name, phone number, bank and bank account number to receive the refund in their bank accounts within 14 days, Durex said.

Full refunds on the original packs will be given for all unused condoms returned, even if customers have already used some of the condoms from the pack, it added.

The same batches of condoms have also been recalled in Malaysia.

Durex also recently recalled some batches of its Real Feel condoms in the United Kingdom and Ireland due to concerns they may burst towards the end of their shelf life.

[Big Sexy]

Long-acting injection a shot in the arm for GSK's HIV business

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-gsk-hiv/long-acting-injection-a-shot-in-the-arm-for-gsks-hiv-business-idUSKBN1L00L2

LONDON (Reuters) - A long-acting injection developed by GlaxoSmithKline and given once a month has proved as effective as standard daily pills for controlling the AIDS virus, lifting prospects for the British drugmaker’s key HIV business.

GSK’s majority-owned ViiV Healthcare unit said on Wednesday the experimental two-drug injection of cabotegravir and rilpivirine maintained similar rates of viral suppression compared with a standard three-drug oral regimen, after 48 weeks of a clinical trial.

The result from the big Phase III study is a boost for GSK’s goal of developing dual therapies that are easier to tolerate than conventional triple ones, and shares in GSK rose 1.5 percent. It follows recent positive data from combining two oral drugs.

GSK hopes its new approach will allow it to compete more effectively against Gilead Sciences, the U.S. drugmaker that dominates the $26 billion-a-year HIV market.

Shares in Gilead, which also announced late on Tuesday that its Chief Medical Officer Andrew Cheng was leaving the company, fell 3 percent.

Gilead currently has a market share of around 52 percent against GSK’s 22 percent, but Deborah Waterhouse, who heads the British drugmaker’s HIV unit, says she hopes to overtake her U.S. rival by the mid-2020s.

That is a bold ambition, since many analysts have been expecting GSK to lose market share to Gilead’s new triple drug Biktarvy, rather than see it gain ground.

“SLOW BURN”
Liberum analyst Roger Franklin, who rates GSK a ‘buy’, believes the company’s dual-drug strategy has been under-appreciated by the market.

“Whilst duals will likely be a slow burn as resistance data is collected and the regimen gains credence among physicians, the prospects are much improved now versus a year ago,” he said.

GSK is betting that a shift to using two drugs rather than three will boost its sales by offering patients a therapy with greater convenience and fewer toxic side effects. In certain cases, depending on the drugs used, two-drug regimens will also be significantly cheaper.

Still, some doctors worry that using just two drugs to keep the AIDS virus at bay might risk drug resistance because HIV will only have to evade two drugs rather than three. That is certainly the view at Gilead, which is sticking with three.

In the case of the cabotegravir and rilpivirine monthly injection, GSK said drug resistance results in the latest study were consistent with data from earlier smaller trials. It did not go into further details but said full results would be presented at an upcoming scientific meeting.

ViiV Chief Scientific and Medical Officer John Pottage argued the novel injection offered an alternative long-term treatment for patients.

“If approved, this regimen would give people living with HIV one month between each dose of antiretroviral therapy, changing HIV treatment from 365 dosing days per year, to just 12,” he said.

Results from a second trial of cabotegravir and rilpivirine are expected later this year. Rilpivirine was developed by Johnson & Johnson and GSK is working with the U.S. drugmaker on the new injection regimen.

[Big Sexy]

Fake, low quality drugs come at high cost
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-drugs-counterfeits/fake-low-quality-drugs-come-at-high-cost-idUSKCN1LG2TM

(Reuters Health) - About one in eight essential medicines in low- and middle-income countries may be fake or contain dangerous mixes of ingredients that put patients’ lives at risk, a research review suggests.

Researchers examined data from more 350 previous studies that tested more 400,000 drug samples in low- and middle-income countries. Overall, roughly 14 percent of medicines were counterfeit, expired or otherwise low quality and unlikely to be as safe or effective as patients might expect.

“Low-quality medicines can have no or little active pharmaceutical ingredient (and) can prolong illness, lead to treatment failure and contribute to drug resistance,” said lead study author Sachiko Ozawa of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

“Or it may have too much active ingredient and cause a drug overdose,” Ozawa said by email. “If it is contaminated or has other active ingredients, then the medication could cause poisoning, adverse drug interactions or avertable deaths.”

Much of the research to date on counterfeit or otherwise unsafe medicines has focused on Africa, and about half of the studies in the current analysis were done there.

Almost one in five medications tested in Africa were fake or otherwise potentially unsafe, researchers report in JAMA Network Open.

Another third of the studies were done in Asia, where about 14 percent of medicines tested were found to be counterfeit or otherwise unsafe.

Antibiotics and antimalarials were the most tested drugs in the analysis. Overall, about 19 percent of antimalarials and 12 percent of antibiotics were falsified or otherwise unsafe.

While fake or improperly made medicines undoubtedly harm patients, the current analysis couldn’t tell how many people suffered serious side effects or died as a result of falsified drugs.

Researchers did try to assess the economic impact of counterfeit or improperly made medicines and found the annual cost might run anywhere from $10 billion to $200 billion.

While the study didn’t examine high-income countries, drug quality concerns are by no means limited to less affluent nations, Ozawa said.

“Even in high-income countries, purchasing cheaper medicines from illegitimate sources online could result in obtaining substandard or falsified medicines,” Ozawa said. “Verify the source before you buy medications, and make policymakers aware of the problem so they can work to improve the global supply chain of medicines.”‘’

The study wasn’t a controlled experiment designed to prove whether or how counterfeit or poorly made medicines directly harm patients, however. And economic impact was difficult to assess from smaller studies that often didn’t include detailed methodology for calculating the financial toll.

The report “provides important validation of what is largely already known,” Tim Mackey of the Global Health Policy Institute in La Jolla, California, writes in an accompanying editorial. “It is important to note that although the study is comprehensive, its narrow scope means it only provides a snapshot of the entire problem, as it is limited to studies conducted in low- and middle-income countries and to those medicines classified as essential by the World Health Organization.”

[Big Sexy]

What effect does ADHD have on sexuality?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321860.php

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) causes a range of symptoms, including hyperactivity, difficulty paying attention, and behavioral problems. ADHD may also affect romantic relationships, feelings of self-worth, or even the ability to perform sexually.

These markers are not used to make a diagnosis, and they may be due to the disorder itself or develop as a side effect of medicines used for treatment.

Though ADHD is frequently diagnosed in childhood, it affects the lives of many adults. Some adults with ADHD report experiencing changes in their sex life.

How does ADHD impact sexuality?

Nailing down symptoms is difficult because these changes can affect everyone differently:

Hyposexuality

Adhd and sexuality can lead to hyposexuality
A person with ADHD may have a low sex drive.
Some people with ADHD report changes in their sex drive.

Some experience hyposexuality or the loss of the desire for sex.

A person experiencing hyposexuality may have no interest in sexual activity whatsoever.

They may find sex challenging to focus on, lose interest in the middle of sexual activity, or become easily distracted.

Hyposexuality might be symptomatic of ADHD in some cases, but it is also a possible side effect of some ADHD medications or antidepressants that are often used to treat ADHD symptoms.

Inability to orgasm

Many people with ADHD experience other issues apart from their sex drive. Some people may have a healthy sex drive but have difficulties reaching orgasm, even after prolonged stimulation. This may be due to boredom, problems staying focused, or other feelings. In some cases, an inability to orgasm is a side effect of medications.

Hypersensitivity

Many people with ADHD experience a physical hypersensitivity to a variety of things, including touch.

Being hypersensitive may mean that stimulation of their genitals might be uncomfortable or even painful in someone with ADHD. This sensitivity may also extend to other senses as well.

Smells or tastes associated with sex may reduce arousal or make it difficult for a person to focus on the act itself, which may lead to difficulties in staying aroused.

Hyperactivity

Hyperactivity, which is a symptom closely associated with ADHD, might also affect a person's sex life. People with ADHD may find it difficult to relax or unwind, which could make it hard for them to become aroused. They may also feel the need to switch positions frequently or may be unable to stay focused long enough to have sex.

Other symptoms

Adults with ADHD may also present with a range of other symptoms that may include emotional instability or symptoms of anxiety and depression. Symptoms such as these can be extremely challenging on a day-to-day basis and may also affect a person's sex life.

These emotional issues might put stress on a romantic relationship, making a difficult situation even more difficult than before.

These feelings of anxiety and instability may also affect a person with ADHD who is not in a romantic relationship. These emotions might lead to reluctance in seeking healthful relationships with other people or worry surrounding their individual sexuality.

Overcoming the sexual difficulties of ADHD

There are many techniques and coping strategies that people with ADHD can learn to improve their sexual relationships with other people:

Communication

Communication can help problems regarding adhd and sexuality
Discussing sexual issues with a partner may help to improve the situation.
Communication is vital. Discussing any sexual issues with a partner may help them better understand how they can help.

It may also ease any uncertainty they might have about the situation. A person with ADHD may find communication difficult at first.

However, openly expressing individual needs or talking about trouble areas with intimacy may put both people's minds at ease and help them to relax and enjoy sex more.

Avoid sensations

Romance and sexuality can involve the use of many senses, such as smell and touch. However, these sensations may not be suitable for people with ADHD who are hypersensitive. For example, scented candles, incense, or massage oils may be too distracting for some people, while others might be sensitive to light or sounds.

When a person identifies what does and does not work for them, they should let their partner know, which should help create a welcoming sexual atmosphere.

Remove distractions

While some people find mood music or background noise calming, someone with ADHD might find it distracting.

Turning off the television, radio, or computer during sex may help avoid these distractions. However, distractions can range from the sound of a fan in the room to the sight of an unfinished project on the table. These distractions may be enough to reduce arousal in some people.

Again, communication is essential. When people know what distraction to avoid, they may find their romantic moments are more present and focused.

Make changes

For people who appear to be losing interest in sex, making changes in their sexual play, techniques, or even locations may provide enough stimuli to improve arousal and increase their sexual satisfaction.

Always communicate this to the sexual partner, but changing the sexual routine may be the way forward for some people.

Focus on being present

Mindfulness exercises may help regarding issues of adhd and hyposexuality
Practicing mindfulness exercises such as meditation or yoga may help to calm a person before sex.
Making an effort to stay focused on what is happening in the moment may help keep a person's mind from straying.

Learning to focus takes practice, and mindfulness activities, such as meditation, breathing exercises, or yoga, may be a good place to start.

Doing these activities with a partner before sex may help calm both people down, allowing them to enter a more relaxed state.

Scheduling

Sometimes, problems with sex may be overcome by setting a schedule and sticking to it. Scheduling sex may sound unromantic, but it may put some people's mind at ease. Knowing that they have a specific time to focus on sex may help ease a person's anxiety or help them prepare for it.

Takeaway

Some of the symptoms of ADHD may create difficulties in a person's sex life and romantic relationships. The key to changing these symptoms may vary from person-to-person, but patience and communication between partners are crucial.

In many cases, a sex therapist or relationship counselor with experience helping people with ADHD may provide guidance and help people with ADHD find happiness and expression in their sexual relationships.

[Big Sexy]

Chlamydia and erectile dysfunction: What's the link?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322048.php

Some individuals with chlamydia experience difficulty getting or keeping an erection, which is commonly called erectile dysfunction. This difficulty occurs when chlamydia infects the prostate gland, leading to prostatitis.
Chlamydia is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that can cause long-term health problems. Many people with chlamydia have no symptoms and are unaware that they have the infection.

If it goes untreated, chlamydia can lead to:

chronic prostatitis in men, causing pain and erectile dysfunction (ED)
an increased risk of getting HIV
permanent infertility in women and a painful condition called pelvic inflammatory disease
In this article, we explore the link between chlamydia and ED. We also describe when to get tested, how chlamydia is treated, and which other conditions can cause ED.

Does chlamydia cause ED?

Chlamydia can infect the prostate, causing a complication called prostatitis, which can lead to ED.

If chlamydia enters the genital tract, it can spread to nearby organs. In males, chlamydia bacteria can infect the urethra, which is the tube that carries sperm out of the body. Over time, the bacteria can travel through the urethra to the prostate gland.

If the prostate becomes infected and inflamed, it may restrict the flow of blood to the penis, which can make getting or keeping an erection difficult.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the United States report that chlamydia can spread to a sexual partner, even when a male does not ejaculate during the encounter.

Chlamydia symptoms

Chlamydia often causes no symptoms. In some people, symptoms appear several weeks after the initial infection, and by then a person may have spread chlamydia to someone else.

When chlamydia does cause symptoms, they can include:

a burning sensation when urinating
discharge from the penis or vagina
pain or swelling in the testicles, which is less common
Chlamydia can indirectly cause ED. This does not mean that a person with ED necessarily has chlamydia or another STI.

If an individual is having problems getting or keeping an erection, they should discuss it with a doctor, who can advise about treatment.

Prevention

Anyone who is sexually active is at risk for getting chlamydia. The CDC estimate that 2.6 million cases of infection occur each year in the U.S.

Practicing safe sex can prevent chlamydia and its complications. A person can do this by:

using condoms or dental dams correctly every time they have sex
only having sex with people who have been tested and treated for any STIs
abstaining from vaginal, oral, and anal sex

Treatment for chlamydia and ED

A chlamydia test may involve a urine sample or a swab of the inside of the urethra. If chlamydia is confirmed, the person should begin treatment right away.

It is essential to discuss the diagnosis with any sexual partners, including past partners who may have contracted and spread the infection. Some clinics offer to call these past partners and inform them, without naming anyone involved.

Informing sexual partners about the diagnosis will allow them to get tested and begin treatment, if necessary.

A doctor will prescribe antibiotics to treat chlamydia. It is crucial to take all the antibiotics as prescribed. Failing to finish a full course may mean that some bacteria survive and cause another infection.

A complete course of antibiotics can cure the infection causing prostatitis, which may relieve ED symptoms.

Becoming infected with chlamydia multiple times is possible. Completing a course of treatment will clear up an infection, but it does not make a person immune.

Anyone diagnosed with chlamydia should avoid all sexual contact for 7 days after taking the single-dose antibiotic or while taking the 7-day treatment course.

Can other conditions cause ED?

Physical, psychological, and emotional factors can contribute to ED. Just a handful of the many health conditions that can cause it include:

heart disease
type 2 diabetes
high blood pressure
kidney problems
anxiety
depression
Stress and certain medications can also cause ED, as can STI-related anxiety and discomfort.

In addition, authors of a study from 2011 found that men aged 40–59 with HIV had significantly higher rates of ED.

When to see a doctor

A person with any of the following symptoms should seek medical advice:

problems getting or keeping an erection
burning during urination
pain during sex
discharge from the penis
a rash in the genitals
Only a healthcare professional can properly diagnose and treat STIs. For people who are sexually active, regular testing for chlamydia is an important part of staying healthy.

Family doctors and some medical clinics offer STI testing. While untreated chlamydia can cause a number of health complications, the condition is curable.

Regular medical checkups and STI testing can help to prevent and treat ED and other problems resulting from chlamydia.

[sammyboyfor]

Chlamydia and erectile dysfunction: What's the link?


If my PSA test is normal does that mean I don't have chlamydia?

[Big Sexy]

hmm..read here and make your own conclusion. ;)

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3188942/

ABSTRACT
Background:
We investigated prostate involvement during sexually transmitted infections by measuring serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) as a marker of prostate infection, inflammation, and/or cell damage in young, male US military members.

Methods:
We measured PSA before and during infection for 299 chlamydia, 112 gonorrhoea, and 59 non-chlamydial, non-gonococcal urethritis (NCNGU) cases, and 256 controls.

Results:
Chlamydia and gonorrhoea, but not NCNGU, cases were more likely to have a large rise (⩾40%) in PSA than controls (33.6%, 19.1%, and 8.2% vs 8.8%, P<0.0001, 0.021, and 0.92, respectively).

Conclusion:
Chlamydia and gonorrhoea may infect the prostate of some infected men.

Keywords: sexually transmitted infections, chlamydia, gonorrhoea, non-chlamydial, non-gonococcal urethritis, prostate-specific antigen, prostate cancer


If my PSA test is normal does that mean I don't have chlamydia?

[IAmAwesome]

While untreated chlamydia can cause a number of health complications, the condition is curable

Well thats probably good news for some to know that chlamydia is curable :o

[Big Sexy]

What to know about RPR testing for syphilis
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322204.php

The rapid plasma reagin test is a simple blood test that doctors use to screen for syphilis. The test checks the blood for a current syphilis infection.
The rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test looks for specific antibodies that will be present in the blood if a person's immune system is currently fighting off the syphilis virus.

If the test identifies an active syphilis infection, a second test will be required to confirm the diagnosis. Once confirmed, a doctor can then start treatment and help prevent further complications or the disease spreading to others.

When is the RPR test used?

A doctor will likely order an RPR test if a person presents signs and symptoms of syphilis, such as a rash or sores, especially if they have recently had a new sexual partner.

A doctor may use an RPR test:

To check for an active syphilis infection.
To check the progress of a person's condition after they have received treatment. If the treatment is effective, the RPR test will show a decreased number of antibodies in the blood.
In routine checkups of sexual health in people who are sexually active.
During pregnancy to make sure there are no active infections, as syphilis can affect a growing fetus.

Procedure

The RPR test follows the same procedure as any other simple blood test.

The procedure may take place in a lab or a doctor's office. A person does not typically need to prepare in advance for an RPR test and will not need to fast beforehand. But, always follow the doctor's advice on what to do before, during, and after a medical test.

A doctor or technician will tie a rubber tube around the person's upper arm. This will help the blood pool in the vein, making it easier for the technician or doctor to find the vein.

Once they find a suitable vein, they will swab the area with antiseptic and use a small needle to collect a small sample of blood. The person may feel a slight pinch.

When the technician removes the needle, they will hold some pressure on the site for a few seconds then apply an adhesive bandage to the arm.

They then send the blood sample to a lab for testing. Ask the doctor about how long the results will take, as the time frames vary between labs.

Interpreting RPR results and accuracy

A normal test result typically reveals that the blood does not contain any antibodies that are reactive to syphilis.

However, some factors can contribute to syphilis not appearing on the test, which can make the results less accurate.

In the early stages of a syphilis infection, the body may not have produced antibodies yet, or not enough antibodies to show up on the test. It can take several months before the antibodies build up.

It is also possible that the RPR test fails to detect syphilis after someone has recently received treatment because of the reduced number of antibodies in the blood.

It is best to do the RPR test in the middle stages of a syphilis infection — after the body has built up an antibody defense, but before any treatment takes place.

Even if the RPR test gives a negative result, a doctor may repeat the test after a few weeks.

Other infections can influence the results of an RPR test if they cause the body to produce similar antibodies to syphilis.

Some potential infections that could cause a false positive include:

malaria
lupus
Lyme disease
HIV
some kinds of pneumonia
When a person's test results come back as positive, meaning they may have syphilis, their doctor will likely run further tests. These tests, which may include a fluorescent treponemal antibody-absorption (FTA-ABS) test, look specifically for the presence of the antibodies used to fight syphilis.

RPR and pregnancy

Many states require people to take an RPR test during the early stages of pregnancy. Syphilis represents a significant risk to the fetus, so early detection and treatment can help prevent pregnancy loss due to syphilis infection.

In states that do not require the test, a doctor may still recommend that pregnant people take the test, particularly if the doctor suspects that the individual is at a higher risk for contracting syphilis.

If the test result is positive, the individual will receive treatment and periodic testing to ensure the infection is under control.

Outlook

The RPR test is only an initial screening for syphilis. Because there are some problems with its interpretation, further testing is often needed to confirm a syphilis diagnosis.

If a person tests positive, they may require an additional test to confirm the presence of syphilis. If a person tests negative, their doctor may request that they repeat the test in a few weeks, especially if they suspect syphilis is present or if a person is considered high risk.

Syphilis is a treatable condition and, with treatment, a person can typically expect to make a full recovery. However, if syphilis is left untreated, people may experience severe complications. It is essential to talk to a doctor about the RPR test when experiencing symptoms of syphilis infection.

[Big Sexy]

The clitoris: What is there to know about this mystery organ?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322235.php

That most elusive part of the female anatomy: the clitoris. What is it, where is it located, and what does it do? How did it develop, and why don't we hear much about it? We answer all these questions and more in this Spotlight.

The clitoris has long been misrepresented and misunderstood, and even now, it still holds some riddles that science is yet to solve.

All female mammals — and some female birds and reptiles — have a clitoris (or two, as is the case with snakes).

However, it is not clear if or how many of them also orgasm thanks to this organ.

In humans, the clitoris has been firmly tied to sexual pleasure, though whether it plays any other role is still a matter for debate.

Despite approximately half the world's population being born with a clitoris, this sexual organ is not talked about very much, and, until very recently, even the information that we might have found about it in textbooks was incorrect or misleading.

So, what is there to know about this elusive organ, and why are we still struggling to understand it? Read on to find out.

1. More than just a 'little hill'
The nature of the clitoris can be found in the name itself; "clitoris" comes from the Ancient Greek word "kleitoris," meaning "little hill," and which itself may also be related to the word "kleis," meaning "key."

Although this organ may be the key that unlocks female sexual pleasure, it is not just a "little hill," as it has long been believed.

In fact, the little hill (protected by a cloak of skin, or the "clitoral hood," which is found over the urethral opening) is just the tip of the much larger organ that is the clitoris.

That tip, called the clitoral gland, is the most readily visible part of this genital organ.

Yet the entire organ extends much farther than that, and this notion was initially brought to public attention only a few years ago by researcher Dr. Helen O'Connell.

"The vaginal wall is, in fact, the clitoris. If you lift the skin off the vagina on the side walls, you get the bulbs of the clitoris — triangular, crescental masses of erectile tissue," Dr. O'Connell explained in an interview with the BBC in 2006.

The clitoris has three major components:

the glans clitoris, which is the only visible part of the organ, accounting for "a fifth or less" of the entire structure
the two crura, which extend, like brackets, down from the glans clitoris and deep into the tissue of the vulva, on either side
the two bulbs of the vestibule, which extend either side of the vaginal orifice (not all researchers agree that the vestibular bulbs have a relation to the clitoris, however; researchers Vincenzo and Giulia Puppo, for instance, argue that the clitoris consists "of the glans, body, and crura" only)
In its entirety, the clitoris may reach as many as 7 centimeters in length, if not longer, and the glans makes up about 4–7 millimeters of the whole.

The glans is also the part that is richest in free nerve endings, thus providing the most sensation.

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2. 'Grand Central Station of erotic sensation'

Due to its high level of sensitivity, the clitoris is usually the main player when it comes to the female orgasm.

Popular culture and pornographic material often tend to depict the female orgasm as something usually achievable solely through penetration, but science tells a different story altogether.

Most women, researchers have found, will only achieve orgasm when the clitoris — or, more specifically, the glans clitoris — is also stimulated.

Sex educator and researcher Emily Nagoski calls the female genital organ the "Grand Central Station of erotic sensation" in her book Come As You Are.

In fact, recent studies suggest that women who experience the less common, and sometimes more controversial types of orgasm — vaginal orgasm due to penetration, or vaginal orgasm through G spot stimulation — may actually have clitoral stimulation to thank.

3. A female penis?

The clitoris has also sometimes been seen as a female penis, largely due to a phenomenon that we may refer to as "biological homology," which refers to the fact that all fetuses are born, as Emily Nagoski puts it, with "all the same part, organized in different ways."

This is also why men — who, unlike women, will not need, or be able, to express milk and breast-feed babies — have nipples.

They still develop nipples, however, because they — like pretty much all body parts — are preprogrammed in the earliest stages of embryonic development.

In other words, men and women actually mirror each other physiologically to a very great extent.

And this is how the clitoris develops; it and the penis are homologues. Nagoski explains how this happens during very early development in the womb.

"About 6 weeks after the fertilized egg implants in the uterus, there is a wash of masculinizing hormones," she writes.
"The male blastocyst (a group of cells that will form the embryo) responds to this by developing its 'prefab' universal genital hardware into the male configuration of penis, testicles, and scrotum. The female blastocyst does not respond to [this] [...] and instead develops its prefab universal genital hardware into the default, female configuration of clitoris, ovaries, and labia."

Emily Nagoski

4. Evolutionary relic or erotic bonus?

While the penis and the clitoris are homologous, however, the penis plays several roles — erotic, reproductive, and excretive — while the clitoris performs only one job: that of creating erotic sensation, which may lead to orgasm. Why might that be?

According to Nagoski, the female orgasm is a "byproduct" of biological homology, and so it should be celebrated as a fantastic bonus.

"Male ejaculation, with its close tie to orgasm, is crucial to reproduction," she explains. "As a result, orgasm is embedded on female sexual hardware, too."

But some researchers believe that the female orgasm may not always have been "a bonus."

Instead, they think that, similarly to male orgasm — which coincides with the release of semen — female orgasm may have stimulated the release of ovules.

For instance, the authors of an article that was published in 2016 in the journal JEZ-B Molecular and Developmental Evolution found that immediately after orgasming, women experience a hormonal surge that, in the modern human, has the effect of improving the mood.

But the substances thus released in the body, the scientists say, are not unlike those released in the bodies of other female mammals such as rats during intercourse, stimulating the release of eggs that can be fertilized.

In humans, ovulation is a spontaneous event, independent from intercourse. But the authors of the aforementioned study hypothesize that, at some point in our evolutionary past, we may well have functioned like other mammals, and female orgasm may have stimulated the release of ovules.

Now, orgasm has persisted as a pleasurable evolutionary legacy, without the reproductive association.

5. Why is the clitoris so taboo?

But why has it taken so long for scientists to start taking more of an interest in the clitoris, and why is it that someone only took the initiative to scan the clitoris and produce an accurate representation of it in 2009?

In an article published in the journal Sex Roles in 2000, researchers Shirley Mattel Ogletree and Harvey J. Ginsburg write that the clitoris had been shrouded in secrecy.

Nobody liked to talk about it, and the problem, the investigators suggested, started in the home.

They write, "[B]ecause the clitoris's only function is for sexual pleasure, parents have no [...] reason to discuss the clitoris."

More shockingly, though, they found, "Even 'experts' providing advice to parents have used terms other than clitoris" when discussing the importance of female genitalia.

In a culture that has focused on the importance of reproduction to the detriment of enjoyment, the clitoris has lain forgotten, and the public and medical professionals alike have felt embarrassed to discuss and pay closer attention to it.

Yet the lack of a conversation about female genitalia and female pleasure may affect the way in which women understand their sexual health, and it may even impact their sex lives.

"Reclaiming the clitoris may help women actively discover their own sexual pleasure and be more independent in the sexual choices that they make," conclude Ogletree and Ginsburg.

We hope that this Spotlight can further the conversation about the clitoris, and that it has provided you with further insight into the wonders of female sexuality.

[Big Sexy]

Common infections during pregnancy
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322210.php

During pregnancy, people may worry more about contracting infections and how they might affect the developing baby.
Vaginal infections, including yeast infections, are common during pregnancy and are usually not a cause for concern. Uterine infections may produce more complications, however.

This article looks at common infections during pregnancy, how they might affect the baby, and how to prevent them from developing.

Vaginal infections during pregnancy

Someone who is pregnant might be more vulnerable to certain infections and may develop more severe complications if the infections are left untreated. Anyone who has even a minor infection during pregnancy should talk to a doctor or midwife.

Typical vaginal infections during pregnancy include:

Vaginal yeast infections

Vaginal yeast infections are caused by a fungus called Candida. These infections tend to occur during pregnancy because of changes in the immune system, increased production of glycogen, and higher estrogen levels.

According to a 2015 report, about 20 percent of all women have Candida, which rises to 30 percent during pregnancy. It appears to be more common during the second and third trimesters.

The most common symptoms of a vaginal yeast infection include:

itchiness around the vagina or vulva
a thick, white, cottage cheese-like vaginal discharge
an odor of bread or beer coming from the vagina
pain or burning in or around the vagina
pain or burning during sexual intercourse
People can use prescription or over-the-counter medications to treat a vaginal yeast infection. However, anyone who is pregnant should not use these drugs without first talking to a doctor or midwife.

It is essential to get a diagnosis before beginning treatment as other infections, such as bacterial vaginosis and chlamydia, can be confused with yeast infections.

Bacterial vaginosis

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is an easily treated bacterial infection in the vagina. Symptoms include:

itching, burning, or pain in the vagina or vulva
a fishy odor coming from the vagina
a bad smell that gets worse after sexual intercourse
a large amount of thin, grey colored discharge
If BV is left untreated during pregnancy, it might cause preterm labor, premature birth, and lower birth weight babies.

Group B Streptococcus (GBS)

Group B streptococcus (GBS) is a group of bacteria that come and go in the body but often frequent the vagina and rectum. They do not typically cause symptoms or even an infection. However, women who have GBS in their bodies when they give birth may pass it to their babies.

Mothers who have GBS will pass it on to their babies in 1 to 2 percent of cases. Although uncommon, GBS in a newborn can be fatal.

Testing late in pregnancy can detect GBS, and is a standard part of most prenatal care.

Treatment with antibiotics through a needle in a vein (IV antibiotics) can significantly reduce the risk of a GBS infection passing to the baby.

Uterine infections during pregnancy

An infection in the uterus can be dangerous for a variety of reasons. The infection may affect the placenta, harm the developing baby, cause premature labor, or lead to birth abnormalities.

Uterine infections can also make labor more dangerous and difficult. Some individuals experience organ failure and other life-threatening complications.

Uterine infections often develop when bacteria from the vagina travels to the uterus, so an untreated vaginal infection is a risk factor for uterine infections. A person is more susceptible to uterine infections if their membranes rupture during an extended labor.

Treatment includes antibiotics and may require hospitalization. If a fever develops during labor, a doctor or midwife will monitor the fetus. If the symptoms are severe, the doctor may recommend a cesarean delivery.

Other infections during pregnancy

Pregnancy causes many changes in the body, making people more susceptible to complications from many infections.

For example, hormone-related skin changes during pregnancy can cause conditions such as eczema or severely dry skin. If the skin cracks open and bleeds, a serious skin infection, such as cellulitis, can develop. A rare skin disorder called Sweet's syndrome is also more common during pregnancy than at other times.

Some other infections that may be more serious during pregnancy include:

the flu
hepatitis E, which is a typically mild viral form of hepatitis
herpes, including herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella zoster virus (VZV)
Listeria, which can cause food poisoning
measles
HIV
The increased risk of these infections during pregnancy is not well understood but may be due to hormone and other changes that alter the number of blood cells in the body. For example, late in pregnancy, T cells that help fight infection decrease in number.

Pregnancy also causes increased blood circulation and demands on the heart. These demands can also worsen complications. For example, if a pregnant person develops pneumonia from the flu, they may have more difficulty breathing because of the increased demands the fetus places on the heart and lungs.

Some medications that can effectively treat common infections may be less safe during pregnancy. So it is essential that pregnant people who have an infection talk to their doctor or midwife to weigh up the benefits and risks of various treatment options.

How do maternal infections affect the baby?

Numerous infections can affect the developing baby. However, it is difficult for doctors to tell whether and to what extent a fetus will be affected.

Infections can affect a developing baby in one of three ways:

They may harm the mother, making her body less able to nurture the baby or requiring the use of drugs that may harm a fetus.
They can directly harm the baby by causing changes that lead to birth abnormalities.
They can trigger premature labor or a miscarriage.
According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), infections that are known to harm the developing baby include, but are not exclusive to:

bacterial vaginosis, which might cause preterm labor
contagious diseases, such as hepatitis, syphilis, herpes, and HIV, which can infect the fetus
chlamydia, which can cause eye infections and pneumonia
gonorrhea, which can contaminate the amniotic fluid, cause preterm labor, and lead to eye infections and possible blindness
fifth disease, which can trigger a miscarriage or cause fetal anemia
group B streptococcus, which can cause severe complications in newborns, and in rare cases can be fatal
toxoplasmosis, which can cause birth abnormalities and intellectual disabilities
Listeria, which can cause miscarriage, stillbirth, and birth abnormalities
cytomegalovirus, which is often harmless but can also cause birth abnormalities and intellectual disabilities
Zika, which is usually mild, can cause pregnancy loss or birth abnormalities in an infant
Zika infection, which is a disease carried by mosquitoes, may cause birth abnormalities and increase the risk for stillbirths and miscarriages in those who have the virus. However, it is unclear why some fetuses are affected, and others are not.

Other infections may also harm a developing baby, depending on the overall health of the pregnant person, when the infection developed, and whether the person has received treatment.

Preventing infections

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provide some strategies to reduce the risk of developing an infection during pregnancy, including:

avoiding travel to areas where Zika is prevalent, and using bug spray to prevent mosquito bites
using a condom and asking a partner to be tested for sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
washing hands carefully and diligently
avoiding people who have contagious infections
getting a flu shot
avoiding unpasteurized foods
asking someone else to change the cat litter
testing for STDs and group B strep

Outlook

Most people who experience an infection during pregnancy will not experience complications. Prompt treatment increases the likelihood of a healthy birth.

Anyone who experiences any unusual symptoms during their pregnancy should talk to their doctor or midwife. Prenatal care is also crucial since it can detect certain infections even before they cause symptoms.

[Big Sexy]

What do white spots on testicles mean?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322213.php

White spots on the testicles can have several different causes, which range from harmless to more serious health conditions. They are usually not a cause for concern, but may still require treatment. The spots can also sometimes be a sign of a sexually transmitted infection (STI).
This article discusses the possible causes of white spots on the testicles, how to prevent and treat them, and when to see a doctor.

Causes

There are several possible causes for white spots on the testicles, and each will require a different treatment approach:

Whiteheads
Whiteheads are a form of acne that occurs when the pores under the skin become clogged with oil, dead skin, or other debris. These blockages can cause inflammation and the development of a rounded lump. Each lump may have the fleshy-white coloring that characterizes a whitehead.

Whiteheads typically develop in areas with a high concentration of pores, such as the face or chest, but they can also develop on the testicles. They generally do not cause other symptoms and pose no serious health risk.

Treatment
Whiteheads usually resolve without treatment. However, it is possible to treat whiteheads using over-the-counter (OTC) medications such as benzoyl peroxide or salicylic acid. The testicles are a sensitive area, so anyone who experiences skin irritation should cease treatment.


Ingrown hairs
Ingrown hairs occur when a hair grows back into its follicle below the skin surface. They can occur anywhere on the body where hair grows, including around the testicles.

Ingrown hairs cause itchy, sore bumps to develop, which can be uncomfortable. It is also possible for them to become infected, leading to folliculitis.

Treatment
Most ingrown hairs clear up without treatment. However, using an exfoliant to remove dead skin cells can accelerate the healing process.

It is essential to avoid scratching ingrown hairs as this will slow down the healing process and increase the risk of infection. Applying a steroid cream may help to relieve itching.

Folliculitis
Folliculitis is a condition in which the hair follicle becomes inflamed. It often occurs as a result of infection and can cause the emergence of spots that contain pus. These spots can be itchy and uncomfortable, but they are not harmful.

Treatment
Most cases of folliculitis are mild and will clear up after a few days without the need for treatment. Refraining from shaving the area and from wearing tight underwear can help. Topical antibacterial or antifungal medications are available OTC and can help to clear the infection more quickly.

Genital warts and blisters
STIs, such as the human papillomavirus (HPV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV), can cause genital warts and blisters, respectively.

Genital warts may appear as white, brown, or flesh-colored bumps that grow on and around the testicles. These warty bumps can be itchy but are usually not painful.

The fluid-filled small blisters of HSV can burst and ooze fluid and may be itchy and painful.

Treatment
Genital warts resulting from HPV may clear up on their own, but more persistent cases might require treatment.

To treat HPV, doctors may recommend using a cream that supports the immune system in removing the wart, such as imiquimod cream. In some cases, cryotherapy or surgery may be necessary to remove the wart.

The standard treatment for genital blisters resulting from HSV is antiviral medication, which reduces the activity of the virus, but does not kill the virus itself.

However, both of these STIs are chronic infections. A person with HPV may find that warts recur, while someone with HSV may have recurring blisters.

Fordyce spots
Fordyce spots are small, yellow-white bumps. They occur when the sebaceous glands that secrete oil onto the skin become enlarged. These sebaceous glands are separate from hair follicles.

Fordyce spots are more common on the lips and inner cheek, but they can also occur on the genitals. They are harmless, and it is not possible to transmit them sexually.

Treatment
Fordyce spots do not require treatment as they do not cause any other symptoms and are not a health risk. However, it is possible to treat them with creams and surgery if people do want to remove them.

Syphilis
Syphilis is an STI that can cause white ulcers to develop on the testicles. It occurs as a result of infection with Treponema pallidum, a highly-infectious bacterium.

Without treatment, syphilis can have serious health consequences, including paralysis and dementia.

Treatment
People with syphilis require antibiotic therapy. They must begin the course of treatment as soon as possible, as it is not possible to reverse any permanent damage that the condition causes. Even after successful treatment, a person may contract syphilis again at a later date.

Prevention
The most effective way to prevent many causes of white spots on the testicles is to avoid unprotected sexual activity. This will lower the chances of contracting an STI, which can cause white spots to develop as a symptom.

Other more general tips to reduce the likelihood of white spots developing on the genitals include:

avoiding tight underwear
washing the testicles regularly
spending minimal time in hot climates
washing after sports or activities that induce sweating
Some causes, such as Fordyce spots, may not be possible to avoid.

When to see a doctor
If the spots do not disappear within a couple of weeks of using non-prescription treatments, it is best to speak to a doctor. A doctor can determine if the spots are due to a more severe health condition and provide advice on the most appropriate treatment approach.

If other symptoms occur with the spots, it is vital to see a doctor immediately. These could include:

skin rashes
abnormal discharge
pain
swelling
burning sensation when urinating
genital pain after sex

Outlook
There are several possible causes of white spots on the testicles. In many cases, the spots will be harmless, but some people may want treatment to remove them. Anyone with additional symptoms alongside the white spots should see a doctor.

[Big Sexy]

A color-coded guide to vaginal discharge
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322232.php

It is common to wonder whether the color or consistency of vaginal discharge is normal or needs to be checked out. Vaginal discharge can be many colors, and several indicate a healthy body.

In this article, we provide a color-coded guide to vaginal discharge. Learn what the colors mean and when to see a doctor.
What is vaginal discharge?

Vaginal discharge is fluid secreted from tiny glands in the vagina and cervix. This fluid leaks from the vagina each day to remove old cells and debris, keeping the vagina and reproductive tract clean and healthy.

The amount of vaginal discharge can vary significantly from person to person. The color, consistency, and amount can also change from day to day, depending on where a person is in their menstrual cycle:

Days 1–5. At the beginning of the cycle, discharge is usually red or bloody, as the body sheds the uterine lining.
Days 6–14. Following a period, a person may notice less vaginal discharge than usual. As the egg starts to develop and mature, the cervical mucus will become cloudy and white or yellow. It may feel sticky.
Days 14–25. A few days before ovulation, the mucus will be thin and slippery, similar to the consistency of egg whites. After ovulation, the mucus will go back to being cloudy, white or yellow, and possibly sticky or tacky.
Days 25–28. The cervical mucus will lighten, and a person will see less of it, before getting another period.

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The shade of red can vary from bright to a dark rust color. Red discharge is most commonly the result of bleeding during a period.

Menstrual bleeding happens, on average, around every 28 days, though the normal range between 21 and 35 days. A period typically lasts for 3–5 days.

Anyone who experiences bleeding between menstrual periods should see a doctor. Though there are many benign causes of intermenstrual bleeding, it can sometimes signal a serious condition.

Anyone who has gone through menopause and not had a period for at least 1 year should see a doctor if they experience vaginal bleeding. It can sometimes be a sign of endometrial cancer.

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The shade of white can extend to include cream or light yellow. If a person has no other symptoms, white discharge is most likely a sign of healthy lubrication.

However, if the white discharge has a consistency like cottage cheese or is accompanied by a strong odor, it can indicate an infection. An individual should see a doctor.

White, thick, strong-smelling discharge is usually associated with a yeast infection, which can also cause itching or irritation.

Yellow-green
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If the discharge has a very slight yellow hue, it may not indicate a problem. This is especially likely if the hue only coincides with a change in diet or dietary supplements.

Discharge that is a darker shade of yellow, yellowish-green, or green usually signals a bacterial or sexually transmitted infection. See a doctor promptly if vaginal discharge is thick or clumpy, or it has a foul odor.

Pink
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Discharge can be light or a much deeper pink. It usually contains a little bit of blood.

Pink discharge most commonly occurs with spotting before a period. However, it can also be a sign of implantation bleeding in early pregnancy.

Some people experience a little bit of spotting after ovulation, which can also cause pink discharge.

Discharge can be pink after sexual intercourse if the sex has caused small tears or irritation in the vagina or cervix.
Clear

Most ordinary vaginal discharge is clear or whitish. It may be slippery or have the consistency of egg whites.

A person is likely to experience more clear, slippery discharge just before ovulation, during sexual arousal, and during pregnancy.

Gray
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Gray vaginal discharge is not healthy, and it can be a symptom of a common bacterial infection called bacterial vaginosis (BV).

BV usually causes other vaginal symptoms as well, including:

itching
irritation
a strong odor
redness around the vulva or vaginal opening

Anyone with gray discharge should promptly see a doctor. Following diagnosis, the doctor will usually prescribe antibiotics to treat the BV.

When to see the doctor

See a doctor if vaginal discharge has an unusual smell or appearance. A person should also seek medical care if they experience vaginal symptoms such as:

itching
pain or discomfort
discharge that is frothy or like cottage cheese
bleeding between periods or after menopause
spotting after sex regularly
grey, green, or yellow discharge
a strong odor
a burning sensation during urination

The doctor will perform a pelvic exam. They may also need to take a sample of discharge for testing.
Outlook

Below is a summary of causes for each color of vaginal discharge:

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In most people, infections or hormonal imbalances are responsible for unusual changes in vaginal discharge. Medication may be necessary.

A person should see a doctor if they notice irregular changes in vaginal discharge or other symptoms that might indicate a reproductive health issue.

[Big Sexy]

What to know about anal herpes
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322294.php

Herpes is a viral infection that can cause blisters and sores around the mouth, genitals, or anus. Herpes that affects the anus is called anal herpes.
Herpes does not always cause symptoms. When it does, people with anal herpes may notice blisters or sores in or around their anus. Because the symptoms are similar, anal herpes may be confused with hemorrhoids or syphilis.

In this article, we give an overview of anal herpes, including how to identify and diagnose the condition, treatment for it, and how to reduce the risk of infection.

What is anal herpes?

The herpes simplex virus causes all types of herpes. It is a contagious virus, meaning that people can catch it from physical contact with each other.

Sexual contact is often how genital herpes and anal herpes are transmitted. Because of this, they are considered sexually transmitted infections or STIs.

There are two kinds of herpes virus:

herpes simplex virus type 1, or HSV-1, which primarily affects the mouth
herpes simplex virus type 2, or HSV-2, which mostly affects the genitals and anus
HSV-2 causes most cases of anal herpes in humans and sexual contact with an infected individual is how the virus is transmitted.

The World Health Organization estimates that 417 million people, or 11 percent of those aged 15–49 years of age worldwide, have the HSV-2 infection.

Symptoms
Many people do not experience symptoms immediately, and the infection can go undetected for years. Even if people have no symptoms, they can transmit the infection to others.

Common symptoms of anal herpes include:

persistent pain or itching around the anus
red bumps or colorless, painful blisters
blisters, sores, or ulcers around the anus
change in bowel habits
Diagnosis
The symptoms of anal herpes are similar to the symptoms of several other conditions, including hemorrhoids and syphilis. A doctor may be able to identify the condition by sight or physical examination.

Doctors may recommend a blood test to look for the herpes virus.

Otherwise, they may take a swab of the affected area and use the sample to run a DNA test called nucleic acid amplification testing, or NAAT. These newer tests are fast, accurate, and can tell if a person has an HSV-1 or HSV-2 infection.

Treatment
Since anal herpes is a viral infection, treatment is usually with antiviral medications. These types of drugs fight off the virus activity in the system and help reduce or control symptoms.

Antiviral medicines also reduce the duration of the infection and the risk of the virus being passing on to a sexual partner.

Doctors should treat people as soon as possible since early treatment decreases the risk of transmission to others.

Examples of antiviral medicines to treat anal herpes include Famvir, Valtrex, and Zovirax.

Risk factors
Intimate sexual contact with an infected person is how anal herpes spreads. Hence, people can get anal herpes by having vaginal, anal, or oral sex with a person who has the virus.

Direct mouth or skin contact allows the virus to be transmitted easily via:

herpes sore or scab
saliva
genital secretions
Below is a 3-D model of herpes which is fully interactive.

Explore the 3-D model, using your mouse pad or touchscreen, to understand more about herpes.

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Prevention

Anal herpes is contagious, but not everyone with the herpes virus shows symptoms. This means that people can contract the virus without their knowledge.

Ways to reduce the risk of contracting herpes include:

using barrier protection, such as condoms, during vaginal, anal, and oral sex
getting regular sexual health screenings for STIs
making sure that all sexual partners undergo routine sexual health screening

If someone's sexual partner has anal herpes, they can lower the risk of transmission by using barrier contraception and avoiding sexual activity when their partner has an outbreak or active infection.

People who have had herpes should take any prescribed antiviral medication, as instructed by a doctor, and attend follow-up appointments to make sure they keep the virus under control.

Can anal herpes be cured?

There is no current cure for HSV-2 infections so the condition may require lifelong management.

However, even if people have the herpes virus, it will not always produce symptoms and is not always transmissible.

The infection is known to recur in some people under certain conditions that re-activate the virus, such as illness, stress, sunlight, or fatigue.

Repeated outbreaks tend to be shorter and less severe than the first outbreak. Although the virus remains in the body for the rest of the person's life, the number of outbreaks may gradually decrease over time.
Summary

Anal herpes is a type of genital herpes. It is more common today than it was some decades ago.

While doctors cannot cure the infection, there are now many antiviral medicines available that reduce symptoms and decrease the risk of transmitting it to others.

Awareness is key to reducing the spread of anal herpes, as is practicing sex with condoms and following good personal hygiene.

[Big Sexy]

What to know about sex and yeast infections
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322483.php

Yeast infections occur because of an overgrowth of a type of fungus known as Candida, which lives in the body harmlessly most of the time. It is possible to have sex with a yeast infection, but it can be painful and has other risks.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), vaginal yeast infections are the second most common kind of vaginal infections after bacterial infections of the vagina.

Symptoms of a vaginal yeast infection can include:

vaginal pain or soreness
pain during urination
itching or burning
pain during sex
thick, white vaginal discharge

Can you have sex if you have a yeast infection?

While it is possible for a person with a yeast infection to have sex, most doctors do not recommend having sex until the infection has cleared up.

Also, because many of the symptoms are uncomfortable, individuals may choose to refrain from sexual activity while they have a yeast infection to minimize pain and itching.

As well as being painful or uncomfortable, a person who has sex while they have a yeast infection may cause the infection to last longer, cause symptoms to return if they have recently cleared up following treatment, and increase their partner's risk of developing a yeast infection as well.

Transmission during sex

Sexual partners can transmit yeast infections. However, the likelihood of transmission is small.

When a woman has sex with another woman, there is some evidence to suggest they can transmit a yeast infection. However, one study found no evidence supporting the transmission of the infection from woman to woman through sex.

While yeast infections in men are rare, it is possible for a man to get an infection by having sex with a person who has a vaginal yeast infection. Uncircumcised men are more susceptible to developing a yeast infection.

A yeast infection is not a sexually transmitted infection (STI). However, some prevention methods, such as condoms, can help reduce the risk of spreading a yeast infection to a partner.

How long should you wait after treatment?

Having sex while undergoing treatment for a yeast infection may slow down the healing process.

Also, if a person's partner develops a yeast infection, it is possible that the infection will get passed back and forth. A person should generally avoid sexual activity until all the symptoms clear up.

Yeast infections usually clear relatively rapidly once a person begins treatment. Many over-the-counter (OTC) treatment options require up to 7 days to clear up the infection.

Causes

The fungus Candida causes yeast infections. This fungus lives in and on various parts of the human body, including the skin, the mouth, and the vagina.

In the vagina, the Lactobacillus bacteria typically keeps Candida numbers in check.

If there is a shortage or imbalance of Lactobacillus compared to Candida, a yeast infection may occur.

Some common causes of a bacterial imbalance in the vagina include:

uncontrolled diabetes
immunosuppression, such as having HIV
a hormone imbalance
stress
pregnancy
excessive sugar consumption
taking antibiotics
Most yeast infections are easy to treat. However, if a person experiences multiple, recurring yeast infections, they should speak to a doctor as Candida may not be the underlying cause or OTC remedies may be ineffective.

Symptoms

Symptoms of a yeast infection include:

pain during sex
burning sensation during sex or urination
itchiness
redness
a rash
swelling of the labia
white, clumpy discharge
When left untreated, the symptoms will typically get worse. However, some mild yeast infections may get better without treatment.

When to see a doctor

People can often treat a yeast infection at home using OTC remedies. These treatments usually contain one of the following ingredients:

butoconazole (Gynazole)
miconazole (Monistat)
terconazole (Terazol)
When a person develops a yeast infection for the first time, they should see a doctor to ensure they receive the correct diagnosis and treatment.

People should also seek medical advice if OTC treatments are not effective. A doctor may recommend alternative treatments, including oral medication.

Finally, a person should seek medical attention if they:

have four or more yeast infections in a year
are pregnant
have severe symptoms
have a compromised immune system
Once the treatment is complete, and the symptoms are gone, a person can return to their regular sex life.

[Big Sexy]

What to do about a smelly penis
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322562.php

In most cases, regularly cleaning the penis keeps odor to a minimum. However, some conditions may cause the penis' odor to change or smell foul.
Often, using simple home remedies will reduce penis odor. However, some conditions require medical treatment.

In this article, we look at common causes of a smelly penis, as well as how to treat them.

Six causes of a smelly penis
Causes of a smelly penis can include:

Smegma

Smegma is an accumulation of dead skin cells and the natural oils that keep the penis moist. If a person does not clean their penis regularly, the smegma can build up, resulting in a thick white substance.

This buildup is more common on uncircumcised penises as it forms around the head of the penis.

In addition to a bad smell, smegma can:

cause redness and irritation
prevent the foreskin from easily moving when the penis is erect
increase the risk of a bacterial infection

Balanitis

Balanitis is skin irritation on the tip of the penis. Some of the primary causes of balanitis include:

poor hygiene
infections
skin conditions, such as psoriasis
allergic reactions to medications, soaps, or condoms
If a person suspects balanitis may be the cause of a bad smell, they should talk to a doctor about possible treatments.

Sexually transmitted infection (STI)

STIs may cause a smelly penis, in some cases. The two STIs most likely to cause penis odors are chlamydia and gonorrhea.

Symptoms of chlamydia include:

white, watery discharge from the penis
pain while urinating
testicle pain
Symptoms of gonorrhea include:

green, white, or yellow discharge from the penis
pain or burning while urinating
inflammation in the foreskin
Anyone who suspects they may have an STI should seek medical attention and refrain from sexual activity until they have finished treatment.

Non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU)

NGU is inflammation of the urethra, which is the tube connecting the tip of the penis to the bladder.

In most cases, inflammation of the urethra is due to an STI, such as chlamydia. However, in cases of NGU, the cause of the swelling is unknown.

Symptoms of NGU may include:

cloudy or white discharge from the penis
frequent urge to urinate
burning or painful urination
irritation or soreness near the tip of the penis

Yeast infection

A yeast infection occurs when too much of the Candida fungus is present on the penis. While vaginal yeast infections are much more common, yeast infections can also affect the penis.

In addition to a bad smell, other symptoms of a yeast infection include:

burning or itching sensation
irritation and redness on the penis
a white substance with a cottage cheese consistency
unusual moisture on the penis
It is essential to seek medical treatment for a yeast infection, as it may lead to further infections and complications.

Urinary tract infection (UTI)

A UTI occurs when bacteria or a virus gets into the urinary tract. UTIs can cause:

a smelly penis
pink or cloudy urine
frequent urges to urinate
burning sensation when urinating
Risk factors for developing UTIs include:

kidney stones
an enlarged prostate
sexual activity
diabetes
a urinary catheter
Treating a UTI can help prevent further complications, including kidney problems or the infection spreading beyond the urinary tract.

How to clean the penis

Practicing proper hygiene can help avoid infections and reduce any odor coming from the penis. It is essential to wash the genitals at least once a day with a gentle cleanser and warm water.

After cleaning the penis, a person should make sure the area is completely dry before putting on clothing.

In addition to daily washing, a person should consider taking some additional steps to keep the penis odor-free. These steps include:

cleaning the penis after engaging in sexual activity
wearing loose-fitting, breathable clothing
using barrier protection, such as condoms, during sexual activity
avoiding sexual activity when either partner has an STI or other infection
cleaning under the foreskin if uncircumcised

Treatment and home remedies
Treating a smelly penis depends largely on what is causing the smell. If a lack of correct hygiene is an issue, a person can gently wash their penis more regularly with warm water.

It is best to avoid heavily scented products on the genitals, as they can irritate the skin and increase a person's risk of infections. People should also refrain from using cologne, scented cream, or other perfumes directly on the penis.

If a person suspects they have an infection, they should see a doctor for a diagnosis and treatment. Treatment may include antibiotics, antifungal medications, or other medications.

When to see a doctor
A person should see a doctor if any of the following symptoms accompany a smelly penis:

unusual discharge
pain or burning during urination
increased need to urinate
irritation and redness on the outside of the penis

Outlook
In most cases, a person can treat a smelly penis with simple techniques at home, starting with better hygiene.

If other symptoms are present, such as pain, irritation, or discharge, it is best to see a doctor for a proper diagnosis.

[Big Sexy]

What causes vaginal cramps?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322584.php

Vaginal cramps or spasms may feel like strong, painful muscle contractions. While mild vaginal cramps can be a symptom of menstruation, painful cramps or vaginal cramps that occur outside of menstruation often have an underlying medical cause.
This article looks at some of the most common causes of vaginal cramps, as well as treatment options and when to see a doctor.

Causes
Possible causes of vaginal cramps include the following:

Infections
Vaginal infections can cause vaginal cramps, sharp pain, inflammation, and discomfort. Common types of vaginal infection include:

bacterial vaginosis
sexually transmitted infections (STIs), such as trichomonas
urinary tract infections (UTIs)
yeast infections
Infections can also cause fever and unusual discharge, which may be foul-smelling.

Menstruation
Vaginal cramps are a common symptom of menstruation. They occur as the uterus contracts to shed the uterine lining.

Although cramps higher up in the pelvis are more common, it is not unusual to feel cramping in the vagina as well.

While doctors would expect some mild cramping during menstruation, severe pelvic pain and bleeding are not typical period symptoms.

A doctor can prescribe medications, such as birth control pills, to reduce the incidence of pelvic pain and discomfort resulting from menstruation.

Dyspareunia
Dyspareunia is the medical term for painful sex. This pain may occur during or immediately after sex.

Some people also experience dyspareunia when they use tampons.

Dyspareunia typically feels like menstrual cramps with the addition of a deep, burning pain inside the pelvis.

Multiple causes of dyspareunia exist, including infections, inflammation, and a history of surgery on the vagina or uterus.

Endometriosis
Endometriosis is a condition that occurs when cells resembling uterine tissue grow outside the uterus.

This tissue contracts and bleeds during menstruation, but it cannot exit the body. This can result in significant pain and cramping.

If endometriosis develops in the vagina, it can cause cramping in this area. However, some people with vaginal cramping may be experiencing referred pain. Referred pain means that the tissue is contracting in other areas of the body, but the individual feels the pain in the vagina instead.

Pelvic floor disorders
Pelvic floor disorders are conditions that cause pain, cramps, and other symptoms in the pelvic floor muscles, which support the bladder, rectum, and uterus.

These disorders may occur after a woman has given birth, as delivery can weaken the pelvic floor.

In addition to vaginal cramps, pelvic floor disorders can lead to constipation, pain during sex, and difficulty controlling a urine stream.

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
PID is a condition that occurs when an infection in the pelvic organs causes inflammation in the vaginal tissue.

Symptoms can range from mild to severe, and may include:

bleeding between periods
pain in the lower abdomen
pain during sex
unusual discharge from the vagina or an odor
vaginal cramps
People who have STIs, such as gonorrhea or chlamydia, are more likely to experience PID.

Uterine fibroids
Uterine fibroids are non-cancerous growths that develop in the uterine wall. They are most common in people who are in their 30s and 40s but tend to go away after menopause.

Uterine fibroids can cause heavy bleeding, vaginal cramps, pain during sex, and a feeling of fullness or pressure in the lower abdomen.

Vulvodynia
Vulvodynia is a medical condition in which a person experiences pain in the vulva, the external female genitalia, for 3 months or longer without any known cause.

Miscarriage
Miscarriage, or pregnancy loss, occurs when a pregnancy ends at or before 20 weeks of gestation.

In addition to vaginal cramps, miscarriage can cause spotting or bleeding and pain in the abdomen.

Vaginal cramps during pregnancy
Vaginal cramps may occur during pregnancy for a variety of reasons. Mild cramps may be due to the implantation of the placenta or to cervical cell changes.

The growing uterus can also put pressure on the surrounding pelvic organs, causing some discomfort.

Vaginal cramps in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy can also indicate a miscarriage if bleeding accompanies them.

Sometimes, vaginal cramps during pregnancy can indicate that the baby's delivery is imminent. If this occurs less than 37 weeks into the pregnancy, it is advisable to call a doctor to ensure that the symptoms do not indicate preterm delivery.

Together with contractions, vaginal cramping helps to make changes in the cervix to prepare the body for delivery ahead of the due date.

Vaginal cramping shortly before delivery may result in sharp or stabbing pains, which can indicate that the cervix is dilating to prepare for the birth.

When to see a doctor

While people can expect some mild vaginal cramps during menstruation, other instances of vaginal cramping can indicate underlying but usually treatable health issues.

A person should speak to a doctor if they are experiencing any of the following symptoms in addition to vaginal cramps:

foul-smelling or unusual discharge
a sensation of pelvic fullness and pressure
heavy or unexplained bleeding
severe pain
pain during sex
trouble controlling urination or feelings of urinary urgency
If a pregnant woman is concerned about vaginal cramps, especially those occurring alongside bleeding, she should speak to a doctor.

Takeaway
While mild vaginal cramps are often a standard symptom of menstruation, severe or recurrent cramps may have an underlying medical cause.

A doctor can provide an accurate diagnosis and recommend treatment options to alleviate pain and reduce the frequency of vaginal cramps.

[Big Sexy]

Do erectile dysfunction exercises help?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322600.php

Erectile dysfunction occurs when a man cannot get or maintain an erection. It is common in men of all ages.
Muscles, especially those important in maintaining an erection, sometimes lose tone and strength. As a result, exercises can help to reverse erectile dysfunction (ED).

Causes and risk factors for ED include:

obesity
cardiovascular disease
metabolic syndrome
prostate cancer
stroke
low levels of physical activity
smoking
alcohol use
Doctors may prescribe phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, such as Viagra, for ED. Lifestyle changes, including exercise and weight loss, are also effective in treating ED.

Exercise vs. other treatments
Treating the cause of ED will have long-lasting results, while medication only provides temporary relief. Also, some people find medication to be ineffective.

Sometimes, psychological factors are responsible for ED. In these cases, a person can benefit from forms of talking therapy.

What types of exercise can help?
Exercises that strengthen the muscles of the pelvic floor can benefit people with ED.

The pelvic floor muscles are key in sustaining blood flow to the penis and maintaining erections.

The muscles do this by putting pressure on the penile veins. The pressure prevents blood from leaving the area, making an erection possible.

Kegel exercises to try
Pelvic floor exercises, or Kegels, are the most beneficial for ED.

These exercises target the muscles at the bottom of the pelvis, and particularly one called the pubococcygeus. This loops from the pubic bone to the tailbone and supports the pelvic organs.

When this muscle weakens, it is unable to prevent blood from flowing out of the erect penis.

Performing pelvic floor exercises will strengthen and improve tone in the pubococcygeus. It can take 4–6 weeks before a person notices a difference in erections.

1. Activating pelvic floor muscles

This exercise is simple but important. It teaches a person to activate their pelvic floor muscles.

Lie down with the knees bent, the feet flat on the floor, and the arms by the sides.
Exhale and squeeze the pelvic floor muscles for a count of three.
Inhale and release for a count of three.
Take time identifying the right group of muscles — those at the bottom of the pelvis. It can be easy to accidentally contract other muscles instead, particularly those of the stomach, buttocks, or legs.

2. Sitting pelvic floor activation

Sit with the arms at the sides and the feet flat on the floor, hip-width apart.
Using the same technique as above, activate the pelvic floor muscles for a count of three, and release for a count of three.
Ensure that the stomach, buttocks, and leg muscles are not contracting.

3. Standing pelvic floor activation

Stand straight with the arms by the sides, and the feet hip-width apart.
Using the technique above, activate the pelvic floor muscles for a count of three, and release for a count of three.
Ensure that the stomach, buttocks, and leg muscles are not contracting.
Once a person is comfortable performing Kegel exercises three times a day, it can help to add exercises that involve more movement.

Pilates exercises to try
These Pilates exercises activate the right group of muscles and challenge a person to maintain pelvic floor strength while moving.

4. Knee fallouts
This is a beginners' exercise that involves small movements.

https://youtu.be/Uk3Ve2Nsu4U

Lie down with the knees bent, the feet flat on the floor, and the arms by the sides.
Keep the spine in a neutral position, with a small space between the middle of the back and the floor.
Exhale, squeeze the pelvic floor muscles, and slowly lower one knee to the floor. Only lower it as far as possible while maintaining activation of the pelvic floor muscles. Keep the pelvis stable.
Inhale, release the muscles, and bend the knee again.
Repeat on the other side.
Start with four or five repetitions on each side and build up to 10.


5. Supine foot raises
This exercise builds on knee fallouts and involves small movements.

Lie down with the knees bent, the feet flat on the floor, and the arms by the sides.
Exhale, engage the pelvic floor muscles, and slowly raise one foot off the floor. Keep the pelvis and the spine still.
Inhale, lower the foot back to the ground.
Alternate sides.

https://youtu.be/hfxg31WuIi8

6. Pelvic curl
This exercise is common in Pilates.

Lie down with the knees bent, the feet flat on the floor, and the arms by the sides.
Keep the spine in a neutral position, with a small space between the middle of the back and the floor.
Exhale, and engage the pelvic floor muscles.
Tilt the pelvis upward toward the belly button, while pressing the back flat against the floor.
Slowly lift the buttocks and push the heels into the floor.
Squeeze the buttocks while lifting it and the lower and middle back.
The body's weight should be resting on the shoulders.
Take three breaths and squeeze the buttocks and pelvic floor muscles.
Slowly lower the buttocks and back, vertebra by vertebra, to the floor.
Repeat three to four times initially, and build up to 10 repetitions.

https://youtu.be/H7H6PDvYeBE

Things to remember when exercising
At first, a person may only be able to perform an exercise three or four times.

Build strength by practicing the exercises daily. Eventually, work up to 10 repetitions of each exercise per day.

If a person stops doing the exercises, the muscles may weaken, and ED may return.

Other types of exercise that can help
Aerobic exercise can also benefit people with ED.

People who practiced an aerobic exercise four times a week saw the best results, according to the authors of a 2018 systematic review.

Each exercise session should be of moderate or high intensity and last a minimum of 40 minutes.

Some examples of aerobic exercises include:

cycling
spin classes
boxing
rowing
running
skipping
A person should keep up their aerobic exercise routine for at least 6 months.

Exercise is essential for maintaining the health of the blood vessels and the heart. Also, people with cardiovascular disease have an increased risk of ED.

Improving the diet
Diet and weight loss are also important aspects of ED treatment and prevention. People with ED are more likely to be inactive and overweight. Alcohol also plays a role.

Following dietary guidelines and limiting the intake of alcohol and foods with added salt, sugar, and fat will help to reduce the risk of developing ED.

These efforts will also reduce a person's risk of stroke, metabolic disease, and cardiovascular disease, all of which are linked to ED.

Takeaway
A person with ED will often see improvement after making lifestyle changes. These should also reduce the need for medication and benefit overall health in the long term.

Adjusting the diet and performing exercises, particularly those that target the pelvic floor muscles, can help to reduce or eliminate ED.

[Big Sexy]

Telling the difference between genital pimples and herpes
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322679.php

Genital herpes and genital pimples have similar characteristics, often appearing as small, pus-filled bumps on the skin. There are differences between genital herpes and pimples on the genitals, however, which can help a person identify each condition.
The appearance of small pus-filled bumps on the genitals can cause worry. Although not all bumps are cause for concern, anyone who is in any doubt should consult their doctor.

Pimples are the result of a buildup of dirt or oil that clogs up the pores. Genital pimples often appear pink or red and are filled with white pus. They are not a serious medical condition.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, genital herpes is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that has no cure. Genital herpes can present as white or red bumps filled with a clear liquid or as red ulcers that are typically painful.

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 417 million people worldwide have the virus that causes genital herpes.

Symptoms of genital herpes vs. pimples
Herpes and pimples share the following symptoms:

both may appear as a cluster of red bumps
both may itch
both contain pus

Herpes-specific symptoms

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The herpes virus can lie dormant for years after exposure, and symptoms may appear any time. Sometimes people have no signs or do not recognize them.

When an outbreak of genital herpes does occur, it usually presents as a patch of small red or white bumps or red ulcers.

These lesions are often painful. Genital herpes may also appear on the buttocks or mouth in some cases.

The pus-filled blisters will eventually burst, leaving an ulcer-like sore on the skin. People may experience additional pain when the blisters burst. It can take several weeks for a herpes outbreak to subside. The first outbreak, however, tends to be the most severe.

People who have herpes may also experience additional symptoms. These symptoms may include:

fever
achiness
headaches
pain in the legs
swollen lymph nodes
vaginal discharge
Lesions caused by genital herpes tend to feel softer than a pimple and can sometimes resemble a blister.

Pimple-specific symptoms
Genital pimples, by contrast, often feel firm to the touch. Pimples may appear one at a time or in small clusters. Pimples also tend to form near areas where sweat can collect. They may develop in areas where underwear or other tight clothing touches the skin, causing sweat and dirt to build up.

Pimples develop within pores and will only rise above the skin surface if they accumulate enough pus. Pimples will leak thick pus or blood if squeezed or scratched.

Genital pimples may itch, but unlike herpes lesions, they do not tend to be painful unless a person applies pressure to them. Pimples may also appear following intense exercise, heat, or humidity. Pimples will clear up quickly in most cases.

What are the causes?
Causes of genital pimples and genital herpes are entirely different.

Causes of genital pimples
Genital pimples are not contagious.

They develop due to:

clogged skin pores
ingrown hair
folliculitis

Causes of genital herpes
A virus known as herpes simplex virus (HSV) causes genital herpes. The virus can easily spread from person-to-person through sexual activity.

There are two types of herpes virus.

HSV-1 is generally referred to as oral herpes as it tends to form in or near the mouth.
HSV-2 typically develops around the genitals and is the most common type of sexually transmitted infection.
Sexual activity can spread both types of the herpes virus. Practicing safe sex can help prevent the virus from spreading. However, people can still contract the virus even when using a condom or dental dam.

Risk factors

A person is at high risk for developing genital pimples when:

they are extremely sweaty
wearing tight clothing that can trap sweat and debris under the skin
shaving over pubic hair
the weather is hotter and more humid
People can contract genital herpes through sexual activity with anyone who has the virus.


193901
People most at risk are sexually active people with multiple partners.

It is still possible for herpes to spread from person-to-person even when using a condom or a dental dam and a person is not experiencing a flare.

How are they diagnosed?
Genital pimples tend to clear up quickly on their own.

However, people should speak to their doctor if the pimples do not clear up with simple routine changes or if the bumps appear shortly after sexual activity.

A doctor can diagnose genital herpes by carrying out a test to see whether the HSV virus is present. Potential tests include:

HSV DNA test
HSV culture
herpes serologic test

If a doctor confirms genital herpes, they may also check for additional STIs.

Treatment
Treatment options vary according to whether a person has pimples or herpes.

Pimple treatment
It is not usually necessary to treat genital pimples with anything more than good hygiene practices, such as cleaning the genital area more thoroughly or frequently.

Other treatment options include:

applying ointments that contain acne medication
using antibacterial soap
applying antibacterial creams
using a warm compress and applying it a few times a day
trying essential oil ointments with antibacterial properties

Herpes treatment
Herpes treatment, by contrast, usually requires medical intervention. A doctor will typically prescribe antiviral medications to combat the herpes infection. People should take the recommended doses and avoid sexual contact until the outbreak subsides.

A doctor may recommend over-the-counter (OTC) pain medications or prescribe slightly stronger medicines if the lesions are painful.

Can they be prevented?

People can take steps to avoid developing either genital pimples or herpes.

To prevent pimples, a person can try:

washing their genitals at least once a day and after any activity that causes the person to sweat
wearing loose-fitting clothing that does not cause friction
bathing or showering regularly
avoiding shaving pubic hair
A person can help prevent genital herpes by:

always using a condom or dental dam during sexual activity
avoiding having sex with someone who has herpes
avoiding having sex during a partner's flare

Takeaway
People may confuse genital herpes and genital pimples.

Signs that the pus-filled bumps are herpes and not pimples include.

pain associated with the bumps
additional symptoms
appearance of bumps following sexual contact with a partner
Pimples should clear on their own and are often preventable. Herpes will cause a person to experience flares and will usually require additional medical treatment.

[Big Sexy]

How are HPV and herpes different?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322674.php

HPV and herpes are both common sexually transmitted infections that can affect a person's skin. However, each virus involved is distinct. The infections require different treatments, and they can have different long-term effects on the body.
HPV is an abbreviation for the human papillomavirus. The herpes simplex virus (HSV) causes herpes.

There are also different types of each of these viruses. Each type causes different symptoms, and they can affect different parts of the body. There is no cure for either HPV or herpes.

In this article, we look at the distinctions between HPV and herpes, including their symptoms and methods of treatment and prevention.

The key differences between HPV and herpes
We summarize the most important differences between these two viral infections in the table below:

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Herpes

There are two different strains of the herpes virus:

HSV-1 typically causes oral herpes, which affects the skin around the mouth. It can occasionally affect the skin around the genitals.
HSV-2 typically causes genital herpes, which affects the skin around the genitals and anus. It can occasionally affect the skin around the mouth.
In the United States, more than 1 in 6 people aged 14–49 years have genital herpes, while around 50 percent of adults in the country have oral herpes.

A person can transmit either form of herpes during oral sex. Oral herpes can spread through kissing, and many people get it as children.

Both types of herpes cause itchy blisters to form on the skin, and these can break to develop sores. When the blisters appear in or around the mouth, they are known as cold sores.

Cold sores can also appear on the lips, and they may appear in clusters. The surrounding skin may be red, chapped, or irritated. The sores do not usually last longer than a few weeks.

Herpes blisters can come and go. When they appear, this is often called an outbreak. The first time a person has an outbreak, they may also have symptoms of the flu.

Outbreaks usually become less painful over time. As a person ages, the outbreaks tend to occur less frequently and last for shorter periods. Some people stop having them altogether.

Herpes blisters are usually filled with fluid, and they can be painful. They appear grouped together on the skin, and they may appear around the:

vulva
vagina
inside of the thighs
anus
penis
Additional symptoms associated with genital herpes include:

itching
pain around the genitals
a burning feeling when a person pees
Herpes is usually not a life-threatening condition.

HPV

HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the U.S., where 79 million people have it.

There are many types, or strains, of HPV, and they can cause different symptoms. Most strains cause no severe health issues, but some can cause cancer.

The medical community considers HPV types 6 and 11 to be low-risk strains because they are unlikely to lead to serious medical problems. They do, however, cause 90 percent of all genital warts.

Genital warts can develop on the:

penis
scrotum
anus
vulva
vagina
cervix
These warts look soft, pale, and fleshy. They do not cause symptoms, and medical professionals can remove them if necessary.

High-risk strains of HPV can lead to cancer, and these strains are responsible for most cases of cervical cancer. Some types of HPV and also cause cancer of the genitals, anus, mouth, or throat.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend that females aged 21–65 years attend screenings for cervical cancer, also known as a Pap smears or Pap tests. This screening can detect any changes HPV has made to the cells.

Who is at risk?

Anyone who is sexually active is at risk of contracting HPV unless they have received a vaccine for the virus.

People are at risk of contracting herpes if they are sexually active or come into contact with the skin or saliva of others with the virus.

Individuals with weakened or suppressed immune systems can have an increased risk of contracting herpes and HPV.

A person is unlikely to contract HPV if their only sexual partner does not have the virus.

It is important to remember that herpes and HPV do not always cause symptoms. Only testing can show whether a person has an infection.

Diagnosis

Testing for herpes is not usually part of a routine sexual health scan. If a person has symptoms, they can request a test from their doctor or a sexual health clinic.

It is not possible to test for every type of HPV. Also, the infection is so common that an HPV test is not part of a routine sexual health screening. A cervical screening checks for high-risk forms of HPV that can cause cervical cancer.

Some people with herpes or HPV have no symptoms or symptoms so mild that a person may not be aware of them.

A medical professional will usually only be able to diagnose HPV or herpes if a person has symptoms. After checking the symptoms, they may offer testing if it is available.

Treatment
There is no cure for herpes or HPV. However, treatment can address the viruses' symptoms and complications.

HPV treatment:

if a healthcare professional detects precancerous changes after testing, a person will undergo further monitoring tests
a medical professional can remove a person's warts, though they rarely cause symptoms and removal is not always necessary

Herpes treatment:

a person can take medication to shorten outbreaks reduce their frequency
wearing loose clothing can help reduce irritation from blisters
keeping skin clean and dry supports the healing of sores
pain relief medication can help with symptoms
A person may not require treatment if they have no symptoms or their symptoms are mild.

Complications
Certain strains of HPV can cause cancer, which often develops long after the initial infection. Some people with these strains of the virus do not develop cancer.

Screening and awareness of early cancer symptoms can help to ensure timely treatment.

During an outbreak of genital herpes, a person will have blisters on their skin, which can easily break.

A person with broken skin on or near the genitals has a higher risk of contracting HIV from a partner because the broken skin makes it easier for the virus to enter the bloodstream.

If a person with HIV is taking antiretroviral medication as prescribed and has a consistently suppressed viral load, medical experts believe that there is effectively no risk of sexually transmitting the virus to an HIV-negative partner. Research into this is ongoing.

Complications during pregnancy
A pregnant woman can safely attend a cervical screening for HPV. In some cases, an HPV infection can lead to pregnancy loss or delivery before the full term.

Genital herpes can cause severe complications for pregnant women. Herpes can be passed to the baby during delivery. This can cause a serious infection called neonatal herpes.

If a pregnant woman has genital herpes, a doctor may prescribe anti-herpes medication toward the end of the term.

If there are symptoms of genital herpes close to the delivery time, a doctor will usually recommend a cesarean delivery.

Prevention

A person can greatly reduce the risk of transmitting HPV and herpes by using a condom or dental dam during every sexual encounter, including oral sex.

However, these viruses can live on the skin around the genitals, so it is possible to get HPV or herpes even when using protection.

Oral herpes spreads through contact with saliva or a cold sore. This can result from mouth-to-mouth contact, such as during kissing. The virus cannot live outside of the body, so a person cannot contract it from objects, such as bedding or toilet seats.

A person with genital herpes can take steps to avoid passing it to a partner. These can include:

taking anti-herpes medication every day
avoiding sexual contact during outbreaks
Avoid touching sores, as this can spread the virus to other parts of the body.

There is no vaccination for herpes, but there is an HPV vaccination. The CDC recommend that children aged 11 and 12 years are vaccinated for HPV. The vaccine is also available for adults up to the age of 27, if they did not receive the vaccine as children.

Takeaway
HPV and herpes share similar qualities, but it is important to understand their differences. Herpes can cause more irritation and discomfort, but HPV often has a more serious impact on long-term health.

There is no cure for herpes or HPV, but a person can take steps to prevent the symptoms and transmission of both. The HPV vaccination is the most effective method of preventing this virus.

Using condoms and dental dams can reduce the risk of contracting sexually transmitted infections. Planned Parenthood have more information about how to practice safer sex.

[Big Sexy]

Self-lubricating latex could boost condom use: study
https://news.abs-cbn.com/life/10/17/18/self-lubricating-latex-could-boost-condom-use-study


PARIS, France - A perpetually unctuous, self-lubricating latex developed by a team of scientists in Boston could boost the use of condoms, they reported Wednesday in the journal Royal Society Open Science.

Protective sheaths made with the specially treated membrane take on a slick and slippery quality in the presence of natural bodily fluids, lab experiments showed.

And unlike water- or oil-based lubricants added to commercially available condoms, the hydrophilic -- or liquid-loving -- latex retains its "slippery sensation" almost indefinitely.

"A majority of participants -- 73 percent -- expressed a preference for a condom containing the lubricious coating, agreeing that an inherently slippery condom that remains slippery for a long duration would increase their condom usage," the study concluded.

"Such a coating shows potential to be an effective strategy for decreasing friction-associated pain" -- for women and men -- "and increasing user satisfaction."

Condoms prevent pregnancies and the spread of sexually transmitted diseases. Some are made of lambskin but most are synthetic, manufactured from latex or polyurethane.

Without lubricants, however, all of these materials will chaff during "repeated articulations," the term of art used by the researchers to describe thrusting motions. Added emollients wear off with use.

Discomfort during intercourse and reduced pleasure -- noted by 77 percent of men and 40 percent of women in a nation-wide survey in the United States -- are often cited as reasons for not using condoms at all.

Researchers at Boston University led by Mark Grinstaff addressed these problem by adding a thin polymer coating of moisture-activated molecules that entraps liquid rather than repelling it, as latex does.

The polymer-treated condoms did not affect the latex, and "provides consistently low friction even when subjected to large volumes of water, or 1000 cycles of articulation," the study reported.

In touch tests, volunteers expressed a strong preference for condoms that were "inherently slippery" and remained so for a long time.

Because the material has yet to be approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the liquid-loving latex has yet to be tested during intercourse.

But more than 90 percent of the volunteers said they would consider using the coated condoms, and more than half said they would likely use condoms more frequently if the perpetually slippery ones were commercially available.

[Big Sexy]

Why has my penis gone numb?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322694.php

When a person loses some or all of the feeling in their penis, it has become numb.
The penis contains many nerve endings, and it is usually very sensitive. Numbness can occur when a person sits in a certain position for a long time. It can also result from low testosterone levels, another health issue, or an injury.

People should see their doctor if their penis or testicles have become numb for no apparent reason.

In this article, we look at what can cause numbness in the penis and how to regain sensitivity.

Symptoms

The penis has become numb when a person cannot feel sensations that they usually would, including feelings of touch or stimulation.

Symptoms of numbness can vary from person to person. For some, it feels similar to an arm or leg falling asleep. Others may feel as though the circulation to the area has been cut off.

Some people with numbness report feeling very little stimulation, while others feel nothing, even from heavy stimulation.

Other symptoms can accompany numbness, depending on the underlying cause. These symptoms can include:

a loss of sensation in the testicles, perineum, or the skin around the penis
a burning or tingling, needle-like feeling
coldness in the penis or testicles
blue or purplish skin

What causes a numb penis?

A number of issues can lead to a loss of sensation, and some activities and lifestyle factors can increase the risk.

The following can cause numbness in the penis:

Injury

An injury on or around the penis can cause it to become numb. This can result from damage to certain nerves or blood vessels.

Usually, sensitivity will return in time. If it does not, speak to a doctor.

The following can lead to pressure or injury to the penis or groin area:

Riding a bicycle. The bumps and friction of the road can injure the perineum, testicles, and penis. Cycling can also place pressure on the groin and temporarily restrict nerves or blood vessels, leading to penile numbness.

Sitting for too long. Sitting on uncomfortable or unpadded chairs for long periods can put enough pressure on the penis or perineum to result in injury. The perineum should not support the weight of the body.

General irritation. Soaps and other hygiene products are more likely to irritate the sensitive skin on and around the penis. Using gentle, hypoallergenic soaps can help.

Friction from tight clothes. Tight or rough underwear can irritate the penis, causing an itchy or tingling sensation. This kind of clothing can also cause redness, especially around the tip of the penis.

Sex- or masturbation-related injury
During sexual activity, the erect penis is not flexible. This rigidity can put the penis at risk for fracture or bruising, which can cause pain, irritation, numbness, and changes in color.

Vigorous or excessive friction from masturbation and other types of sexual activity can also cause injury that leads to numbness. If a person notices a reduction in sensitivity, it may help to cut back or try different forms of masturbation.

Damage can also result from using a pump, which sucks blood into the penis to achieve an erection. Numbness, bruising, cuts, and red or purple spots called petechiae may appear on the skin.

Penis rings can help some people with erectile dysfunction, but overuse can lead to bruising and other types of damage.

Low testosterone
Testosterone is an important hormone with wide-ranging effects, including a role in regulating muscle mass and sex drive. After puberty, testosterone levels gradually decline, and many older adults have low levels.

However, low testosterone can also affect younger people.

When testosterone levels drop, a person may notice a reduction in pleasure from sexual activity. As a result, they may mistakenly believe that their penis is numb.

Low testosterone can lead to numbness, but usually not when it comes to pain, so a person would still feel it if the penis or scrotum were pinched, for example.

Other symptoms of low testosterone can include changes in mood, sex drive, and energy levels.

Nerve problems
Problems with the nerves in the area can cause numbness in the penis, testicles, and perineum.

A number of health issues can affect the nerves and result in numbness. An individual may experience this numbness in the lower body and groin area.

Some of these issues include:

diabetes
lupus
multiple sclerosis (MS)
cancer and its treatment
vascular disease

Peyronie's disease
Peyronie's disease is a less common cause of penile numbness.

A buildup of scar tissue, called plaque, within the penis characterizes this disease. The scar tissue can be less sensitive than regular penile tissue, and some people experience desensitization or numbness.

Prostate cancer
The prostate plays an important role in the reproductive system. It produces the fluid that carries sperm and helps to push out the fluid during ejaculation.

Damage to the prostate, from a tumor, for example, can lead to numbness, tingling, and other changes in the penis.

Also, a person may urinate more frequently than usual or have trouble urinating, among other symptoms.

Treatment for a numb penis

When numbness results from injury, it will usually heal with the injury.

When an underlying condition is responsible for the numbness, treating or managing the health issue will usually resolve this symptom.

The following methods can help to alleviate penile numbness:

Changing lifestyle habits

Because sitting in certain positions or on hard, uncomfortable furniture can cause numbness, a doctor may recommend:

taking short breaks throughout the day
standing whenever possible
adjusting the sitting position
changing chairs
For cyclists, using a different bicycle seat can help to prevent pain and numbness around the groin after long-distance rides.

Altering the angle of the seat can also cause it to absorb more of the shock and pressure from the road.

Medications
A doctor will usually prescribe medication to treat long-term medical conditions, such as diabetes, MS, and Peyronie's disease.

Monitoring and controlling blood sugar levels can relieve symptoms in people with diabetes, who may need to take additional medication to prevent nerve damage. In advanced cases, diabetes can result in serious nerve damage known as diabetic neuropathy.

People with Peyronie's disease can take medication that breaks down the scar tissue and collagen forming in the penis. This should control their symptoms.

Raising testosterone levels
A person with low testosterone may require hormonal treatment, which can come as pills, injections, or patches. Only take hormones with the guidance of a doctor.

Outlook
Numbness in the penis often results from an injury to the groin area. A person may sustain such an injury from vigorous sex, a long bike ride, or trauma.

Treatment is usually relatively simple. Resting the penis can provide relief from common injury-induced numbness.

If the numbness stems from a chronic condition or nerve disorders, the outlook may vary, but it is usually good.

If symptoms persist after treatment, see a doctor. A person may have to try several techniques or treatments before finding one that works.


Q:
Can masturbation make a person lose sensation in their penis?

A:
Excessive or vigorous masturbation can lead to a perceived loss of sensation. Hyperstimulation can reduce the sensitivity of the penis and cause a person to increase the force that they use during masturbation, which can make the issue worse. This can also lead to delayed orgasm or an inability to orgasm, which is called anorgasmia. Some treatments for this include changing the masturbation technique, for example by altering the method or frequency, and adding other sources of stimulation.

Daniel Murrell, MD
Answers represent the opinions of our medical experts. All content is strictly informational and should not be considered medical advice.

[Big Sexy]

Sex after a C-section: Everything you need to know
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322715.php

Most women need to wait at least 6 weeks before having sex after a C-section, or until their doctor or midwife says it is safe.
They may also need to take a few precautions and make some adjustments to their sexual activities in the short term.

A C-section, also known as a cesarean delivery, involves a doctor delivering a baby through a long incision in the abdomen instead of through the vagina.

An estimated one in four pregnant women will undergo cesarean delivery, and questions about how it affects postpartum sexual activity are very common.

In this article, we address some common concerns, including how long to wait, what to expect, and if there will be an increased risk of bleeding.

How long to wait

While there is no standard amount of time a woman should wait before returning to regular sexual activities following cesarean delivery, it is best to wait until a doctor says it is safe.

Most women get the OK from doctors at their 6-week postnatal checkup and may choose to start having sex after this point.

In a 2013 study that included more than 1,500 women, 53 percent had attempted sexual activity within 6 weeks of giving birth. Of these women, 41 percent had tried vaginal sex.

Everyone's recovery is different, and the pace may depend on whether the cesarean delivery was extensive or unplanned.

Many women who have undergone cesarean delivery chose to wait at least 4–6 weeks before having sex because they experience soreness, vaginal bleeding, and fatigue following the birth.

Women should also avoid wearing tampons until postpartum bleeding, or lochia, is complete.

Precautions

After a doctor says that it is safe to try sexual activity, people may still need to take some precautions to reduce the risk of complications.

There may be some soreness and swelling around the incision site, and the surrounding skin may feel tight or stretched.

As the incision site heals, it will also be more prone to tearing, so it is essential to avoid strenuous activities, including some sexual activities. It is best to avoid lifting anything heavier than the baby.

There is also usually heavy bruising along and around the incision site, and this will slowly fade in the weeks following the surgery.

A doctor may remove the surgical staples before a woman leaves the hospital, but the abdomen will still be very sore and tender for a few weeks.

The vagina usually feels wider, swollen, or bruised after giving birth. The cervix also needs time to heal and return to its regular size before a person can start having sex or using tampons again.

Anyone who has recently undergone a cesarean delivery should watch out for signs of infection and other complications. These signs include:

a fever over 100.4° F
severe pain
leaking urine
heavy vaginal bleeding, such as bleeding that soaks a maxi pad in 1 hour
large clots
bad-smelling discharge oozing from the incision
severe or continual bleeding from the incision
swelling around the incision site
swelling or pain in the lower legs
pain when peeing
vomiting, diarrhea, or nausea
shortness of breath
hives or a rash
an intense headache that comes on suddenly and does not go away
unexplained anxiety, depression, or panic
flu-like symptoms

What to expect

Many women do not feel like having sex for a few weeks or months after giving birth, either vaginally or by cesarean delivery.

There is no need to rush. Most women and their partners are exhausted from taking care of a newborn, so sex may not rank high on the list of priorities.

It is essential to keep in mind that sex should be pleasurable. If sexual activity causes any pain or discomfort, it is best to stop.

If the incision site is sore, try positions that do not put any pressure on the woman's abdomen.

Hormonal changes after birth may lead to vaginal dryness, so it may be a good idea to use a lubricant.

If penetration is uncomfortable or painful, it can help to focus on nonpenetrative activities. Some types of foreplay, such as massage, can also help people to relax and enjoy their experience.

It is crucial to keep in mind that everyone heals differently. If sexual activity becomes more painful over time, talk to a doctor.

Authors of one study reported that the rate of sexual problems in first-time mothers rose from 38 percent before pregnancy to 83 percent in the first 3 months following delivery. This figure declined to 64 percent 6 months after birth.

In one cohort study, the researchers found no differences regarding sexual problems after delivery among women who gave birth vaginally and those who underwent cesarean delivery.

However, results of another cohort study suggested that women who had undergone cesarean delivery were more likely to delay having sex longer than those who had given birth vaginally.

Is there an increased risk of bleeding?

After giving birth, all women experience a period of vaginal bleeding called lochia. This bleeding continues until the uterus shrinks back to its regular size.

Lochia causes bright red blood to leak from the vagina. Most women wear extra-absorbent pads or padded underwear during this time.

Lochia bleeding eventually changes from bright red to dark red or pale pink. Over time, it fades to an orange or yellowish color.

Activity levels can also affect this period of bleeding. If the amount of blood suddenly increases, it may mean that a woman is doing too much too quickly after surgery.

For 1 or 2 weeks after cesarean delivery, a woman may also notice some periodic, minor bleeding from the incision site.

Strenuous activity, including sex, can increase the risk of opening the incision or experiencing a blood clot.

Birth control after giving birth
Technically, a woman can get pregnant as soon as 3 weeks after giving birth, regardless of whether they are breast-feeding.

Women can even get pregnant after giving birth if they have not yet had a period.

This means that women who may become pregnant through sexual intercourse usually wish to use birth control.

Many women return to their preferred method of birth control. It is best to speak to a doctor or nurse about the best methods before leaving the hospital or during the 6-week checkup.

Recovery

Most women need to spend 3–4 days recovering in the hospital after cesarean delivery.

After 24 hours, a doctor or nurse will often recommend getting up and gently moving around, even just to go to the bathroom. A nurse may also demonstrate ways of moving that are less likely to cause pain from the incision site.

A doctor may leave the dressing on the incision site for at least 24 hours after the surgery.

Most cesarean delivery incisions are between 10 and 20 centimeters long. They run horizontally across the abdomen, usually just above the underwear line.

Before a woman leaves the hospital, the doctor will give instructions to ensure that the wound heals properly and remains free from infection.

Takeaway
There is no right time to begin having sex again after cesarean delivery.

However, the cervix needs time to heal, and the incision site will be more prone to infection in the initial weeks, so it is best to wait until a doctor says it is safe.

A doctor will usually give the go-ahead close to the 6-week checkup, but many women prefer to wait longer.

Take things slowly and communicate what feels pleasurable and what does not. If sex is painful, it is essential to say so. People may choose to stop or try a different position or activity.

If sex becomes more painful over time instead of less, speak to a doctor.

[Big Sexy]

What is labial hypertrophy and is it normal?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322755.php

Labial hypertrophy is the medical term for when one or both of the vaginal lips or labia is larger than usual.
Having enlarged labia is normal and not a cause for concern. Many people are born with large and often asymmetrical labia and experience no negative side effects.

People can have surgery to safely change the shape of the labia, though this is not usually necessary.

Is labial hypertrophy normal?

Labial hypertrophy describes the enlargement of the vaginal lips. The labia help cushion the inner vagina and clitoris from friction, impact, and damage.

The size and shape of people's genitals vary significantly from person-to-person. The vaginal lips, or labia, are often asymmetrical, and it is normal for each side to have its own shape.

The outside of the vagina, which is called the vulva, contains:

the labia majora or outer lips or skin folds
the labia minora or inner lips or skin folds
Labial hypertrophy can affect both sets of labia, but it is more likely to change the labia minora or inner lips.

Hypertrophy in the labia majora may cause them to appear enlarged. Hypertrophy in the labia minora may cause them to stick out past the labia majora.

Labial hypertrophy is harmless. It does not impact a person's sexual health and does not mean they have an underlying medical condition.

Many people have labial hypertrophy without knowing it, and most do not experience adverse symptoms.

Side effects of labial hypertrophy

Most people with labial hypertrophy will not have any additional symptoms or side effects.

In others, enlarged labia may cause discomfort or put them at risk for other issues. Possible side effects include:

Discomfort or irritation

The labia are a sensitive area, and longer labia may become irritated more easily.

Some people with enlarged labia may feel discomfort when doing physical activities that add friction or pressure to the vaginal area, such as horseback riding or cycling. They may also notice pain from friction during sexual activity.

Enlarged labia may rub against a person's underwear, causing persistent irritation to this sensitive area.

Keeping clean
A person who has labial hypertrophy will often have additional areas of folded skin around the vulva. This makes it especially important to thoroughly clean the area when washing, as there are more areas for bacteria to become trapped.

People should always wash their hands before touching the sensitive vaginal area to prevent the transfer of bacteria. It is essential to wash the area well if it becomes itchy or irritated.

Incorrect vaginal hygiene can make people more susceptible to bacterial growths and yeast infections.

Causes
There is no known direct reason for labial hypertrophy. Doctors see it as a natural fluctuation in the human body. Just as one breast may be larger than the other, differences in the labia are usual.

Some people are born with enlarged labia, while it may develop over time due to hormonal fluctuations in others. In some people, the labia become larger as they go through puberty.

Some people also notice that their labia grow after pregnancy, while others see changes in their vulva with age.

Diagnosis
Diagnosing labial hypertrophy is simple. A physical examination by a doctor or gynecologist is usually all that is required. There is no standard of measurement for how large labia should be.

Treatment
In most cases, people do not need treatment. However, if labial hypertrophy causes physical or psychological discomfort, there are treatment options, as follows:

Lifestyle changes
Some people with labial hypertrophy may notice that their discomfort goes away if they stop wearing tight clothing or underwear. Wearing loose-fitting underwear, shorts, and pants may help prevent unnecessary friction in the area.

Wearing natural materials, such as cotton or linen, may also help improve airflow around the vulva.

Doctors may also be able to provide women with topical ointments to reduce irritation or manage symptoms.

Other tips to help manage possible symptoms include:

Choose natural, unscented tampons or menstrual pads, avoiding any additional ingredients or chemicals.

Wear a protective pad or use a cushioned seat when doing physical activities that may irritate the labia, such as cycling.

Practice good hygiene and wash with a hypoallergenic soap that is free from harsh chemicals or perfumes.

Surgery
Some people may choose to have surgery to reduce the size of their labia. This involves a procedure called a labioplasty.

A labioplasty is typically done for cosmetic reasons and involves removing excess skin and reshaping the labia to be more symmetrical. The surgery usually requires general anesthesia.

The surgery may cause bruising or swelling in the vulva, as it heals. The vulva will also be very delicate during the healing process. People will need to take extra care to keep the area clean and dry to avoid infections or bleeding.

Doctors may also advise people to avoid friction and wear loose clothing while the labia recover.

Surgery always carries risks, such as having a reaction to anesthesia or developing scar tissue. Doctors will discuss these risks and a person's other options before continuing with any treatment.

Doctors will give specific instructions to people about when they can resume physical and sexual activity.

Is labioplasty safe in teens?
Surgeons may also perform a labioplasty on teenagers going through puberty who may be developing enlarged labia. However, because the labia may still be growing, doctors usually advise people to wait until after puberty before having surgery.

Doctors will talk through labial hypertrophy with teens to help them understand that it is a normal change in the body. They will also talk about the emotional and mental health factors involved in cosmetic surgery.

Outlook
Labial hypertrophy is usual in individuals and, in many cases, causes no adverse side effects. Surgery is an option in severe cases or cases that cause emotional discomfort. The outlook for surgery is generally good and has a very high satisfaction rate.

Doctors may have additional tips about soothing irritation or managing effects of hypertrophy, and many people find they can relieve any discomfort by making a few lifestyle changes.

[Big Sexy]

side effects of birth control pills and why can the birth control pill make your breasts bigger?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322758.php

Birth control pills contain hormones, and they can increase a person's breast size. However, the effect is usually temporary.
The two primary hormones present in most types of birth control pill are:

estrogen, a female sex hormone
progestin, a synthetic version of progesterone, which is another female sex hormone
The body produces estrogen and progesterone. During the menstrual cycle, levels fluctuate, and this can cause a change in breast tissue.

Estrogen is also the hormone primarily responsible for the development of breasts during puberty.

When a person starts taking the birth control pill, their levels of these hormones rise, and this can result in an increase in breast size.

However, the size of the breasts may return to normal after a few monthly cycles or after a person stops taking the pill.

Can birth control affect breast size and how?

Birth control pills can increase the size of a person's breasts.

Estrogen and progesterone levels change during the menstrual cycle, and this can cause changes in the breast tissue. A person may feel that their breasts are tender or sore, as a result.

Many birth control pills contain the same hormones, estrogen and progestin, which is a synthetic form of progesterone. Starting to take the pill can stimulate the breasts to grow. However, any increase in size is typically slight.

Within a few months of taking the pill, the breasts generally return to their regular size. This usually also happens if a person stops taking the pill.

There is another link between the birth control pill and breast enlargement. When a person starts taking birth control, the changes to hormone levels can cause the body to retain fluid. This can make the breasts feel engorged.

When fluid retention, or edema, is responsible for breasts that feel bigger, a person may notice that their breast size returns to normal during the week that they are not taking an active pill. During this week, they will get a period.

Can birth control make people gain weight?
Weight gain is a side effect of many birth control pills. Like the possible increase in breast size, any associated weight gain is typically slight.

In 2014, researchers published a review of 49 trials. They had tried to find a causal link between weight gain and types of birth control that contained both estrogen and progestin. The researchers found that these pills tended to have no significant impact on weight.

If a person who starts taking the birth control pill does experience minor weight gain, it is because hormonal changes have caused the body to retain fluid.

Other side effects of birth control
In general, doctors consider the pill to be safe. However, a person should be aware of some possible side effects, which include:

changes in mood
changes in menstruation, involving either more or less bleeding
tenderness in the breasts
nausea
headaches
The increase in hormones, particularly estrogen, can also cause more serious side effects. Birth control pills that only contain progestin are less likely to cause these effects.

Serious, though rare, side effects of birth control include:

blood clots
stroke
heart attack
Before starting or changing a method of birth control, discuss the risks with a doctor.

When to see a doctor
A person must see a doctor before they can start taking the birth control pill and before switching pills.

It is essential for each person to discuss the potential side effects and risk factors with a medical professional.

Some risk factors to consider include:

being overweight or obese
smoking
being over the age of 35
having a history of migraines with auras
having a history of high blood pressure
the presence of a clotting disorder
having high cholesterol
If a person has any of these risk factors, a doctor may recommend a different type of birth control. The doctor should be able to provide additional options.

Takeaway
When taking a birth control pill, a person should be aware of the potential risks and side effects.

One of the milder side effects is a slight, temporary increase in breast size. Though rare, some other side effects are more severe, and they can even be life-threatening.

Before a person starts using hormone-based birth control, it is essential to discuss the advantages and disadvantages with a doctor.

[Big Sexy]

Foods to eat for better sex
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/322779.php

Humans have looked for ways to improve their sexual experience for thousands of years, including trying to discover the best foods for sex.
Scientists have linked a variety of foods with better sex. In this article, learn about which foods to eat to boost libido, improve stamina, and enhance your sex life.

Foods for circulation and stamina

Keeping the circulatory system in good working order is essential for sexual health. Better circulation can lead to an improved sexual response in men and women. This is especially true for the erectile response. Cardiac health is also vital for stamina.

In other words, if it is good for the heart, it is good for a person's sex life.

The American Heart Association recommend a diet that includes:

a wide range of fruits and vegetables
whole grains and plenty of fiber
healthful oils, such as olive oil and sunflower oil
seafood, nuts, and legumes
Research suggests that following this heart-healthy diet can improve certain aspects of sexual health.

Researchers studying the Mediterranean Diet, which follows similar lines to the American Heart Association's, found that people with metabolic syndrome who followed the diet had fewer problems with erectile dysfunction, otherwise known as ED.

Also, many of the foods featured in a heart-healthy diet, such as avocados, asparagus, nuts, seafood, and fruit, have associations with better sex in both traditional medicine and scientific research.

For example, in Nahuatl — the language once used by the Aztecs — the term for avocados was the same as the term for testicles.

Also, researchers found that people who ate avocados had a reduced risk of metabolic syndrome, which is a risk factor for ED.

Men with metabolic syndrome are almost twice as likely as men without it to experience ED, so adding healthful fats, such as those in avocados, to a varied diet may help.

Foods to boost libido
Foods that can help people improve their libido are commonly called aphrodisiacs, after Aphrodite, the ancient Greek goddess of love.

Oysters are among the most famous aphrodisiacs in history. Their effects may be due to their zinc content.

Zinc is a mineral the body needs every day for many vital functions, such as cell metabolism, stamina, and regulating levels of testosterone. Testosterone is the most important male sex hormone.

One older study found that zinc might be helpful for treating ED in people with chronic kidney disease.

Oysters have more zinc than any other food per serving. Some examples of other foods that are high in zinc are:

crab
lobster
red meat
fortified breakfast cereal
pine nuts

However, sexual desire is complex and has to do with many more factors than just nutrition, including an individual's relationships, stress levels, and personal preference.

It is natural for people to experience ups and downs in their interest in sex. Many alternative healthcare practitioners claim diet can help.

While more scientific research is needed, the following foods are possible libido-boosters:

Asian and American ginseng
Fenugreek
Maca

Foods to help maintain an erection

When a person has difficulty getting and maintaining an erection, doctors refer to it as ED. According to the Urology Care Foundation, ED affects up to 30 million men in the United States.

Understanding the physical, mental, and emotional factors that contribute to ED can help people choose a diet that promotes better sex.

Factors that contribute to ED include:

problems with blood flowing into and staying in the penis
damage to nerve centers in the penis
side effects of medication, radiation, and other medical treatments
depression, anxiety, and stress
Tackling the underlying cause is the best way to treat ED. But another thing people can do is eat more fruit.

In one study, researchers linked a higher fruit intake to a 14 percent reduction in the risk of ED. The flavonoid content of many fruits may be responsible for this improvement.

Foods rich in flavonoids include:

berries
citrus fruits
grapes
apples
hot peppers
cocoa products
red wine
tea (green, white, and black)
Research in an animal model has also shown that watermelon may be effective against ED. The melon's content of the amino acid l-citrulline may explain this positive action.

Also, nitric oxide may be beneficial to prevent ED by increasing blood flow and vasodilation.

Beets also contain nitrates, which convert to nitric oxide and may be beneficial for blood flow.

Takeaway
Many people look to their diet to increase their sexual desire, improve their ability to have sex, and increase the pleasure they get from sex.

While research indicates possible links between particular foods and better sex, those seeking the best food for sex should ensure they are eating a balanced, heart-healthy diet.

[IAmAwesome]

a wide range of fruits and vegetables


I noticed this too that each time if my diet consists of veggies, i somehow perform much better in the bedroom

[Big Sexy]

Long-lasting HIV injection is a step closer after second GSK study
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-gsk-hiv/long-lasting-hiv-injection-is-a-step-closer-after-second-gsk-study-idUSKCN1N42CP

LONDON (Reuters) - A once-monthly injection to control HIV proved as effective as daily pills in a second study by GlaxoSmithKline, paving the way for a new regimen that could be simpler for some patients to be filed with regulators.

The experimental two-drug injection of cabotegravir and rilpivirine was shown to suppress the HIV virus in a cohort of adults who had not been on a long-established daily three-drug oral regimen, GSK’s majority-owned HIV unit ViiV Healthcare said.

In the study, adults with HIV were first put on a 20-week three-drug program of daily tablets to suppress the virus before being switched to monthly injections. After 48 weeks, the injections maintained a similar rate of suppression as the pills, it said.

The results support an earlier major study, which involved adults who had been using a three-drug oral regimen to control the virus.

ViiV Healthcare’s chief medical officer John C. Pottage said the trial provided further evidence that a long-acting injection could offer an alternative to daily, oral therapy for people who had previously achieved viral suppression.

“This innovative dosing regimen could transform HIV therapy by reducing the number of days a person receives treatment from 365 to 12,” he said.

“Work on new methods of HIV treatment, including long-acting injectable therapies, supports our goal of making HIV a smaller part of the lives of people living with HIV.”

ViiV Healthcare, which is also owned by Pfizer and Shionogi, hopes that its work on developing two-drug therapies will help it compete against Gilead Sciences, the U.S. drugmaker that dominates the $26 billion-a-year HIV market.

The company said detailed results of the study would be presented at an upcoming scientific meeting.

[Big Sexy]

Online tool can help men make prostate cancer treatment choices
Read more at https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/health/online-tool-can-help-men-make-prostate-cancer-treatment-choices-10952258

A web-based tool can let a man with prostate cancer see how thousands of other men in his situation have chosen to be treated, which may help him better understand his own options, a US study suggests.

Early-stage prostate cancer may not need treatment right away, or ever, because these tumors often don't grow fast enough to cause symptoms. Because treatment can have side effects like impotence and incontinence, doctors sometimes advise men to put off surgery or radiation and instead get regular screenings to reassess whether the cancer warrants intervention.

"There is often no one correct treatment option because the choice of prostate cancer treatment depends on personal preferences around treatment benefits and risks," said senior author Dr Karandeep Singh of the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor.

"There are already a number of great resources available to the prostate cancer patient community to support this shared decision-making process," Singh said by email. "However, there are no tools that help patients discover what treatments similar men chose when faced with a similar decision."

Singh and colleagues set out to develop a tool that fit the bill. They used data on treatment choices made by 5,016 men diagnosed with prostate cancer to develop a web-based tool that predicts the most likely treatment choice based on what other men in similar circumstances have chosen.

Then, they asked another 2,527 men with prostate cancer to try out the tool and see how often the program predicted the treatment choice these men would pick for themselves. The tool, it turned out, was highly accurate.

"This tool is not meant to replace the shared decision-making process but rather to augment that process by helping patients focus their preparation on likely treatment options prior to meeting with their urologist," Singh said.

Patients and doctors can use the tool here: https://bit. ly/2Kjprcw

It's only meant for men with early-stage tumors that haven't spread to other parts of the body. It won't predict treatment decisions for men with more complex cases.

For men who do have early-stage tumors, the tool focuses on aspects of the prostate cancer diagnosis, patients' age and weight, and any history of heart attack or diagnosis of diabetes.

When men are only 45 years old with lower-risk tumors, they will probably see that similar patients are pretty evenly divided between opting for radical prostatectomy surgery and choosing active surveillance, that is, skipping treatment in favor of periodic reassessments to see if cancer warrants intervention.

By age 55, men with low-risk tumors might see that more than half of similar patients choose active surveillance and less than 40 per cent opt for a radical prostatectomy. And by 65, men with low-risk tumors might see that about two-thirds of similar patients pick active surveillance.

One limitation of the study is that it wasn't designed to prove whether or how the web-based tool might help men make treatment decisions or see how happy patients are afterwards with the choices they made, the study authors note.

Even when men seem similar on paper in terms of their demographics and the particulars of their tumor, how well the web-based tool predicts what's best for them might vary from one man to the next, said Dr. Kari Tikkinen of the University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital in Finland.

"Sure, this data can be reassuring to those whose own values and preferences concur with the option machine learning is suggesting as the most common choice," Tikkinen, who wasn't involved in the study, said by email.

"However, even in this kind of excellent situation it may not help patients," Tikkinen said.

A man who is very opposed to surgery because of the risk of incontinence or impotence, for example, may not want to choose surgery just because that's what the tool says most similar men would do, Tikkinen said.

But tools like the one tested in the study can still help men have more focused and nuanced conversations with their doctors about what treatment may be ideal for them, Tikkinen said.

SOURCE: https://https://bit. ly/2Bm8MlN European Urology, online October 11, 2018.

Read more at https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/health/online-tool-can-help-men-make-prostate-cancer-treatment-choices-10952258

[Big Sexy]

Scientists believe people should be eating less meat and more vegetables
https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/health/diet/scientists-believe-people-should-be-eating-less-meat-and-more-vegetables/news-story/2339721756217c5d08dbfd20fdf4b3b0

Scientists have unveiled what they say is an ideal diet for the health of the planet and its people — including a doubling of consumption of nuts, fruits, vegetables and legumes, and a halving of meat and sugar intake.

If the world followed the Planetary Health diet, the researchers said, more than 11 million premature deaths could be prevented each year, while greenhouse gas emissions would be cut and more land, water and biodiversity would be preserved.

“The food we eat and how we produce it determines the health of people and the planet, and we are currently getting this seriously wrong,” said Tim Lang, a professor at Britain’s University of London who co-led the research.

Feeding a growing population of 10 billion people by 2050 with a healthy, sustainable diet will be impossible without transforming eating habits, improving food production and reducing food waste, he said.

“We need a significant overhaul, changing the global food system on a scale not seen before.” Many life-threatening chronic diseases are linked to poor diets, including obesity, diabetes, malnutrition and several types of cancer.


The researchers said unhealthy diets currently cause more death and disease worldwide than unsafe sex, alcohol, drug and tobacco use combined.

It suggested cutting back meat consumption to 14g a day

The proposed planetary diet is the result of a three-year project commissioned by The Lancet health journal and involving 37 specialists from 16 countries.

It says global average consumption of foods such as red meat and sugar should be cut by 50 per cent, while consumption of nuts, fruits, vegetables and legumes should double.

For individual regions, this could mean even more dramatic changes: People in North America, for example, eat almost 6.5 times the recommended amount of red meat, while people in South Asia eat only half the amount suggested by the planetary diet.

Meeting the targets for starchy vegetables such as potatoes and cassava would need big changes in sub-Saharan Africa, where people on average eat 7.5 times the suggested amount.

The researchers said they acknowledged it was very ambitious to hope to get everyone in the world to adopt it, not least because there is vast global inequality of access to food.

“More than 800 million people have insufficient food, while many more consume an unhealthy diet that contributes to premature death and disease,” said Walter Willett of Harvard University.

[sammyboyfor]

Scientists believe people should be eating less meat and more vegetables
https://www.news.com.au/lifestyle/health/diet/scientists-believe-people-should-be-eating-less-meat-and-more-vegetables/news-story/2339721756217c5d08dbfd20fdf4b3b0



My current diet is zero added sugar and salt and no dairy and no meat.

Eggs twice a week max and all coffee and tea has been replaced with Turmeric and Almond milk.

It has made a huge difference. Less fat, more muscle, better sleep and higher energy levels.

[Big Sexy]

Safest condoms and methods of use
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323089.php

Condoms are an effective method for preventing pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections. Most brands are very safe, but some offer less protection than others.
Condoms are a popular barrier method of conception. Condoms made of latex, polyisoprene, or polyurethane effectively prevent pregnancy and the transmission of certain sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

Most commercial brands of condoms are very safe and approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). However, people should look out for novelty condoms and natural condoms, which may not offer the same levels of protection.

In this article, we look at which condoms are safest and provide tips for using condoms to make sure they are effective.

How safe are condoms for pregnancy and STIs?

Male condoms are considered a safe and overall effective form of birth control. According to Planned Parenthood, condoms are 98 percent effective at preventing pregnancy when used correctly. If used incorrectly, the effectiveness rate drops to about 85 percent.

By contrast, female condoms are 95 percent effective when used correctly. When people do not use them correctly, this figure drops to 79 percent.

Both male and female condoms also provide protection against STIs that are transmitted through bodily fluids, including semen, vaginal fluid, and blood. Condoms act as a barrier for all of these fluids and can protect against infections such as:

gonorrhea
chlamydia
HIV
syphilis

Condoms do not protect as effectively against some other STIs, such as herpes and genital warts. These infections re transmitted through skin-to-skin contact affecting the labia, scrotum, and inner thighs, and condoms only cover the shaft of the penis or the inside of the vagina or anus.

Safest condoms and methods

Most condoms are very safe. The FDA require all latex and polyurethane condoms to undergo quality testing. They require manufacturers to spot-check their products.

Additionally, the FDA collects random condom samples from warehouses, and fill these with water to check for leaks. At least 996 of every 1,000 condoms must pass the water leak test before the FDA consider them safe for use.

People can use the following advice to make sure they are using the right condoms in the safest possible way:

1. Avoid novelty condoms
Many manufacturers have designed novelty condoms for stimulation rather than protection. Avoid brands that do not mention STI or pregnancy protection.

If a condom does not cover the entire penis, it will not provide complete protection.

2. Read the packaging
Look for a statement on the label that indicates the condom will prevent STIs. Several brands, including Trojan and Duralex, offer varieties of condoms that can help prevent STIs.

However, as mentioned above, condoms do not protect against all STIs. People may still contract an STI that someone transmits through skin-to-skin contact.

People should always read the label carefully and read up on specific brands to confirm whether the condom meets all safety standards.

3. Avoid natural condoms
Natural condoms are a long-standing alternative to latex condoms. They are effective for preventing pregnancy, but they often do not protect against STIs.

People with latex allergies, or those looking for an alternative to latex, should instead try polyurethane condoms. These are slightly more expensive but offer a looser fit and the same protection as latex condoms against STIs and pregnancy.

4. Use lubricated condoms
Not everyone needs to use extra lubrication. The vagina naturally produces lubrication when a person is aroused. However, sometimes this lubrication is not enough.

In these cases, people should either use lubricated condoms or a separate water-based or silicon-based lubricant.

Lubrication on the outside of the condom reduces friction during sex and helps prevent the condom from either slipping off or breaking during sex.

5. Do not use oil-based lubricant
Oils, such as baby oil, lotions, or petroleum jelly, can cause the condom to break, and people should not use these with condoms.

6. Do not use expired condoms
Condoms have an expiration date written on their packaging. If a condom is past its expiration date, a person should throw it away, as it will be more likely to break than a newer one.

7. Avoid condoms that were not stored correctly
Condoms are affected by heat and friction, so the way people store them is important.

Always store condoms in a cool, dry place, as they can break down in extreme hot or cold temperatures. Storing condoms in an extreme temperature environment can weaken a condom and make it less effective.

People should not store condoms in their wallet, as they can be exposed to friction and heat which can cause weakness or tears.

8. Avoid condoms with spermicide
Some condoms contain spermicide. The FDA has approved nonoxynol 9 (N-9) as an over-the-counter spermicide. For some people, this spermicide may cause vaginal or anal irritation. For others, this may not be an issue.

Tips for using condoms safely

Condoms — as is the case with all birth control — are only effective when used correctly.

Always check the condom's expiration date and inspect the packaging to make sure there are no holes or tears. Store them away from direct sunlight and extreme temperatures.

When using a condom, a person should follow these basic safety steps:

Always check the packaging for the date and tears.
Open the package carefully and avoid using sharp instruments, including teeth.
Put the condom on after the penis becomes erect, but before it comes in contact with the vagina or anus.
Pinch the tip before unrolling the condom over the penis.
Use water-based lubrication on the outside of the condom to prevent tears or the condom slipping off.
Grip the base of the condom after ejaculation and remove from vagina or anus before the penis becomes flaccid.
Wrap the condom in a tissue and throw it out after use.
Always use a new condom for each sexual encounter.
For female condoms, people should follow these additional steps:

Guide the penis into the opening of the condom.
Pinch the opening together when removing the condom from the vagina.

What to do if a condom breaks
If a condom breaks during intercourse, stop immediately and remove the broken condom.

If there is any risk of an STI, people should see their doctor, as soon as possible. The doctor will do a sexual health screening and advise about how to look for signs of STIs if they appear.

If people are worried about pregnancy, there are a number of emergency contraception options available from doctors, sexual health clinics, or over the counter at a pharmacy.

People can choose between emergency contraception pills or an intrauterine device (IUD). These can help prevent pregnancy when used early after a condom breaks. The sooner a person takes emergency contraception, the more effective it is.

Advantages and disadvantages of condoms

Both males and females condoms are available. Male condoms are typically more affordable and have more varieties. Male condoms can vary in shape, size, flavor, and color.

Both male and female condoms are highly effective in preventing pregnancy and STIs when used correctly.

Both male and female condoms have some advantages and disadvantages that people should consider when deciding on birth control.

Advantages of condoms include the following:

less costly than hormonal methods and may be available free at certain health clinics
non-hormonal way of working
available in places that do not have a pharmacy
protect against STIs where most other forms of birth control do not

There are also certain disadvantages of condoms compared with other methods of contraception, such as the following:

there is a chance a condom will break
improper usage makes them less safe
oil-based lubricants can break down latex condoms

Takeaway
Condoms are an overall reliable and safe choice for people to use for protected sex. Unlike some other forms of birth control, most condoms offer additional protection from STIs.

Condoms created for use in the U.S. must pass safety standards, so much of choosing the right condom comes down to personal preferences.

[Big Sexy]

Typical testosterone levels in males and females
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323085.php

The amount of testosterone a person has in their body can vary throughout their life.
Levels depend on a person's age, sex, and health. Males usually have much higher levels of testosterone in their body than females.

Testosterone is a hormone known as an androgen. Although primarily known as a male sex hormone, females also need certain levels of testosterone. However, most testosterone converts into the sex hormone estradiol in the female body.

In males, the testes produce testosterone, and the ovaries produce testosterone in females.

The adrenal glands also produce small amounts of testosterone in both sexes.

Testosterone in males is important for:

development during puberty
sperm creation
strengthening of muscles and bones
sex drive
Testosterone in females is essential for:

maintaining levels of other hormones
sex drive and fertility
making new blood cells
There is a link between low testosterone and sex drive and fertility for both sexes.

The body controls testosterone levels naturally and having low testosterone levels is more common than having high testosterone levels.

Typical testosterone levels

Doctors measure testosterone in nanograms per deciliter (ng/dl).

The following tables show healthy levels of total testosterone in the body. Levels fall within a range for each age bracket.

People will have different levels of testosterone within this healthy range.

Infants and children

213455

Doctors may also measure testosterone alongside Tanner staging (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470280/).

The Tanner scale tracks the visual development of children during puberty according to five fixed stages rather than a person's specific age.

For example, stage II of the Tanner scale relates to the growth of a boy's testicles or the development of breast buds in a girl, but it does not refer to their actual age.

Because hormone levels change rapidly during puberty and development can happen at different ages for different people, the Tanner scale is a more accurate way to judge changes during puberty than referring to age.

According to the Tanner scale, healthy testosterone levels are as follows:

213456

Low testosterone levels

A testosterone deficiency in the womb can affect the development of a male fetus. It can also affect male puberty, and it may slow or stop a person's growth or development.

Hormone levels change for both males and females as they age. Females experience a more dramatic change in hormones, with levels falling until a female reaches menopause. Males experience a more gradual change in hormone levels.

Testosterone levels decrease naturally with age in both sexes.

In males, lower testosterone levels can lead to:

hair loss (including on the body and face)
reduced muscle tone
more fragile skin
a reduced sex drive
disturbed mood
memory or concentration problems
Low testosterone levels in females can lead to:

irregular or missed periods
low sex drive
vaginal dryness
weak bones
fertility problems
However, more research into the effects of low testosterone on the body as people age is needed.

High testosterone levels

High testosterone levels are unusual in adult males. Children with high testosterone levels may have a growth spurt or start puberty early. High testosterone in both sexes can cause infertility in some cases.

Polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects females. It occurs when the ovaries produce too much testosterone.

Symptoms include:

irregular or no periods
oily skin
acne
increased hair growth on the face, back, or chest
It is not clear what causes PCOS, but researchers think it is a combination of genes and environment.

Steroid use

Steroids have similar properties to testosterone, and some people use them to build muscle or gain weight. However, steroids can affect testosterone levels in both males and females.

If a person takes too many steroids, it can raise the levels of testosterone in their blood, causing the body to stop producing testosterone.

In males, this excess of testosterone can also lead to a decrease in the amount of sperm that the body makes, which may lead to infertility or loss of sex drive.

For females, steroids can cause a deeper voice, male pattern baldness, irregular periods, and may lead to infertility.

Both males and females may experience hair growth on the face and body, greasy skin, and a range of other symptoms.

Testing and diagnosis

Anyone who suspects that their testosterone levels are high or low should see their doctor or get tested.

To diagnose low or high testosterone, a doctor will ask about a person's medical history, do a physical examination, and order some tests.

In males, a doctor might:

discuss any use of steroids or opiates
talk about a person's development at puberty
measure their BMI and waist size
check hair for any pattern of baldness
check the size of the testicle and prostate gland
In females, a doctor will usually need to check or ask questions about:

menstruation
acne or skin conditions
body or facial hair
muscle bulk
For adolescents, a doctor will look for signs of puberty.

Total testosterone level test
The total testosterone level test is a blood test. The best time to have the test is in the morning when levels of testosterone in the blood are usually highest. However, testosterone levels vary throughout the day, so some people may need to have the test again to confirm the result.

Treatment options and takeaway

Treatment will depend on the underlying health condition.

It is possible to treat males for low testosterone levels with an injection or prescription gel. People using this treatment long-term could experience potentially severe side effects (https://www.health.harvard.edu/mens-health/is-testosterone-therapy-safe-take-a-breath-before-you-take-the-plunge), such as an increased risk for heart problems.

Females who develop PCOS might be able to treat their symptoms with weight loss, hormonal contraception (https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/162762.php)
, and fertility treatment if needed.

[Big Sexy]

What can make urination painful?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323105.php

A condition affecting the bladder or nearby parts of the body can cause painful urination. Doctors may also refer to painful urination as dysuria.
Multiple potential causes for this symptom exist, and many of them are treatable.

People with dysuria should make their doctor aware of any other symptoms that they are experiencing. If these relate to the painful urination, it can help doctors make a diagnosis and recommend appropriate treatment.

Causes of dysuria
Many different conditions can cause painful urination. Most of these causes are highly treatable.

Below are 10 possible causes of painful urination, along with other symptoms that may occur alongside it.

1. Urinary tract infection
A urinary tract infection (UTI) occurs when excess bacteria build up somewhere in the urinary tract. This part of the body runs from the kidneys to the bladder to the urethra, which carries urine toward the outside of the body.

Additional symptoms

A person with a UTI may experience other symptoms, such as:

needing to urinate frequently
passing cloudy or blood-tinged urine
fever
foul-smelling urine
pain in the side and back

2. Sexually transmitted infection
Sexually transmitted infections (STIs), such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, and herpes, can all affect the urinary tract and lead to pain when urinating.

Additional symptoms

Symptoms may vary according to the type of STI. For example, herpes typically causes blister-like lesions on the genitals.

3. Prostate infection
A short-term bacterial infection can result in a prostate infection or prostatitis. Chronic inflammation from another condition, such as an STI, can also cause prostatitis.

Additional symptoms

A prostate infection may also cause:

difficulty urinating
pain in the bladder, testicles, and penis
difficulty ejaculating and painful ejaculation
needing to urinate frequently, especially at night

4. Kidney stones
Kidney stones are collections of materials, such as calcium or uric acid, that build up and form hardened stones in and around the kidneys.

Sometimes, the kidney stones will lodge themselves near the area where urine enters the bladder. This can cause painful urination.

Additional symptoms

In addition to dysuria, kidney stones can cause the following symptoms:

pain in the side and back
pink- or brown-tinted urine
cloudy urine
nausea
vomiting
pain that changes in intensity
fever
chills
urinating only small amounts frequently

5. Ovarian cysts
Much like kidney stones, ovarian cysts are an example of how something outside the bladder can press on it and cause painful urination.

Ovarian cysts can develop on one or both ovaries, which sit on either side of the bladder.

Additional symptoms

People with ovarian cysts may experience:

unusual vaginal bleeding
pelvic pain
difficulty recognizing that the bladder is empty after urinating
painful periods
breast tenderness
a dull ache in the lower back

6. Interstitial cystitis
Also known as bladder pain syndrome, interstitial cystitis is a condition that causes chronic irritation of the bladder lasting 6 weeks or more without an underlying infection.

Additional symptoms

Interstitial cystitis may also cause the symptoms below:

pressure in the bladder area
pain during intercourse
pain in the vulva or vagina
pain in the scrotum
urinating frequently but producing little urine

7. Chemical sensitivity
Sometimes, chemicals that are external to the body, such as fragrances, can irritate bodily tissues. When a person urinates, this irritation may be more noticeable, and pain may occur.

Products that can cause chemical sensitivity include:

douches
soaps
scented toilet paper
vaginal lubricants
contraceptive foams
Additional symptoms

People who react to chemical products may notice:

swelling
redness
itching
irritation of the skin on or around the genitals

8. Vaginal infection or irritation
Also known as vaginitis or vaginosis, a vaginal infection can occur due to the overgrowth of bacteria or yeast.

An STI called trichomoniasis can also cause a vaginal infection.

Additional symptoms

The following symptoms may occur alongside painful urination:

foul-smelling or unusual vaginal discharge
vaginal irritation
pain during intercourse
vaginal bleeding, which is usually mild

9. Medication
Some medications, including those that doctors prescribe to treat bladder cancer, may irritate and inflame the bladder tissues. This can often cause pain when urinating.

If a person has started a new medication and begins to feel pain when urinating, they should call their doctor and ask if the symptom may be a side effect of the drug. They should not stop taking the medication on their own without asking a doctor first.

Additional symptoms

Additional symptoms vary based on the type of medication.

10. Bladder cancer
Bladder cancer occurs when cancer cells start to develop in the bladder.

Feeling pain when urinating is not typically an early symptom of this condition. Instead, a person usually notices blood in their urine.

Additional symptoms

Other possible symptoms of bladder cancer include:

frequent urination
having difficulty urinating or passing a weak urine stream
lower back pain
appetite loss
weight loss
fatigue
foot swelling
bone pain

Differences in males and females
Males and females can both experience pain when urinating, and the causes may be anatomy-dependent.

For example, females have shorter urethras than males. As a result, bacteria can often enter the bladder more easily, which can lead to UTIs.

A person can talk to their doctor about their risks for painful urination based on their sex as well as their medical history.

When to see a doctor
Everyone may experience painful urination from time to time.

A person should see their doctor if the pain is consistent, and they are also experiencing the following symptoms:

blood in the urine, which will usually appear pink, brown, or red
pain in the side or back
pain that lasts longer than 24 hours
unusual discharge from the penis or vagina
fever
If an adult has a fever that is higher than 103°F, they should seek emergency medical attention.

A person should not ignore pain when urinating. A doctor can often help identify treatments that will reduce pain.

Potential treatment options
Treatment options for painful urination depend on the underlying cause. Some examples include:

Treating UTIs with antibiotics. Severe UTIs that affect the kidneys may require intravenous antibiotics.
Treating prostatitis with antibiotics. A person may take these for up to 12 weeks if they have chronic bacterial prostatitis. Other possible prostatitis treatments include over-the-counter (OTC) anti-inflammatories, prostatic massage, hot baths, and medications called alpha-blockers, which relax the muscles around the prostate.
Avoiding the use of harsh soaps or other chemical products near the genitals that could potentially lead to irritation. A person's symptoms will often resolve quickly when chemical irritation is the underlying cause.
At-home care for painful urination often includes taking OTC anti-inflammatory medications, such as ibuprofen.

A doctor will often encourage a person to drink more fluids as this dilutes urine, making it less painful to pass. Resting and taking medications as directed can usually help relieve most symptoms.

Summary
Painful urination is a common symptom with many causes, several of which are related to bacterial infection.

People who feel ill should see their doctor before an infection has time to get worse and cause additional symptoms.

[Big Sexy]

What to know about HPV and fertility
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323512.php

Human papillomavirus or HPV is the name for a group of viruses transmitted by skin-to-skin contact. HPV can affect fertility in both men and women.
It is the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI), but people can also acquire it in other ways. According to the United States' Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 80 percent of people will have an HPV infection at some point in their life, many without realizing.

Doctors consider different strains of HPV either low- or high-risk. The two most high-risk strains of HPV are HPV 16 and HPV 18, which are more likely to cause serious complications, such as cancer.

In general, however, 90 percent of HPV infections clear up without treatment within 2 years, without causing any adverse effects.

In this article, learn about how HPV may affect fertility in both men and women.

HPV and women's fertility

In general, research shows that any infection, including HPV, makes it more difficult for a woman to conceive and remain pregnant. However, it is important to remember that most cases of HPV clear up without any need for treatment.

The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) list scarring and blockages in the fallopian tubes as potential risk factors for infertility.

This type of damage can sometimes be due to STIs, such as HPV, but the ACOG do not list HPV as a specific contributor to infertility. How much HPV influences a woman's fertility still needs more study.

Women with HPV may experience:

Difficulties getting pregnant: HPV may reduce the embryo's ability to implant itself in the wall of the womb or uterus. HPV infections can also damage the embryo.

Increased risk of miscarriage: There is a link between HPV and the risk of pregnancy loss and spontaneous preterm birth, but these risks depend on the type of HPV a person has contracted. Studies show a significant association between cervical HPV infections and pregnancy loss.
It is vital to remember that the body's immune system clears most HPV infections without any additional treatment.

HPV and men's fertility
HPV can also affect fertility in men. According to a 2018 study, the presence of HPV in sperm negatively affects pregnancy outcomes, either by contributing to infertility or increasing the risk of pregnancy loss.

Men with fertility issues are 3 to 4 times more likely than other men to have HPV. The HPV virus affects fertility in men by binding with the head of the sperm cell, which hinders the sperm cell's ability to move freely.

How does HPV affect pregnancy?

HPV in men, women, or both can negatively affect the pregnancy outcome by increasing the risk of pregnancy loss.

Assisted reproductive technologies (ART)

For people using assisted reproduction, research shows that HPV-positive couples may have more difficulties getting and remaining pregnant, using intrauterine insemination (IUI) or in vitro fertilization (IVF), than HPV-negative couples.

A 2018 systematic review found that in cases where the male partner had HPV, it negatively affected pregnancy rates and increased the risk of miscarriage.

One 2016 study found that HPV-positive women were six times less likely than HPV-negative women to become pregnant after using IUI.

Prevention
There are several ways to reduce the likelihood of contracting HPV.

Get vaccinated: HPV vaccines are highly effective for both men and women, and provide close to 100 percent protection against several types of HPV and genital warts.

Make sure partners are vaccinated: Sexual partners can easily transfer HPV between each other. If one partner has HPV, it is likely that the other partner will get it. Making sure partners are vaccinated can help prevent transmission.

Practice safe sex: Using condoms reduces the risk of getting and transferring HPV. However, condoms are not as effective at preventing HPV infection as they are at preventing the spread of other STIs, as HPV can affect areas not covered by a condom.

Get regular Pap smears: Regular Pap smears help screen for HPV, including strains that may increase the risk of cervical precancer and cancer.

HPV-positive? Get vaccinated anyway: One study showed a positive association between vaccination and higher pregnancy rates and lower rates of miscarriage, even in people who already had HPV.

Other risks of HPV
Some strains of HPV, particularly HPV 16 and HPV 18 are known risk factors for cancer. Research found that people had HPV in 96 percent of cervical cancer cases and 93 percent of anal cancer cases.

People with certain strains of HPV may have a higher risk of developing the following types of cancer:

cervical
anal
throat
mouth
genital

Summary
Getting vaccinated is the best way to prevent HPV. If vaccination is not possible, or if a person already has HPV, practicing safe sex or choosing vaccinated partners helps to reduce risks.

If a person or couple is having fertility issues, they may wish to speak to a doctor about HPV testing. Even if they already have HPV, vaccination may help improve fertility and pregnancy outcomes.

However, in most cases, HPV clears up without treatment and will not cause any lasting effects, including fertility issues.

The complications of HPV depend on the particular strain. People with HPV should know which strain they have and become familiar with the risks to help avoid HPV-associated cancers.

[Big Sexy]

Dental dams: Everything you need to know
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323768.php

It is possible to pass a sexually transmitted infection to a partner through oral-genital or oral-anal sex. A device known as a dental dam can be effective in reducing this risk.
A dental dam is a barrier between a person's mouth and another person's genitals. Many people use them during oral sex.

Dental dams consist of a square of thin material, usually latex or polyurethane. Dental dams come in a variety of colors and with or without lubricant. Some dental dams are flavored.

What do they protect against?

Dental dams protect against the spread of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) or other germs, such as E. coli, during oral sex. They prevent the mouth from coming into contact with the vagina, vulva, and anus.

People can transmit several STIs during oral sex, including:

chlamydia
gonorrhea
syphilis
HIV
There is little research on how effective dental dams are but, similarly to condoms, people must use them properly and consistently for full protection.

It is possible to transmit other infections, such as herpes simplex type 1 and 2, human papillomavirus (HPV), and pubic lice (crabs).

A person can get genital herpes from an infected partner during oral sex if they have not entirely covered the outbreak or lesion. It is also possible to catch pubic lice from a partner, even while using a dental dam.

Depending on the type of contact, it is possible to get an STI infection in the throat, mouth, anus, rectum, genitals, or even the urinary tract.

Often, a person with an STI in their throat or mouth does not have any symptoms other than a sore throat.

How to use a dental dam

Dental dams are easy to use. Simply unroll the dental dam and place it over the vulva or anus before performing oral sex.

Make sure to use the dental dam during the entire session, from start to finish.

People should only use dental dams over the vulva or anus. When performing oral sex on a man, a person should use a condom instead of a dental dam.

Here are a couple of tips for using a dental dam:

Use a water-based lubricant. Avoid using oil-based products, such as petroleum jelly, lotion, or oil, as these can make the dam less effective. Apply the lubricant between the dam and the skin to prevent irritation.
Avoid spermicides or nonoxynol-9 products. These substances can increase the risk of irritation to the mouth or throat.
Only use a dental dam once. Be sure to use a fresh one for each instance of oral sex.
Store correctly. Double check expiration dates and keep the dams in a cool, dry place.
Look out for allergies to latex. Opt for a polyurethane dam if either partner is allergic to latex.
Throw away damaged dams. If the dam gets crinkled or rips during oral sex, throw it out and use a new one.

Making a homemade dental dam

214990
Image credit: Diego Sabogal.

If a person has a condom, they can just cut the tip and elastic at the base, then make another cut down the length of the condom and open it up into a square.

Another option is to use a sheet of kitchen plastic wrap. Plastic wrap is not designed for this purpose but can add protection if a person does not have access to a condom.

Plastic wrap is readily available in many grocery stores, and a person can use it with either water- or oil-based lubricants. However, plastic wrap is delicate and can rip easily.

Finally, there are single-use oral sex latex panties available, but these have yet to get approval from the United States Food and Drug Administration for this purpose.

While the single-use panties are more expensive than other options, they may feel more comfortable than a dental dam.

Takeaway

It is possible to transmit STIs through oral sex. Many people are not aware that they have an STI of the throat or mouth because there are often no symptoms.

Dental dams can provide a vital layer of protection during oral sex, especially among nonmonogamous couples or those with an active STI.

Dental dams are available at pharmacies, sexual health clinics, and online.

[Big Sexy]

What causes pelvic pain in women?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323796.php

Pelvic pain affects the lowest part of the abdomen, between the belly button and groin. In women, pelvic pain may be a sign of menstrual cramps, ovulation, or a gastrointestinal issue such as a food intolerance. It can also develop due to a more serious problem.
Sometimes, pelvic pain is an indicator of an infection or issue with the reproductive system or other organs in the area. When this is the case, a woman may need to see a doctor.

In this article, we look at 15 possible causes of pelvic pain in women.

Causes
1. Menstrual pain and cramps

Menstrual pain and cramping are a common cause of pelvic pain in women.

Of all menstrual disorders, women most commonly report experiencing pain, say the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG).

Over half of women who menstruate will experience some pain for at least 1–2 days each cycle.

Menstrual cramping will typically occur immediately before a woman starts her period, as the uterus contracts and sheds its lining. The pain may feel similar to a muscle spasm or a jabbing pain.

Using a warm heat pad may relieve the sensation. Over-the-counter medications, such as ibuprofen (Advil) and naproxen (Aleve), may also help relieve pain.

In cases of severe pain from menstruation, doctors can recommend other medications.

2. Ovulation

If a woman feels a painful sensation on one side of her pelvis in the middle of her menstrual cycle, she may be experiencing mittelschmerz. Doctors use this German word to describe painful ovulation.

When a woman ovulates, the ovaries release an egg, along with some other fluid. The egg will then travel down the fallopian tube and into the uterus. The fluid released by the ovary can spread within the pelvic area, sometimes, causing irritation in the pelvis and leading to pain.

The discomfort may last for minutes or hours, and it may switch sides of the body, depending on which ovary released the egg. The pain is temporary and requires no specific treatment.

3. Interstitial cystitis
It is also possible for a woman to experience ongoing bladder inflammation that has no known cause. The medical term for this is interstitial cystitis, and doctors are currently unsure why it happens.

Interstitial cystitis can cause pelvic pain and symptoms such as painful urination, needing to urinate frequently, and pain during sex. Treatment often involves managing symptoms as best as possible.

4. Cystitis or urinary tract infections
Cystitis refers to inflammation in the bladder due to a bacterial infection. This happens because vaginal, rectal, or skin bacteria can enter the urethra and make their way to the bladder.

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is one that can occur anywhere in the system, while cystitis occurs only in the bladder.

Both conditions are common in women. These infections will sometimes clear up on their own, but a short course of antibiotics will typically treat cystitis and other UTIs.

5. Sexually transmitted infections
Pelvic pain may indicate the presence of a sexually transmitted infection (STI) such as gonorrhea or chlamydia. STIs occur in people who are sexually active.

Chlamydia affects around 2.86 million people each year in the United States, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

The CDC also estimate that gonorrhea affects 820,000 people every year.

Along with pelvic pain, other symptoms of STIs may include painful urination, bleeding between periods, and changes in vaginal discharge.

Anyone experiencing these changes should see their doctor who will be able to diagnose an STI and prescribe treatment, usually including antibiotics. It is also critical to inform sexual partners about the infection to prevent it from spreading.

6. Pelvic inflammatory disease
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is an infection in the womb that can damage the surrounding tissue. PID can arise if bacteria from the vagina or cervix enter the womb and take hold.

It is usually a complication of an STI such as gonorrhea or chlamydia. Along with pelvic pain, women may experience other symptoms, including abnormal vaginal discharge and bleeding.

PID increases a woman's risk of infertility. The CDC note that 1 in 8 women who have had PID also have trouble becoming pregnant.

Treatment typically involves taking antibiotics to treat the bacterial infection. However, they cannot treat scarring, which is why early treatment is crucial.

7. Endometriosis
Endometriosis occurs when endometrium, or tissue that lines the inside of the uterus, grows outside of the womb.

Endometriosis may be a source of chronic, long-lasting pelvic pain in some women. When a person's period begins, this tissue outside of the uterus responds to hormonal changes, which may cause bleeding and inflammation in the pelvis.

Some people may experience mild to severe pain. Endometriosis may make it difficult for some women to become pregnant. Doctors may recommend various treatments, depending on symptom severity.

8. Irritable bowel syndrome
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a gut disorder that causes pain and symptoms, including constipation, diarrhea, and bloating.

The symptoms of IBS tend to flare up and go away over time, especially after a bowel movement. There is no cure for IBS, so treatment focuses on managing symptoms through changes in diet, stress levels, and medications.

9. Appendicitis
Appendicitis is inflammation in the appendix, which is a small organ in the lower-right abdomen. An infection causes this condition, and, although it is common, it can be severe.

Anyone experiencing a sharp pain in their lower-right abdomen, along with other symptoms such as vomiting and fever, should seek immediate medical care, as this may be a sign of appendicitis.

10. Urinary stones
Stones in the urinary tract consist of salts and minerals, such as calcium, that the body has trouble getting rid of in the urine.

These minerals can build up and form crystals in the bladder or kidneys that often cause pain in the pelvis or lower back. Stones may also cause the urine to change color, often turning it pink or reddish with blood.

Some stones do not require treatment, but passing them can be painful. At other times, a doctor may recommend medications to break up stones or surgery to remove them.

11. Ectopic pregnancy
An ectopic pregnancy occurs when an embryo implants itself anywhere outside of the uterus and starts growing.

A woman may feel very sharp pain, and cramps in her pelvis, which are usually focused on one side. Other symptoms include nausea, vaginal bleeding, and dizziness.

Anyone who suspects that they have an ectopic pregnancy should seek immediate medical care, as this is a life-threatening condition.

12. Pelvic adhesions
An adhesion is scar tissue that occurs inside the body and connects two tissues that should not be connected. This may result in pain, as the body struggles to adapt to the adhesion

The scar tissue could form due to an old infection, endometriosis, or other issues in the area. Pelvic adhesions may lead to chronic pelvic pain in some women, and they may cause other symptoms, depending on where the scar tissue appears.

A doctor may recommend some minimally invasive surgeries to help reduce adhesions and relieve symptoms.

13. Ovarian cysts
Ovarian cysts occur when the ovaries fail to release an egg. The follicle holding the egg may not open completely to release the egg, or it may become clogged with fluid.

When this happens, a growth called a cyst forms in the area, which may cause bloating, pressure, or pelvic pain on the side of the body with the cyst.

As the ACOG explain, most cysts are noncancerous. In many cases, ovarian cysts go away on their own. In some cases, a cyst may bleed or burst, which can cause sharp, severe pain in the pelvis and may require medical treatment.

Doctors can identify ovarian cysts using ultrasound, and they may recommend treatments that range from watchful waiting to surgery.

14. Uterine fibroids
Fibroids are lumps of muscle and fibrous tissue within the uterus. While they are noncancerous and do not tend to cause symptoms, these growths can be a source of pain. They may cause discomfort in the pelvis or lower back or pain during sex.

Fibroids may also cause excessive bleeding or cramping during menstruation.

Some fibroids do not require treatment. If a woman finds her symptoms difficult to manage, doctors may recommend one of many treatments, including medications, noninvasive procedures, or surgery.

15. Tumor
In rare cases, a malignant growth in the reproductive system, urinary tract, or gastrointestinal system may be the reason for pain in the pelvis. The tumor may also cause other symptoms, depending on where it appears.

Doctors will need to perform a thorough evaluation, often using blood and imaging tests, to identify a tumor. Once they have diagnosed the issue, they will recommend possible treatments.

When to see a doctor
For many causes of pelvic pain, it is not necessary to seek medical care.

However, there are some occasions when the woman should see a doctor.

Any new, severe pain requires evaluation. For example, a person who suspects that an infection is causing their pelvic pain should visit a doctor. While some infections clear up on their own, the chance of complications is often not worth the risk of waiting.

Anyone with vaginal bleeding they do not expect, and severe pain should also consult a doctor promptly.

If a person has a known condition and experiences sudden changes in pain, such as sharp twists or sudden severe pain, they should seek medical attention, as this could be a sign of a serious change in the condition.

Other symptoms that appear alongside pelvic pain, such as fever, nausea, and vomiting, are also signs that someone should see a doctor. They will make a thorough evaluation and help devise a suitable treatment plan.

Summary
For the most part, pelvic pain in women appears as a result of a common issue such as menstrual cramping or painful ovulation. However, if a person notices signs that a more serious underlying problem is causing the pain, they should consider seeing a doctor.

A thorough diagnosis is essential in every case so that people can avoid potentially serious complications and find the best treatment.

[Big Sexy]

What to know about micropenis
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323811.php

Micropenis refers to an abnormally small penis. Micropenis is rare and hormonal or genetic issues are most often the cause. Doctors will usually diagnose and treat the condition at birth.
In this article, we look at the definition of micropenis, the symptoms and causes, and the ways a smaller-than-average penis may or may not affect sexual and other functions.

What is micropenis?
Doctors diagnose micropenis when a person's penis is 2.5 standard deviations below the average stretched length for their age and level of sexual development.

Research has estimated that the average penis size for an adult is 13.24 centimeters (cm) or 5.21 inches when stretched. For adults, doctors consider micropenis for a stretched penile length of less than 9.3 cm or 3.66 inches.

When a person has micropenis, their internal genitalia and testicles are usually normal.

Clinical sources define average and micropenis sizes for each age range, as follows:
217626

How common is micropenis?
Micropenis is a rare condition that may affect around 1.5 in 10,000 male newborns, or 0.015 percent of male newborns in the United States, according to estimates taken between 1997 and 2000.

The prevalence statistics of micropenis vary between studies. Micropenis and other birth abnormalities can be related to environmental factors, such as parental exposure to pesticides during pregnancy. As a result, this condition may be more common in specific populations.

Causes
Hormonal issues are the most common cause of micropenis. Less commonly, micropenis and other birth abnormalities can occur when the mother experiences exposure to pesticides or other toxic chemicals during pregnancy.

Testosterone deficiencies, during pregnancy, are usually the cause of micropenis and may also cause other genital abnormalities.

A testosterone deficiency can arise when a male fetus does not produce enough testosterone, or when the mother does not produce enough human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) hormone during pregnancy. hCG stimulates testosterone development in the fetus.

When testosterone levels are normal, some medical conditions can stop a person's body from responding to testosterone correctly. This response is called androgen insensitivity.

When any of these hormonal issues arise, the penis of a male fetus may not develop in the usual way.

A male baby will experience a surge of testosterone around 0–3 months after birth. This is a crucial period for penile growth. If this process is interrupted by hormonal problems, a baby may have a smaller penis.

In rare cases, micropenis is idiopathic, which means that a doctor cannot find a specific cause.

Because hormone issues typically cause micropenis, people with this condition may have other symptoms, too.

Some diagnoses that doctors may associate with micropenis include:

hypogonadotropic hypogonadism
Prader-Willi syndrome
Kallmann syndrome
growth hormone deficiencies
abnormal chromosomes
Laurence-Moon syndrome
Sometimes what appears to be a micropenis is actually due to another problem. For instance, a baby born with swelling in the scrotum may look like they have a micropenis. The penis may also be less visible because of large surrounding fat pads when it is called buried penis and can occur in people with obesity.

How does someone know if they have micropenis?

Many people worry about penis size and typically think they are smaller than average even when they are not.

If a person suspects they have micropenis, they may wish to see a doctor, who will be able to take accurate measurements and diagnose the condition. A doctor will usually diagnose micropenis at birth, however.

If doctors suspect micropenis, they will measure the stretched length of the baby's penis and check for other signs of hormonal abnormalities.

If a newborn's penis is abnormally small, a doctor may perform tests to assess the cause, including:

Physical exams: Alongside measuring the penis, a doctor may look for other signs, such as unusual fat pads or growths.
Blood tests: These can help the doctor check the baby's hormone levels. Doctors may also conduct genetic tests to determine the baby's biological sex. In rare cases, a baby who seems to have a micropenis may be intersex or have a sex chromosome abnormality.
Imaging scans: A doctor may use imaging tests, such as a pelvic ultrasound or an MRI scan, to see the genitals and surrounding structures.
Several other conditions can make the penis appear smaller than usual and may be confused with micropenis. Some of these can happen after circumcision.

Alternative diagnoses to micropenis include:

buried penis, where a fatty pad hides the true size of the penis
webbed penis, where there is extra skin connecting the scrotum and the penis
trapped penis, where there is not enough skin surrounding the penis
Treatments
Treatments aim to increase the penis size to ensure a person has a fully functioning penis and that they feel confident.

A doctor may recommend the following treatments for micropenis:

Hormone therapy
Testosterone treatments can often help the penis to grow. Applying testosterone cream to the genitals during infancy, or giving intramuscular testosterone injections can increase penis size.

Testosterone treatments are more effective before puberty than later on.

Doctors may consider that a good response to testosterone treatment is a 100 percent increase in the penis length or an adequate response as a 3.5 cm increase in length.

Different hormone treatments may help, depending on the cause of micropenis, so it is important that a person gets an accurate diagnosis.

Surgery
If hormone treatments do not work, surgery may help. A doctor can put an implant into the penis, which may make it look larger than before. However, this surgery carries a high chance of complications.

Does micropenis affect sexual function?
Most people with micropenis have normal sexual functioning. Micropenis does not affect a person's ability to urinate, masturbate, or orgasm. Some people may find it more difficult to urinate standing up.

Anxiety about penis size can be a barrier to enjoying sex with a partner. Men may remain unsatisfied with their appearance even with treatment, though research shows that many men have normal sexual identities and functioning. Even so, people may benefit from counseling or sex therapy.

Sexual intercourse is just one of many ways to enjoy sex with a partner. If a person has difficulties with sexual intercourse, this does not have to be a barrier to sexual pleasure for men and their partners.

According to research from 2018, just 18.4 percent of women can orgasm with vaginal penetration alone Focusing on other sexual techniques, such as oral sex, may help a person feel more confident about sexual interactions, which can be a positive for both sexual partners.

Outlook
Micropenis is a condition where the penis is 2.5 standard deviations shorter than the average stretched penis length for a person's age.

Testosterone deficiencies during pregnancy can cause micropenis. Less commonly, genetic abnormalities or environmental conditions can cause the condition.

Micropenis is usually diagnosed and treated in infancy. Testosterone treatments in childhood show good outcomes. A person with micropenis may not obtain an average-sized penis, but this does not usually affect sexual functioning and identity.

A wide range of penis sizes is normal. People with smaller-than-average penises can still have healthy, active sex lives. Counseling and sex therapy can help people to overcome anxieties about penis size or sex.

[Big Sexy]

London HIV patient becomes world's second AIDS cure hope
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-aids-cure/london-hiv-patient-becomes-worlds-second-aids-cure-hope-idUSKCN1QL2C0

LONDON (Reuters) - An HIV-positive man in Britain has become the second known adult worldwide to be cleared of the AIDS virus after he received a bone marrow transplant from an HIV resistant donor, his doctors said.

Almost three years after receiving bone marrow stem cells from a donor with a rare genetic mutation that resists HIV infection - and more than 18 months after coming off antiretroviral drugs - highly sensitive tests still show no trace of the man’s previous HIV infection.

“There is no virus there that we can measure. We can’t detect anything,” said Ravindra Gupta, a professor and HIV biologist who co-led a team of doctors treating the man.

The case is a proof of the concept that scientists will one day be able to end AIDS, the doctors said, but does not mean a cure for HIV has been found.

Gupta described his patient as “functionally cured” and “in remission”, but cautioned: “It’s too early to say he’s cured.”

The man is being called “the London patient”, in part because his case is similar to the first known case of a functional cure of HIV - in an American man, Timothy Brown, who became known as the Berlin patient when he underwent similar treatment in Germany in 2007 which also cleared his HIV.

Brown, who had been living in Berlin, has since moved to the United States and, according to HIV experts, is still HIV-free.

Some 37 million people worldwide are currently infected with HIV and the AIDS pandemic has killed around 35 million people worldwide since it began in the 1980s. Scientific research into the complex virus has in recent years led to the development of drug combinations that can keep it at bay in most patients.

Gupta, now at Cambridge University, treated the London patient when he was working at University College London. The man had contracted HIV in 2003, Gupta said, and in 2012 was also diagnosed with a type of blood cancer called Hodgkin’s Lymphoma.

LAST CHANCE
In 2016, when he was very sick with cancer, doctors decided to seek a transplant match for him. “This was really his last chance of survival,” Gupta told Reuters in an interview.

The donor - who was unrelated - had a genetic mutation known as ‘CCR5 delta 32’, which confers resistance to HIV.

The transplant went relatively smoothly, Gupta said, but there were some side effects, including the patient suffering a period of “graft-versus-host” disease - a condition in which donor immune cells attack the recipient’s immune cells.

Most experts say it is inconceivable such treatments could be a way of curing all patients. The procedure is expensive, complex and risky. To do this in others, exact match donors would have to be found in the tiny proportion of people — most of them of northern European descent — who have the CCR5 mutation that makes them resistant to the virus.

Specialists said it is also not yet clear whether the CCR5 resistance is the only key - or whether the graft versus host disease may have been just as important. Both the Berlin and London patients had this complication, which may have played a role in the loss of HIV-infected cells, Gupta said.

Sharon Lewin, an expert at Australia’s Doherty Institute and co-chair of the International AIDS Society’s cure research advisory board, told Reuters the London case points to new avenues for study.

“We haven’t cured HIV, but (this) gives us hope that it’s going to be feasible one day to eliminate the virus,” she said.

Gupta said his team plans to use these findings to explore potential new HIV treatment strategies. “We need to understand if we could knock out this (CCR5) receptor in people with HIV, which may be possible with gene therapy,” he said.

The London patient, whose case was set to be reported in the journal Nature and presented at a medical conference in Seattle on Tuesday, has asked his medical team not to reveal his name, age, nationality or other details.

[Big Sexy]

10 ways to boost libido
By Zawn Villines
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323918.php

Libido, or sex drive, naturally varies between individuals. Having a low sex drive is not necessarily a problem, but if a person wishes to boost their libido, they can try a range of effective natural methods.
Anxiety, relationship difficulties, health concerns, and age can all affect libido. While a low libido is not usually problematic, it can affect a person's relationships and self-esteem.

In this article, we look some of the best ways that males and females can increase their libido using natural methods.

Natural ways to boost libido
Both males and females can boost their libido using the following methods:

1. Manage anxiety

Having high levels of anxiety is a common barrier to sexual functioning and libido for both males and females. This may be anxiety due to life stress or specific sex-related anxiety.

People with an intense work schedule, caring responsibilities, or other life stresses may feel fatigued and, as a result, have a low sexual desire.

Anxiety and stress can also make it more difficult for someone to get or maintain an erection, which can put a person off having sex. A 2017 review of erectile dysfunction in young men has suggested that depression and anxiety can result in a reduced libido and increased sexual dysfunction.

There are many things that people can do to manage their anxiety and boost their mental health, including:

practicing good sleep hygiene
making time for a favorite hobby
exercising regularly
eating a nutritious diet
working to improve relationships
talking to a therapist

2. Improve relationship quality
Many people experience a lull in sexual desire and frequency at certain points in a relationship. This may occur after being with someone for a long time, or if a person perceives that things are not going well in their intimate relationships.

Focusing on improving the relationship can increase each partner's sex drive. This might involve:

planning date nights
doing activities together outside of the bedroom
practicing open communication
setting time aside for quality time with each other

3. Focus on foreplay
Having better sexual experiences may increase a person's desire for sex, thereby boosting their libido. In many cases, people can enhance their sexual experiences by spending more time on touching, kissing, using sex toys, and performing oral sex. Some people call these actions outercourse.

For women, foreplay may be especially important. According to some 2017 research, only around 18 percent of women orgasm from intercourse alone, while 33.6 percent of women report that stimulation of the clitoris is necessary for them to orgasm.

4. Get good-quality sleep
Getting good sleep can improve a person's overall mood and energy levels, and some research also links sleep quality to libido.

A small-scale 2015 study in women suggested that getting more sleep the night before increased their sexual desire the next day. Women who reported longer average sleep times reported better genital arousal than those with shorter sleep times.

5. Eat a nutritious diet
Following a nutritious diet can benefit people's sex drive by promoting good circulation and heart health, and by removing specific foods that can decrease libido.

Metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease can affect physical sexual functioning. Also, polycystic ovarian syndrome can affect hormone levels, which may also disrupt libido.

Eating a diet rich in vegetables, low in sugar, and high in lean proteins can help prevent disorders that affect libido.

6. Try herbal remedies

There is little research into how effective herbal remedies are at improving sexual function in males and females, though some people may find them beneficial.

A 2015 review study states that there is limited but emerging data that the following herbal remedies may improve sexual function:

maca
tribulus
gingko
ginseng
People should be wary of using herbal medicines without their doctor's approval. Some herbal medicines can interact with existing medications, and the Unites States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) do not regulate them. For this reason, their quality, purity, and safety remains unclear.

7. Maintain a healthful weight
Some scientists link overweight and obesity to low sex drive, along with other factors related to reduced fertility. This is associated with hormonal factors, such as low testosterone concentrations.

Some people who are overweight may also experience psychological effects, such as lower body confidence.

Maintaining a healthy body weight can improve a person's sex drive, both physically and psychologically. Eating a healthful diet and getting regular exercise can help achieve this, as well as boost a person's overall energy levels.

8. Get regular exercise
Getting regular exercise can help libido in many ways. A 2015 study of men undergoing androgen deprivation therapy, which lowers testosterone levels, found that regular exercise helped men cope with issues such as body image concerns, low libido, and relationship changes.

A 2010 review of women with diabetes cites research showing that exercise may help lower diabetes-related symptoms in women. The study emphasizes that doing exercises of the pelvic floor may be useful in women without diabetes.


9. Try sex therapy
Sexual desire is complex, with both psychological and physical components. Even when a person has a physical condition that affects libido, such as diabetes, improving the emotional and psychological response to sex can improve libido and sexual functioning.

Therapy is an effective strategy for increasing low libido. Individual counseling can help address negative views about sex, self-esteem, and secondary causes of low libido, such as depression and anxiety. Relationship counseling can help some people work through factors affecting their sexual desire.

Alongside talking therapies, mindfulness therapy may also help. One 2014 study found that just four sessions of mindfulness-based cognitive behavioral therapy in a group setting improved sexual desire, sexual arousal, and sexual satisfaction for women.

To find a suitable therapist in your area, search the AASECT directory.

10. Quit smoking
Smoking cigarettes can have a negative impact on a person's cardiovascular system. Good heart health is important for good sexual functioning.

People who smoke cigarettes may find that their energy levels and sex drive increase after they quit.

Boosting libido in males

Libido in men is often related to testosterone levels, which will naturally decline as men age. Testosterone replacement therapy can help some men.

In men with testosterone deficiency, or hypogonadism, testosterone replacement therapy can result in improved libido, reduced depression, and improved erectile function, according to one 2017 review.

There is little evidence to suggest that certain foods or supplements increase a person's testosterone levels and sexual function. Some research suggests that zinc, vitamin D, and omega-3 fatty acids may be important dietary components for testosterone.

Boosting libido in females
Sex-related hormones, such as estrogen and estrogen-like compounds, can also affect sexual desire in females.

Many women experience a dip in libido and sexual functioning at menopause, when estrogen levels drop. Estrogen replacement therapy may help some women.

Vaginal dryness is another symptom of menopause. Using lubricants during sexual activity can increase people's enjoyment.

Women also produce testosterone. Doctors once believed that testosterone might affect women's sex drive, but to date, research has not found a strong link.

Certain birth control pills may also decrease libido. If a person suspects that their hormonal contraception is affecting their sex drive, they can speak with a doctor about changing pill type.

When to see a doctor
If a person is concerned about having a decrease in libido, a doctor can offer advice and information about potential causes and treatments. Doctors who are knowledgeable about alternative and complementary remedies may also help a person choose natural remedies.

A person may wish to see a doctor for low libido when:

it appears suddenly or without explanation
additional symptoms appear, such as high blood pressure or pain
it occurs after starting a new medication or having surgery
it causes serious relationship problems or psychological distress
sex is painful

Summary
There is a wide natural variation in people's sexual desires and libido. It is important to note that having a lower libido than other people is not necessarily a bad thing.

However, if a person wants to increase their libido, there are many methods to try. These include eating a nutritious diet, getting regular exercise, reducing anxiety, and focusing on improving intimate relationships.

Low libido is a complex issue, with relationship, psychological, and physical components. Knowing the cause can help a person find the best treatment.

Because low libido, or a sudden shift in libido, can be a sign of a health condition, it is safest to talk to a doctor before trying libido boosters.

[Big Sexy]

What is female ejaculation?
By Amanda Barrell
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323953.php

Female ejaculation is when a female's urethra expels fluid during sex. It can happen when a female becomes sexually aroused, but there is not necessarily an association with having an orgasm.
Scientists do not fully understand female ejaculation, and there is limited research on how it works and its purpose. Female ejaculation is perfectly normal, although researchers remain divided on how many people experience it.

In this article, we look at the current thinking on the mechanisms, purpose, and frequency of female ejaculation.

What is it?

Female ejaculation refers to the expulsion of fluid from a female's urethra during orgasm or sexual arousal. The urethra is the duct that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.

There are two different types of female ejaculate:

Squirting fluid. This fluid is usually colorless and odorless, and it occurs in large quantities.
Ejaculate fluid. This type more closely resembles male semen. It is typically thick and appears milky.
Analysis has shown that the fluid contains prostatic acid phosphatase (PSA). PSA is an enzyme present in male semen that helps sperm motility.

In addition, female ejaculate usually contains fructose, which is a form of sugar. Fructose is also generally present in male semen where it acts as an energy source for sperm.

Experts believe that the PSA and fructose present in the fluid come from the Skene's glands. Other names for these glands include the paraurethral glands, Garter's duct, and female prostate.

Skene's glands sit on the front, inside wall of the vagina near the G-spot. Researchers believe that stimulation causes these glands to produce PSA and fructose, which then move into the urethra.

Is it real?
For many years, scientists thought that females who ejaculated during sex were experiencing continence problems. Research has since disproved this idea and confirmed the existence of female ejaculation.

A 2014 study found that the fluid accumulates in the bladder during arousal and leaves through the urethra during ejaculation. Seven women who reported experiencing female ejaculation during sex took part in the trial.

First, the researchers used ultrasound exams to confirm that the participants' bladders were empty. The women then stimulated themselves until they ejaculated while the researchers continued to monitor them using ultrasounds.

The study found that all the women started with an empty bladder, which began to fill during arousal. The post-ejaculation scans revealed that the participants' bladders were empty again.

Is it normal and how common is it?
Female ejaculation is perfectly normal, yet people do not discuss it very often. According to the International Society for Sexual Medicine, different estimates suggest that between 10 and 50 percent of women ejaculate during sex.

Some experts believe that all women experience ejaculation, but that many do not notice. It is possible that they are not aware of it because the fluid can flow backward into the bladder rather than leaving the body.

In an older study that involved 233 women, 14 percent of participants reported that they ejaculated with all or most orgasms, while 54 percent said that they had experienced it at least once.

When the researchers compared urine samples from before and after orgasm, they found more PSA in the latter. They concluded that all females create ejaculate but do not always expel it. Instead, the ejaculate sometimes returns to the bladder, which then passes it during urination.

What is known is that the experience of female ejaculation, including the feeling, triggers, and amount of ejaculate, varies considerably from person to person.

Are there any health benefits?

There is no evidence that female ejaculation has any health benefits. However, research has found sex itself to offer several benefits.

During orgasm, the body releases pain-relieving hormones that can help with back and leg pain, headaches, and menstrual cramps.

Immediately after climaxing, the body releases hormones that promote restful sleep. These hormones include prolactin and oxytocin.

Other health benefits include:

relieving stress
boosting the immune system
protecting against heart disease
lowering blood pressure

Connection to the menstrual cycle
It is not clear whether or not there is a link between female ejaculation and the menstrual cycle.

Some women say that they are more likely to ejaculate after ovulating and before menstruating, while others do not see a connection. More research is necessary to confirm or refute this association.

Connection to pregnancy
Some scientists believe that female ejaculate plays a role in pregnancy. They think this because the fluid contains PSA and fructose, which help sperm on their journey toward an unfertilized egg.

Others dispute this theory, however. They argue that ejaculate usually contains urine, which can kill sperm. They also say that it is not easy for the fluid to travel from the urethra to the vagina, where it would need to be to play a role in pregnancy.

Takeaway
Female ejaculation is perfectly normal, and research suggests that it may be common despite people rarely discussing it.

Scientists do not fully understand the biological purpose of female ejaculation or how it works.

The experience of females who have ejaculated during sex varies considerably.

[Big Sexy]

What causes pelvic pain?
By Nicole Galan
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323960.php

The pelvis is the area of the body below the abdomen or belly. There are many different organs and structures in the pelvis, including blood vessels, nerves, reproductive structures, bladder and urinary structures, and the bowel and rectum.
There are many different causes of pain in the pelvis. In this article, we investigate possible causes of pelvic pain in men and women. We also look at the treatment options and when to see a doctor.

Causes

There are many causes of pelvic pain, including:

1. Constipation

Constipation can cause pelvic pain, especially if it affects the lower colon. This type of pain tends to go away once a person has a bowel movement.

2. Other intestinal problems

A variety of other intestinal conditions can cause pain in the lower abdomen or pelvis. These include:

irritable bowel syndrome
ulcerative colitis
diverticulitis

3. Endometriosis

Endometriosis is when tissue similar to the uterine lining grows outside of the uterus. This tissue can bleed during a person's menstrual cycle, as well as stick to other organs, causing pain and other symptoms.

The location of the pain depends on where the tissue implants. While some people experience symptoms just during menstruation, others have pain at other times during their cycle.

4. Fibroids

Fibroids are benign (non-cancerous) growths in the uterus. They can cause pain throughout the pelvis and lower back.

Fibroids can also cause rectal or bladder pressure and the feeling of needing to go to the bathroom more often.

5. Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

PID is an infection that occurs in the female reproductive structures. It is usually due to a sexually transmitted infection (STI).

PID causes pelvic or low back pain, menstrual period changes, and unusual vaginal discharge.

6. Ovulation pain

Ovulation pain or "mittelschmerz," is slight to moderate discomfort during the middle part of a menstrual cycle.

Ovulation pain can last for a few minutes or up to a few days. The pain may feel like a cramp or be sharp and sudden. It is not indicative of any underlying problem.

7. Scar tissue or adhesions

Previous infections or surgical procedures can cause the formation of scar tissue or adhesions in the pelvis. This type of scar tissue can cause chronic pelvic pain.

8. Adenomyosis

Adenomyosis is when endometrial tissue grows deep into the uterine muscle. Women with this condition tend to have very heavy periods with severe pelvic pain.

9. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)

Most STIs do not cause any symptoms, but a few can cause pelvic cramping or pain. These include chlamydia and gonorrhea.

Without treatment, some STIs can lead to PID, which can also cause pelvic pain.

10. Menstrual cramps

Menstrual cramps occur in the lower part of the pelvis and tend to start just before a person's period and may continue for a few days.

Particularly painful cramps could be a sign of an underlying condition, such as endometriosis or adenomyosis, so a person may wish to speak to a doctor about testing.

11. Ectopic pregnancy

An ectopic pregnancy is a life-threatening event that requires immediate medical care.

An ectopic pregnancy is when a fertilized egg implants into the pelvis or abdomen outside of the uterus.

In most cases, an ectopic pregnancy occurs in the fallopian tubes, but it can happen anywhere in the abdomen or pelvis. Pain and cramping occur as it grows, pressing on nearby organs or nerves.

12. Pregnancy loss

A pregnancy loss can also cause cramping or pelvic pain. Though some cramping in early pregnancy is normal as the fetus grows, people should report severe or long-lasting pain to a doctor.

13. Appendicitis

The appendix is located in the lower abdomen and can cause pelvic or low back pain if it becomes inflamed and presses against the colon.

14. Hernia

A hernia is an opening where the internal organs can pass through. If the hernia occurs in a muscle in the lower pelvis, it can lead to pelvic pain. Other symptoms may include a visible bulge at the location of the pain.

15. Muscle spasms in the pelvic floor

The pelvis is made up of several muscles that support the bladder, reproductive structures, and bowel.

Like other muscles, the pelvic floor muscles can spasm, causing pain and discomfort.

16. Prostate problems

A man's prostate sits low in the pelvis. Inflammation or infection of the prostate can cause pelvic pain.

A growth on the prostate, whether benign or cancerous, may also cause pelvic pain or discomfort.

17. Urinary tract infection (UTI)

The typical symptoms of a UTI are burning pain during urination and more frequent urges to urinate. Some people also present with pelvic pain or cramping, especially for severe or long-lasting infections.

18. Interstitial cystitis

Interstitial cystitis is a chronic bladder problem that causes pain in the lower pelvis, especially when delaying urination.

People with interstitial cystitis usually experience frequent and urgent needs to go to the bathroom to urinate.

19. Kidney stones

Stones formed in the kidney usually begin to make their way out of the body through the ureters and bladder, which can cause pain in the lower pelvis. This pain can be severe.

20. Ovarian mass

A growth on the ovary can cause pelvic pain especially if it is pressing on the local nerves or nearby organs.

Possible masses include an ovarian cyst, benign ovarian tumor, or ovarian cancer.

Managing pelvic pain

t is possible to manage the pain and discomfort once a person knows what is causing it. If a person is not sure of the cause or the pain is severe or does not improve, it is best to see a doctor.

In many cases, simple home remedies can help relieve some of the pain. Home remedies to get relief include:

taking over-the-counter pain relievers, such as ibuprofen
placing a heating pad on the pelvis
doing light and gentle exercise or stretching
resting with the legs elevated, which promotes blood flow to the pelvis

When to see a doctor
While pelvic pain is a widespread problem, people should report it to a doctor, particularly if it does not respond to home remedies or is happening regularly.

A person should seek medical help immediately if the pain is severe or they experience nausea or vomiting, fever, or loss of consciousness.

It is best to contact a doctor with any questions or concerns about new or chronic pelvic pain.

[IAmAwesome]

because the fluid can flow backward into the bladder rather than leaving the body

Never knew this about female ejaculation, quite interesting though

[Big Sexy]

More than 1 million new curable sexually transmitted infections every day
6 June 2019 News release Geneva, Switzerland
https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/06-06-2019-more-than-1-million-new-curable-sexually-transmitted-infections-every-day


Every day, there are more than 1 million new cases of curable sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among people aged 15-49 years, according to data released today by the World Health Organization. This amounts to more than 376 million new cases annually of four infections - chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis, and syphilis.

“We’re seeing a concerning lack of progress in stopping the spread of sexually transmitted infections worldwide,” said Dr Peter Salama, Executive Director for Universal Health Coverage and the Life-Course at WHO. “This is a wake-up call for a concerted effort to ensure everyone, everywhere can access the services they need to prevent and treat these debilitating diseases.”

Published online by the Bulletin of the World Health Organization, the research shows that among men and women aged 15–49 years, there were 127 million new cases of chlamydia in 2016, 87 million of gonorrhoea, 6.3 million of syphilis and 156 million of trichomoniasis.

These STIs have a profound impact on the health of adults and children worldwide. If untreated, they can lead to serious and chronic health effects that include neurological and cardiovascular disease, infertility, ectopic pregnancy, stillbirths, and increased risk of HIV. They are also associated with significant levels of stigma and domestic violence.

Syphilis alone caused an estimated 200 000 stillbirths and newborn deaths in 2016, making it one of the leading causes of baby loss globally.

STIs remain a persistent and endemic health threat worldwide
Since the last published data for 2012, there has been no substantive decline in either the rates of new or existing infections. On average, approximately 1 in 25 people globally have at least one of these STIs, according to the latest figures, with some experiencing multiple infections at the same time.

STIs spread predominantly through unprotected sexual contact, including vaginal, anal and oral sex. Some—including chlamydia, gonorrhoea, and syphilis—can also be transmitted during pregnancy and childbirth, or, in the case of syphilis, through contact with infected blood or blood products, and injecting drug use.

STIs are preventable through safe sexual practices, including correct and consistent condom use and sexual health education.

Timely and affordable testing and treatment are crucial for reducing the burden of STIs globally, alongside efforts to encourage people who are sexually active to get screened for STIs. WHO further recommends that pregnant women should be systematically screened for syphilis as well as HIV.

All bacterial STIs can be treated and cured with widely available medications. However, recent shortages in the global supply of benzathine penicillin has made it more difficult to treat syphilis. Rapidly increasing antimicrobial resistance to gonorrhoea treatments is also a growing health threat, and may lead eventually to the disease being impossible to treat.

Expanding access to prevention, testing and treatment
WHO generates estimates to assess the global burden of STIs, and to help countries and health partners respond. This includes research to strengthen prevention, improve quality of care, develop point-of-care diagnostics and new treatments, and generate investment in vaccine development.

More data was available from women than men to generate these global estimates, and STI prevalence data remains sparse for men globally. WHO is seeking to improve national and global surveillance to ensure availability of reliable information on the extent of the STI burden worldwide.

Published in the WHO Bulletin as an ‘online first’, the data provides the baseline for monitoring progress against the Global Health Sector Strategy on STIs, 2016–2021. The strategy, adopted by the World Health Assembly in May 2016, proposed rapid scale-up of evidence-based interventions and services to end STIs as a public health concern by 2030.

read the study here (https://www.who.int/bulletin/online_first/BLT.18.228486.pdf)

Notes to editors
The paper, Global and Regional Estimates of the Prevalence and Incidence of Four Curable Sexually Transmitted Infections in 2016, has been published in the WHO Online Bulletin as an ‘Online First’ pre-release. Online first articles have not yet been formatted and finalized with corrections from proofreaders so final text can change prior to print publication.

About the four STIs
Trichomoniasis (or “trich”) is the most common curable STI globally. It is caused by infection by a parasite during sexual intercourse. Chlamydia, syphilis and gonorrhoea are bacterial infections.


Symptoms of an STI can include genital lesions, urethral or vaginal discharge, pain when urinating and, in women, bleeding between periods. However, most cases are asymptomatic, meaning people may not be aware they have an infection prior to testing.


Chlamydia and gonorrhoea are major causes of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and infertility in women. In its later stages, syphilis can cause serious cardiovascular and neurological disease. All four diseases are associated with an increased risk of acquiring and transmitting HIV.


Transmission of these diseases during pregnancy can lead to serious consequences for babies including stillbirth, neonatal death, low birth-weight and prematurity, sepsis, blindness, pneumonia, and congenital deformities.

[Big Sexy]

NUH cures patient of Hepatitis B by stopping medication in new trial
https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/hepatitis-b-nuh-cures-patient-stop-medication-trial-11619346

SINGAPORE: Mr Arfan Awaloeddin was suffering from Hepatitis B for about 30 years, but in May this year, he was cured.

All he had to do was stop taking his medication.

The 49-year-old Indonesian is part of a National University Hospital (NUH) study that seeks to find out if Hepatitis B patients carrying a low amount of the markers of the viral infection have the best chances of being cured by stopping medication.

Hepatitis B is a viral infection that affects the liver and was estimated to have been present in 180,000 people in Singapore in 2010, according to the latest figures available.

Of the 23 people enrolled in the study that started in January, Mr Arfan is the first to be cured. The majority of them are men.

Mr Arfan was diagnosed with the disease in 1992 or 1993 in his home country, and started getting treatment in Singapore in 1996.

Speaking to the media at a sharing session at NUH on Wednesday (Jun 12), Mr Arfan said that he was initially scared to stop his medication.

“I stopped medication on my own without asking my doctor in around 2000. I stopped for two to three months. I felt unwell, and after that I had to take medication again,” he said.

But he was reassured when his doctor, senior consultant in the Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Professor Lim Seng Gee, told him he would be monitored.

Mr Arfan, who owns a hospital in Indonesia, said his father also suffered from Hepatitis B for 10 years before dying of liver cirrhosis in 2005. His three children, however, have been vaccinated against the disease.

It is a new life now for Mr Arfan.

“I feel good. I don’t have to spend money, I don’t have to take medication every morning. I feel free,” he said. He was spending about S$4,000 annually on his condition for consultation and medication, he said.

Mr Arfan will be monitored monthly for the first year, in the three-year study.

HOW STOPPING MEDICATION WORKS

Typically, chronic Hepatitis B patients have to be on long-term medication, which could mean taking tablets daily.

Prof Lim, the lead of the study, told the media said that when the medication is stopped, the virus will return. The patient’s immune system will then work to beat the virus.

The virus becomes something new to the body although it has been carrying it because while the patient was on medication, the body did not recognise the virus as foreign, he explained.

“When you stop treatment, suddenly, the body realises the virus is foreign, attacks it and clears it That’s what we think is the mechanism," said Prof Lim.

When asked if that means they did not need therapy to start with, he said no.

“We can’t say that, because originally, they were started on treatment because they needed it. But after 10 years, 20 years of treatment, is it time to stop? That really is the question,” he said.

How the immune system is able to clear the virus when it was not able to before is something that researchers are still trying to find out, he said.

Studies overseas have also shown that stopping medication cures Hepatitis B, but these did not focus on the amount of infection markers as a factor to find out which patients would benefit most from stopping medication, Prof Lim said.

The trial in Singapore is the only one that is targeted at patients with low levels of infection markers.

MINORITY WILL QUALIFY FOR STUDY

In order to qualify for the study here, patients have to fulfil three criteria.

Their infection markers have to be below the level of 100, they cannot have liver cirrhosis and they have to be on oral medication, said Prof Lim. Mr Arfan’s infection marker level was just two, much lower than the cutoff of 100, when he was enrolled.

Typically, patients have levels that go into the thousands.

While it is not known how many patients have such levels of markers, Prof Lim said it would be a minority who would qualify for it.

The cutoff was based on other studies. Testing for the level of infection markers is relatively new, quite expensive and not in routine use, but patients can get tested for free as part of the study at NUH, Prof Lim said.

“We do not know how common it is, so I would encourage patients to go and get it tested,” he said.

The study, which will also start in Singapore General Hospital, Tan Tock Seng Hospital and Changi General Hospital, received S$1.5 million in funding from the National Medical Research Council.

It will aim to enrol 150 patients. Of these, 50 will continue taking their tablets, so that the effectiveness of stopping medication can be compared against them.

[Big Sexy]

Can masturbation cause erectile dysfunction?
By Adrienne Stinson
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324068.php

Some people believe that masturbation can cause erectile dysfunction, but this is a myth. Masturbation is a common and beneficial activity.
While most men have trouble getting or keeping an erection at some point in their lives, frequent difficulties getting an erection is called erectile dysfunction (ED).

Learn more about ED and masturbation, if watching porn affects sexual function, and when to see a doctor.

Can masturbation cause ED?

No, masturbation cannot cause ED — it is a myth.

Masturbation is natural and does not affect the quality or frequency of erections.

Research shows that masturbation is very common across all ages. Approximately 74 percent of males reported masturbating, compared to 48.1 percent of females.

Masturbation even has health benefits. According to Planned Parenthood, masturbation can help release tension, reduce stress, and aid sleep.

A person may not be able to get an erection soon after masturbating. This is called the male refractory period and is not the same as ED. A male refractory period is the recovery time before a man will be able to get an erection again after ejaculating.

What does the research say?
Universally, researchers are confident that masturbation does not cause ED. However, difficulty getting and keeping an erection either while masturbating or while having sex may be a sign of other conditions.

Age is the most significant predictor of ED. Erectile dysfunction is common in men over 40 years old, with approximately 40 percent being affected to some degree.

Rates of complete ED, or the inability to get an erection, increase from 5 percent in men aged 40 to about 15 percent at age 70.

Other risk factors for ED include:

diabetes
being overweight
heart disease
lower urinary tract symptoms (bladder, prostate, or urethra issues)
alcohol and cigarette use

ED in younger men
Although ED generally affects older men, a 2013 study found that as many as a quarter of men under 40 years old received a new ED diagnosis.

In younger men, ED is more likely to be caused by psychological or emotional factors. Younger men also have higher levels of testosterone in their bodies and are less likely to have other risk factors for ED.

Anxiety about sexual performance or erection quality can lead to further stress, sometimes creating a "vicious circle."

Factors that can contribute to ED in younger men include:

stress
anxiety
depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, bipolar disorder, or medications for these illnesses
being overweight
insomnia or lack of sleep
urinary tract problems
a spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, or spina bifida
having a high-stress job
relationship stress
performance anxiety

Porn and ED

There is no evidence to suggest that watching porn causes ED.

Internet porn usage rose at the same time that the rate of ED diagnoses increased in men under 40 years old.

This led some researchers to believe that porn might affect male viewers' ability to get and maintain erections.

While it is true that internet porn access and diagnoses of ED in younger men increased at about the same time and rate, this does not prove a link between the two.

Until recently, there was little research into ED in young men, making numbers difficult to interpret. Also, due to stigmas and reluctance to speak to a doctor about sexual health, ED may be underreported in both younger and older men.

It is also difficult to separate the psychological effect of watching porn from other psychological factors, such as performance anxiety.

When to speak to a doctor
ED is sometimes a sign of underlying conditions, such as heart disease or anxiety.

Telling a doctor about ED can prevent potential problems that these conditions might cause, and also provide solutions to ED.

For example, doctors may recommend that men with ED who are overweight lose some weight. This is because maintaining a healthy weight can increase testosterone levels, making it easier to get an erection.

A doctor may also recommend stress-relief techniques or cognitive behavioral therapy for those dealing with ED due to emotional or psychological issues.

Summary
Masturbation does not cause ED, but many underlying health problems, including heart disease, urinary tract symptoms, alcohol use, depression, and anxiety, can.

Research does not suggest that masturbation using internet porn could cause ED. Some people who watch porn may also experience performance anxiety, resulting in difficulties with erections, but performance anxiety is common without porn use.

Anyone experiencing problems getting or maintaining an erection should speak to a doctor, as ED is often treatable.

[Big Sexy]

Orgasmic dysfunction: Everything you need to know
By Jenna Fletcher
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324112.php

Orgasmic dysfunction is when a person has trouble reaching an orgasm despite sexual arousal and stimulation.
In this article, learn about the causes and symptoms of orgasmic dysfunction and how to treat it.

What is orgasmic dysfunction?

Orgasmic dysfunction is the medical term for difficulty reaching an orgasm despite sexual arousal and stimulation.

Orgasms are the intensely pleasurable feelings of release and involuntary pelvic floor contractions that occur at the height of sexual arousal. Orgasmic dysfunction is also known as anorgasmia.

There are several different types of orgasmic dysfunction, including:

Primary orgasmic dysfunction, when a person has never had an orgasm.
Secondary orgasmic dysfunction, when a person has had an orgasm but then has difficulty experiencing one.
General orgasmic dysfunction, when a person cannot reach orgasm in any situation despite adequate arousal and stimulation.
Situational orgasmic dysfunction, when a person cannot orgasm in certain situations or with certain kinds of stimulation. This type of orgasmic dysfunction is the most common.
Orgasmic dysfunction can affect both males and females but is more common in females. Researchers estimate that female orgasmic disorder, which is recurrent orgasmic dysfunction, may affect between 11 to 41 percent of women.


The North American Menopause Society report that 5 percent of all women have difficulty achieving orgasm.

Research from 2018 found that 18.4 percent of women could reach an orgasm through intercourse alone. However, the same study indicated another 36.6 percent of women needed clitoral stimulation to reach orgasm during intercourse.

In men, experts often categorize orgasmic dysfunction and delayed ejaculation together.

Available studies suggest that delayed ejaculation is very uncommon in men, with one 2010 overview noting that it was rarely prevalent in more than 3 percent of men, although other estimates have the figure between 5 and 10 percent.

Orgasmic dysfunction can affect the quality of people's relationships, as well as a person's self-esteem and mental health.

Symptoms
Orgasmic dysfunction is when someone has difficulty or the inability to reach an orgasm. For some people, reaching a climax can take longer than normal or be unsatisfying.

The way an orgasm feels or how long it takes to have an orgasm can vary widely. When someone has orgasmic dysfunction, climax can take a long time to reach, be unsatisfying, or be unattainable.

Causes
Scientists are not sure what causes orgasmic dysfunction, but believe the following factors may contribute to the problem:

relationship issues
certain medical conditions, such as diabetes
a history of gynecological surgeries
some medications, including antidepressants
a history of sexual abuse
religious and cultural beliefs about sex and sexuality
depression
anxiety
stress
low self-esteem
Also, women over 45 years of age are more likely to have trouble orgasming than women under this age. This may be due to menopause-related hormonal shifts and vaginal changes.

Men are more likely to have trouble orgasming following a radical prostatectomy. They are also more likely to experience delayed ejaculation as they get older, as the ejaculatory function tends to reduce with age.

Once someone experiences difficulty reaching an orgasm, they may experience increased stress in sexual situations. Stress and anxiety during sex can make it even more difficult to reach an orgasm.

Diagnosis
Before diagnosing orgasmic dysfunction, a doctor will likely ask about a person's symptoms and how long they have existed.

The doctor will also note any factors that could contribute to orgasmic dysfunction, such as underlying health conditions or the medications a person is taking.

A doctor may do a physical examination as well. In some cases, they may refer a person to a sexual medicine specialist or a gynecologist.

Treatment
Treatment for orgasmic dysfunction varies, depending on the underlying cause. A doctor may recommend treating any other conditions or adjusting any medications that may contribute to sexual health problems.

In many cases, a doctor may recommend a person who has orgasmic dysfunction try sex therapy or couples counseling.

A certified sex therapist can offer psychotherapy that focuses on concerns related to sexual function, feelings, or dysfunctions. Sex therapy can be done on an individual basis or with a partner.

Couples counseling focuses on relationship issues that may be affecting an individual's sexual function and their ability to orgasm.

In some cases, a doctor or therapist may suggest a person try other forms of sexual stimulation to reach orgasm, such as masturbation or increased clitoral stimulation during intercourse. For others, they may recommend over-the-counter oils and warming lotions.

Hormone therapy may be effective for some females, particularly if the inability to orgasm coincided with the start of menopause.

In these cases, a doctor may suggest the woman tries an estrogen cream, patch, or pill. The estrogen may alleviate some menopause symptoms and improve sexual response.

While situational orgasmic dysfunction is not uncommon, people should speak with their doctor if they have any concerns about their ability to orgasm.

Summary
Orgasmic dysfunction is the medical name for the inability to reach orgasm. Some people may experience orgasmic dysfunction when it takes too long to reach orgasm or when their orgasm does not feel satisfying.

Many factors can contribute to orgasmic dysfunction. To remedy orgasmic dysfunction, a person can speak to a doctor, a certified sex therapist, and other medical professionals to find the cause.

People can take steps to treat orgasmic dysfunction and improve their sexual health once they know the cause.

[Big Sexy]

How to tell if a penis rash is from HIV
By Jenna Fletcher
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324289.php

Similarly to other viral infections, an early symptom of HIV is a rash that can appear anywhere on the body, including the penis. When HIV causes a rash, it appears as a flat red patch with small red bumps. Itchiness is the primary symptom of an HIV rash.
HIV rashes typically appear on the upper areas of the body, but sometimes, a rash can develop on the penis.

In this article, we examine the signs and how to identify an HIV rash when it appears on the penis.

HIV rash symptoms

A rash is one of the earliest symptoms that a person might experience after contracting HIV.

According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, an HIV rash typically appears during the acute stage of infection, which can last 2 to 4 weeks after contracting HIV.

The rash can last for 1 to 2 weeks as the body tries to fight the infection.

The rash often appears as a red area of skin with tiny bumps. It is often itchy and may be painful.

The rash typically occurs alongside other flu-like symptoms including:

fever
a sore throat
swollen glands
fatigue
joint and muscle pain
Similar to the rash itself, the other symptoms should clear up within about 2 weeks.


There are several potential causes of HIV rash including:

the HIV infection itself
HIV medication side effects
other infections
other medications
It is essential to know what an HIV rash looks like because this means a person can seek medical assistance sooner.

When an HIV rash appears, it can spread over large areas of the body, including the penis. The rash typically consists of small round, red bumps that may be flat or raised. Sometimes, the bumps have a crusty, white appearance or they may resemble small scabs.

Other symptoms
Without treatment, HIV will continue to damage the immune system. A person may not experience any other symptoms from the virus during this time. This may mean they do not develop a rash. Some people may develop ulcers that appear in their mouth, the esophagus, in or around the anus, or on the penis.

Sometimes, lymph nodes, which are under a person's arm or in their neck, swell up. The swelling could last for much longer than the rash or flu-like symptoms.

As HIV progresses, sometimes over many years, it can compromise a person's immune system. As a result, some people may experience:

recurrent infections that last for long periods
weight loss
night sweats
chronic diarrhea
life-threatening infections
skin issues

When to see a doctor
Anyone who develops a rash on their penis may want to talk to their doctor.

A person should seek medical attention if they experience flu-like symptoms alongside the rash and they think they may have contracted or had exposure to HIV.

However, there is a range of other potential reasons for a rash on the penis that are less serious than HIV.

These include:

balanitis, which is a swelling of the penis tip often due to poor hygiene
a yeast infection or another fungal infection
scabies, which is a contagious itchy rash due to mites
contact dermatitis or allergic reaction on the skin
A person may also develop a rash from sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including:

herpes
syphilis
chancroid, which is an infection that causes sores on the genitals
pubic lice
If a doctor suspects that a person has HIV, they will order an HIV test. Though there are a few potential options, the most accurate is a blood test.

Results come back either negative if no infection is present or positive if there is evidence of an infection. Even if the test comes back negative, a person who believes they may have had exposure to HIV should receive testing frequently.

Early detection is key to treatment. The earlier treatment begins, the better a person's outlook. With successful treatment, many people with HIV have a normal life expectancy.

Typically, doctors prescribe creams or ointments to treat a rash on the penis, but which one will depend on the precise cause of the rash.

Takeaway
HIV can cause a rash on the penis.

The rash may occur alongside flu-like symptoms, such as a fever, muscle aches, and swollen glands. If these symptoms appear together, seek medical attention.

Early treatment of HIV is key to successfully managing the disease.

[Big Sexy]

What to know about friction burns on the penis
By Jenna Fletcher
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325533.php

Friction burns can appear on the penis as a result of vigorous rubbing, which may occur during sexual activity or when a person wears very tight fitting clothing. A friction burn happens when contact with another object causes the skin on a body part to rub off.
Friction burns can be very painful, especially on such a sensitive area of the body.

According to the authors of a review paper, it is difficult to determine the prevalence of friction burns on the penis because ethical and psychological reasons often prevent people from reporting injuries to this part of the body.

Read on to learn more about friction burns on the penis and how to treat and prevent them.


Symptoms
A friction burn on the penis will have similar symptoms to those of friction burns on other parts of the body.

It is important to recognize the symptoms of a friction burn on the penis so that a person can distinguish between this injury and other more serious issues, such as sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

The symptoms of a friction burn on the penis include:

red, swollen skin on the penis
an area of skin on the penis that may look like a cross between a scrape and heat burn
pain in the affected area
These symptoms can also occur as a result of other more serious issues. For example, the following conditions can also cause penile pain and redness:

gonorrhea
chlamydia
herpes
syphilis
a yeast infection in the penis
balanitis
The other symptoms of a more serious health issue may include:

penile discharge that can be yellow, green, or watery
itching inside the penis
painful or swollen testicles
sores on the penis or testicles
pain or burning with urination
A person with any of the above symptoms should see their doctor immediately.

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Causes
Intense rubbing generally causes friction burns. Most friction burns that doctors see in a healthcare setting are due to a road accident.

However, there are other possible causes of a friction burn on the penis, including:

vigorous masturbation
intense sexual intercourse
wearing tight fitting clothing that rubs the penis during exercise
drying the penis too vigorously with a coarse towel
Friction burns from masturbation and sexual intercourse may be more likely to occur if a person does not use lubrication.

Treatment
The best way to treat a friction burn is to give the area time to heal without doing the activity that caused the burn to occur. Most minor friction burns should go away on their own in time.

It is possible to treat most friction burns on the penis at home. While a person is waiting for a penile friction burn to heal, they should do the following to help make themselves more comfortable and prevent further irritation to the penis:

wear loose fitting, breathable clothing in soft fabrics
avoid the penis coming into contact with coarse materials
apply moisturizer, aloe, or petroleum jelly to the affected area to protect the skin while it heals
avoid sex, masturbation, and similar activities until the area heals
If the affected skin starts to ooze or drain pus, a person should make an appointment with their doctor. Pus is a sign of infection, and a topical antibiotic may be necessary to help the affected area heal.

Prevention
During sexual activity with a partner, using a lubricated condom can help prevent friction burns. Aside from preventing penile friction burns, condoms can also prevent unplanned pregnancy and help keep both partners healthy by reducing the risk of STIs.

Additionally, a person can ask their partner to be gentler or use lubrication during sexual activity.

One of the best ways to prevent friction burns on the penis when masturbating is for the person to be more gentle with themselves. Using a water-based lubricant can also help prevent friction burns. Many forms of water-based lubricant are available to purchase online.

People can take other steps to help reduce skin irritation that can cause friction burns, including:

Proper hygiene. Keeping the penis clean by washing it daily with gentle soap and warm water can help prevent irritation. It helps to wash underneath the foreskin, the base of the penis, and the testicles every day.
Gentle and complete drying. After having a shower, be sure to dry the penis thoroughly but gently. Instead of rubbing to dry the penis, pat it dry with a soft towel.
Wear proper clothing. Avoiding clothes that are too tight and not breathable can help prevent irritation, especially when exercising.
People should also be aware of how other health issues can affect the penis. For example, if a person has diabetes that they find difficult to manage, they may be more at risk of yeast infections that can cause penile irritation. Untreated STIs can also irritate this part of the body.

Summary
Friction burns on the penis can be painful. A person can treat most friction burns at home unless the burn becomes infected. If this occurs, they should see a doctor.

The best treatments for friction burns are time and rest from the activity that caused the burn.

A person can help prevent friction burns on the penis by avoiding vigorous sexual activity and not wearing tight fitting clothing, especially when exercising. Good hygiene can also help keep a penis healthy.

[Big Sexy]

What Causes Red Spots on the Penis and How Are They Treated?
https://www.healthline.com/health/mens-health/red-spot-on-penis

Should I be concerned?
If red spots have formed on your penis, it’s important to remember that they aren’t always a sign of something serious.

In some cases, red spots may result from poor hygiene or a minor irritation. These spots typically disappear in a day or two.

Red spots that develop as a result of something more serious, such as a sexually transmitted infection (STI), typically last longer and are accompanied by other symptoms.

Read on to learn what symptoms to watch for, how each condition might be treated, and when to see your doctor.



What do the red bumps look like?
If you’re looking for a quick diagnosis, you can use the following chart to assess your spot symptoms. This chart is only assessing the appearance, feel, location, and number of spots — it isn’t accounting for any other symptoms that you may be experiencing.

If you’re leaning toward one or two different conditions based on spot symptoms, read more about them below to assess any other symptoms, learn treatment options, and see whether you should visit your doctor.

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Genital herpes
Genital herpes is an STI that can cause red spots on your penis, as well as your:

scrotum
pubic area at the base of the penis
thighs
buttocks
mouth (if it’s passed through oral sex)
Genital herpes results from the herpes simplex virus (HSV-2 or, less frequently, HSV-1). This virus enters your body during unprotected sex with someone who carries the virus.

Other symptoms include:

pain or discomfort
itchiness
ulcers that bleed or drain when blisters pop
scarring or scab development when ulcers get better

Options for treatment
See your doctor if you think you have genital herpes. It isn’t curable, but your doctor may prescribe antiviral medications, such as valacyclovir (Valtrex) or acyclovir (Zovirax), to ease your symptoms and prevent it from spreading to your sexual partners.

Syphilis
Syphilis is an STI caused by Treponema pallidum. This bacterium is spread through unprotected sex with someone who’s infected.

The first symptom is often a circular, red, painless sore on your penis and genital area. If left untreated, it can spread and advance to other parts of your body.

As the infection progresses, you may experience:

rash on other parts of your body, such as your torso
fever of 101°F (38.3°C) or higher
lymph node swelling
headaches
paralysis
Options for treatment
Seek immediate medical attention if you think you have syphilis. The longer it’s untreated, the more severe and irreversible your symptoms may become.

In its early stages, syphilis can be successfully cured with injected or oral antibiotics, such as:

benzathine penicillin
ceftriaxone (Rocephin)
doxycycline (Oracea)
You shouldn’t engage in sexual activity until a follow-up blood test shows that the infection has cleared.

Scabies
Scabies happens when mites burrow into your skin to live, eat skin cells, and lay eggs. These mites are spread through close contact — usually sexual activity — with someone who already has them.

The most notable symptoms are itching and irritation where the mite dug into your skin.

Other symptoms include:

dry, scaly skin
blisters
white-colored lines in the skin where mites have burrowed

Options for treatment
See your doctor if you think you have scabies. They’ll likely prescribe a topical cream, such as permethrin (Elimite) or crotamiton (Eurax), to treat and clear the infestation. You should follow their instructions for application closely.

Molluscum contagiosum
Molluscum contagiosum is a skin infection caused by a poxvirus. It’s spread through skin-to-skin contact or by sharing towels, clothes, bedding, or other materials with someone who’s infected.

It typically results in red, itchy bumps on your penis and other affected areas. Scratching can irritate the bumps and cause the infection to spread to other areas of the body.

Options for treatment
Molluscum contagiosum often goes away on its own, so you don’t need to seek treatment right away.

To relieve symptoms, your doctor may recommend one or more of the following:

topical therapies to dissolve bumps
cryosurgery to freeze and remove bumps
curettage to cut bumps out from the skin
laser surgery to destroy bumps

Balanitis
Balanitis is irritation of the head (glans) of your penis. It’s usually caused by poor hygiene or an infection. You’re more likely to develop balanitis if you’re uncircumcised.

Red spots, swelling, and itching are common symptoms.

Other symptoms include:

pain while urinating
fluid buildup under the foreskin
inability to pull back your foreskin (phimosis)
Options for treatment
In some cases, balanitis can be resolved by practicing good hygiene. You should keep your penis clean by regularly washing under your foreskin. Use natural, unscented soaps and pat your penis and the area under your foreskin dry.

If your symptoms linger or don’t improve after a couple of days, see your doctor. You may be experiencing an infection.

Your doctor may prescribe:

steroid creams, such as hydrocortisone
antifungal creams, such as clotrimazole (Lotrimin)
antibiotics, such as metronidazole (Flagyl)

Contact dermatitis
Contact dermatitis is a skin reaction from touching something you’re allergic to.

Immediate symptoms include:

swelling
itching
dry, scaly skin
pus-filled blisters that burst and ooze
If the bumps start oozing and become infected, you may also experience symptoms like fatigue and fever.

Options for treatment
Contact dermatitis usually goes away on its own. You may find it helpful to:

apply a cold compress
sit in a warm oatmeal bath
take over-the-counter antihistamines, such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
Shop for antihistamines.

You should see your doctor if:

your blisters pop
you have a fever
the rash spreads beyond your penis
Your doctor may recommend prescription-strength antihistamines or other therapies to help ease your symptoms.

Yeast infection
A yeast infection, or thrush, is an infection caused by the Candida fungus. It’s usually a result of poor hygiene or sex with someone who’s infected.

The most common symptoms are red spots or irritation in the genital area. The area may also itch.

Other symptoms include:

smelliness
trouble retracting your foreskin (phimosis)
a white, chunky substance at the tip of your penis or under your foreskin
Options for treatment
A yeast infection can go away on its own with improved hygiene and looser clothing.

If your symptoms are severe or last for more than a few days, see your doctor. They may prescribe antifungal creams or oral medication, such as clotrimazole, to help ease your symptoms.

Jock itch
Jock itch, or tinea cruris, is a genital infection caused by dermatophyte fungi. It usually happens when you sweat a lot or don’t wash your genital area well enough.

The most common symptoms are red spots or a rash in your genital area. Your skin may also appear dry, scaly, or flaky.

Options for treatment
Improved hygiene can help relieve symptoms. If your symptoms are severe or last for more than a few days, see your doctor. They may prescribe an antifungal cream or ointment, such as clotrimazole.

Genital eczema
Atopic dermatitis (eczema) is a skin condition that can cause irritation on your penis. It’s usually a result of both genetic and environmental factors like stress, smoking, and allergens.

The most common symptoms are red, irritated spots or a rash in your genital area.

Other symptoms include:

dry, scaly skin
constant itching
pus-filled blisters that crust over
Options for treatment
If you suspect your symptoms are the result of an eczema flare, see your doctor. They may be able to recommend new or different therapies to help ease your symptoms and prevent flare-ups.

This includes:

antibiotic creams, such as mupirocin (Centany)
calcineurin inhibitors, such as pimecrolimus (Elidel)
topical corticosteroids, such as hydrocortisone
injectable biologics, such as dupilumab (Dupixent)
In the meantime, you may find it helpful to:

apply a cold compress
apply lotion, moisturizer, or aloe vera
Shop for lotion, moisturizer, and aloe vera now.

Genital psoriasis
Psoriasis happens when skin cells grow too quickly and cause irritation. It's likely caused by an immune system condition in which your white blood cells mistakenly attack skin cells.

The most common symptoms are red, itchy bumps or a rash in your genital area.

Other symptoms can include:

dry or sore skin that bleeds
joints feeling stiff or swollen
thick or ridged fingernails or toenails
Options for treatment
If you suspect your symptoms are the result of a psoriasis flare, see your doctor. They may be able to recommend new or different therapies to help ease your symptoms and prevent flare-ups.

This includes:

topical corticosteroids, such as hydrocortisone
phototherapy, which exposes the skin to concentrated UV light
retinoids, such as acitretin (Soriatane)
biologics, such as adalimumab (Humira)
Shop for hydrocortisone.

In the meantime, you may find it helpful to:

apply lotion, moisturizer, or aloe vera
take baths every day
limit or avoid alcohol and tobacco intake
When to see your doctor
Regardless of the suspected cause, you should see your doctor if:

the spots become unbearably painful or itchy
the spots show signs of infection
you notice STI symptoms like fatigue and fever
Your doctor can assess your symptoms and make a diagnosis, if needed. They can also offer information on how to ease your symptoms at home or prescribe any necessary medication.

[Big Sexy]

What causes cloudy urine?
By Jon Johnson
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324443.php

Cloudy urine can be unsettling, especially when a person does not know the cause. Sometimes it can signal an issue with the urinary tract, such as dehydration or a urinary tract infection, or it may point to kidney problems.
Each underlying cause of cloudy urine has additional symptoms, which can help a doctor make a diagnosis.

In this article, learn about the possible causes of cloudy urine, as well as how to treat them.

Causes
Causes of cloudy urine can include:

1. Dehydration
Cloudy urine, especially if it is dark, could indicate that a person is not consuming enough liquids.

Very young or very old people have a higher risk of dehydration. Also, anyone fighting off an illness that causes diarrhea, vomiting, or a fever will need to drink more fluids.

Those who do strenuous exercise or physical labor during hot days may also have a higher risk for dehydration if they are not drinking enough water.

Dehydration can cause cloudy urine in some people, as well as other symptoms, including:

dark yellow or orange urine
fatigue
confusion or difficulty concentrating
dizziness
dry mouth and a feeling of intense thirst
dry eyes
less frequent urination
Severe dehydration can cause more severe symptoms, including disorientation, a loss of consciousness, or bloody or black stools. Seek emergency medical care for severe dehydration.

2. Urinary tract infection (UTI)
A UTI is another more common cause of cloudy or milky urine. If the urine smells particularly foul, a person may have an infection.

The cloudy look typically comes from discharge of either pus or blood into the urinary tract. It could also be a buildup of white blood cells as the body tries to eliminate invading bacteria.

UTIs can happen in anyone but are far more common in females, according to the United States Office on Women's Health.

Along with cloudy urine, a UTI can cause other symptoms, such as:

a constant need to urinate
trouble urinating large amounts or emptying the bladder
burning pain while urinating
foul-smelling urine
pain in the pelvis, lower abdomen, or lower back
Anyone who experiences these symptoms should see a doctor for diagnosis and treatment. Treating a UTI early can help relieve discomfort and prevent complications.

3. Kidney infection
Many kidney infections start as UTIs, which then spread due to lack of effective treatment and get worse over time.

Kidney infections cause similar symptoms to UTIs and may also cause additional symptoms, such as:

a fever
chills
cramps
fatigue
nausea and vomiting
pain in the back, side, or groin
dark, bloody, or foul-smelling urine
Kidney infections require immediate medical treatment. Without prompt treatment, this type of infection may lead to permanent kidney damage.

4. Sexually transmitted infection (STI)
According to the Office on Women's Health, about 20 million people in the U.S. get an STI every year.

Some common STIs, such as gonorrhea and chlamydia, may cause cloudy urine. Gonorrhea and chlamydia prompt the immune system to fight back and produce white blood cells, which may mix with the urine and give it a cloudy appearance.

These STIs may also cause unusual discharge from the vagina or penis. Other signs of an STI include:

itching of the genitals or pelvis
unexplained pain in the genitals
pain during or after sex
pain or burning during urination or ejaculation
rashes, blisters, or other sores on the genitals
Regular testing for STIs can help a person receive an early diagnosis and get treatment. Using protection during sexual activity may also help prevent the spread of STIs.

5. Vulvovaginitis

Vulvovaginitis is inflammation in the vulva and vagina, and it can lead to cloudy urine.

Bacterial infections are the most common cause of vulvovaginitis, though the infection can also result from viruses or fungi.

In some cases, the body may react to ingredients in soaps, detergents, fabric softeners, or other products.

These reactions can cause inflammation in the vulva and vagina without an infection being present.

Other signs of vulvovaginitis include:

itchiness around the vulva
foul-smelling vaginal discharge
thin, pale, watery discharge
discolored discharge that resembles cottage cheese
a fishy odor that gets worse after sex
painful urination
A doctor will want to determine whether the infection is bacterial, fungal, or viral before moving forward with treatment.

6. Prostatitis
An inflamed prostate, or prostatitis, may also be the cause of cloudy urine. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services state that prostatitis affects between 10 and 15 percent of the males in the United States. It typically appears due to an infection in the prostate.

Other symptoms of prostatitis include:

painful ejaculation
pain or burning sensations while urinating
a frequent need to urinate
blood in the urine
abdominal pain
pain in the lower pelvis, genitals, or perineum


7. Kidney stones
Kidney stones can also cause cloudy urine. They develop from the buildup of certain minerals in the body.

Small stones may pass without incident, but larger stones can block the urinary tract and cause an infection, which could lead to pus in the urine, giving it a cloudy appearance.

A common symptom of kidney stones is severe pain below the ribs, generally near the side or lower back. The pain may also occur in the groin and radiate to the lower abdomen or lower back.

Other symptoms of kidney stones include:

fever
chills
pain while urinating
brown, red, or pink streaks in the urine
foul-smelling urine
Some kidney stones do not require treatment. However, anyone who thinks that they may have kidney stones should see a doctor for a diagnosis.

8. Diet
In some cases, a person's diet can cause their urine to be cloudy. Anyone who consumes high amounts of vitamin D or phosphorus may notice cloudy urine as their kidneys filter the excess phosphorus out of their body.

The U.S. National Kidney Foundation state that protein-rich foods such as meat, beans, and dairy products may be higher in phosphorus.

9. Diabetes or kidney damage from diabetes
Sometimes diabetes or diabetic kidney disease is the underlying cause of cloudy urine. The body may be trying to remove excess sugars that it cannot process by sending them through the urine.

Other signs of diabetes may include issues such as:

prolonged thirst, even after drinking
fatigue
weight loss
a frequent need to urinate
frequent infections
difficulty healing from simple wounds
Untreated, the issues from diabetes may ultimately lead to kidney failure.

Anyone who has diabetes or experiences these symptoms should talk to their doctor, who can check for signs of kidney damage.

Diagnosis
If cloudy urine accompanies other symptoms, see a doctor for a diagnosis. The doctor may ask for a urine sample, which they will test for infections. They may also test for common STIs.

Depending on a person's symptoms, the doctor may also recommend blood tests to check for signs of kidney damage.

Treatment

Treatment for cloudy urine will depend on the underlying cause. Typical treatments for each issue include:

Dehydration: Treating dehydration may be as simple as drinking more fluids and eating foods that are rich in liquids. Severe dehydration may require hospitalization, however.

UTIs: Most UTIs respond well to a round of antibiotics. In more severe cases, the person may need to receive these drugs intravenously, then orally.

STIs: Treatment will depend on the type of STI. Infections such as gonorrhea and syphilis generally respond well to antibiotics.

Kidney stones: Many stones pass naturally. A doctor may prescribe pain medication if the stones are very painful. For larger stones, the doctor may prescribe medications or shock wave therapy to break them into passable pieces. Very large stones may require surgery.

Vulvovaginitis: The doctor may recommend antibiotic, antifungal, or antiviral medication to treat vulvovaginitis and clear up symptoms.

Prostatitis: Prostatitis may get better without treatment. If bacteria are causing the infection, antibiotics may help treat symptoms. For chronic cases, doctors may recommend medications to manage symptoms.

Diabetes: Kidney problems arising from diabetes may require frequent urine tests to check for damage in the kidney. A person will also require treatment for the underlying diabetes.

Summary
Cloudy urine can result from a variety of common conditions, such as UTIs and mild dehydration. In cases that occur with other symptoms, early diagnosis and treatment are key to avoid complications.

Take note of any other symptoms that appear and share them with the doctor. This may determine the diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

By working with a doctor and following their instructions, most people can clear up the underlying cause of cloudy urine.

[Big Sexy]

5 menstruation myths you must leave behind
By Maria Cohut
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324403.php

Approximately half of the world's population experiences, will experience, or has experienced menstruation, and yet myths about this biological process still abound. In this Spotlight feature, we debunk some of the most widespread menstruation misconceptions.

As of 2017, the world's population numbers 7.53 billion people, of which 3.73 billion are born with female genitalia.

Virtually all of them do, have, or will go through menstruation (period), the part of the menstrual cycle in which the uterus sheds mucosal tissue alongside blood through the vagina.

Periods can last between 3 and 7 days and usually occur every 28 days, though menstrual cycle lengths can vary.

Although this biological process affects about half of the world's population, many myths and misconceptions about it persist.

Cultures around the world still vilify menstruation, and consider period blood "dirty" and "impure," and menstruation itself as a taboo topic.

For instance, although this practice is now mostly illegal, some communities — as a series of recent tragedies in Nepal suggest — still have the so-called menstruation huts, in which women on their period spend the days in which they bleed in complete isolation.

Though this is an extreme example, there are many smaller myths and misconceptions related to menstruation that remain in circulation across the globe.

Read this Spotlight feature to find out what some of the most popular misconceptions are, and why they are untrue.


1. Sex on your period

Some of the most widespread myths regarding menstruation gravitate around sex while on your period, with the top contender likely being that you cannot get pregnant while menstruating.

However, this idea is entirely false. While it is true that, in many individuals, menstruation is the period when they are least fertile, it really depends on the length of their monthly cycles.

Peak fertility occurs during the ovulation stage — which usually kicks in approximately 12 to 16 days before the start of the next period — when the ovaries produce and release fresh ovules (eggs).

And while most menstrual cycles last about 28 days, some cycles can be as short as 21 days, which also impacts when ovulation takes place. Moreover, sperm can live inside the genital tract for up to 5 days or, according to some sources, even 7 days.

Thus, having unprotected vaginal sex during your period could mean that the sperm gets to linger for just long enough to coincide with ovulation and fertilize an egg, resulting in pregnancy.

Moreover, if you have sex during menstruation without using a condom, the risk of getting a sexually transmitted infection (STI) — including HIV — or a yeast infection increases, due to the hormonal changes that occur at this time.

Vaginal-penile sex during a period can also, in some cases, cause inflammation of the penis head — a type of infection called "balanitis."

Still, as long as you take all necessary precautions to avoid an unwanted pregnancy and the transmission of STIs, there is no reason not enjoy sex while on your period — to the contrary, in fact, as sex can help relieve cramps and improve your mood.

2. Unsafe to keep skipping your period?
Another widespread misconception is that it is unsafe to use birth control pills to enable you to skip your period for a prolonged period.

However, recent guidelines from the National Women's Health Network indicate that it is just fine to suppress menstruation through birth control pills, and most gynecologists agree that this approach is typically safe.

Some people even argue that, outside of their role in reproduction, periods are unnecessary, and can be more trouble than they are worth.

For instance, James Segars, from the department of gynecology and obstetrics at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, MD, told The Atlantic that, "Having a monthly period is reassuring, but it is certainly not necessary."

"And with these long-term, reversible contraceptives, the failure rate is really, really low so women can benefit a lot from them."

James Segars
For many individuals, menstruation symptoms can be severe and interfere with their normal functioning and quality of life. They may experience heavy bleeding, disabling pain, and other unpleasant symptoms, such as migraines and nausea.

Those with dysmenorrhea (painful periods) or certain conditions that cause troublesome symptoms, such as endometriosis, may decide, in agreement with their doctors, that skipping several periods, or skipping menstruation continuously, is the best option for their health and productivity.

3. Shouldn't have a bath
Some think that having a bath or even taking a shower during your period is unsafe. This is either because hot water stimulates bleeding, or because the water stops you from bleeding, which can have ill effects.

While hot water can help stimulate blood flow, this can actually help relieve menstrual cramps and ease muscular tension.

Bleeding does not stop following full immersion in water. However, the pressure from the water may temporarily prevent the blood from flowing out of the vagina.

There is no reason not to have a bath or shower during your period. Most likely, relaxing in a bubble bath and feeling cleaner as a result of it will improve your mood and help you cope with menstruation symptoms a little better.

Furthermore, it is better and healthier to use water and mild, unfragranced soap to clean the vulva than wipes or other products. This is because many intimate care products can disrupt the delicate bacterial balance in the genital area, making it easier for infections to take hold.

A study that Medical News Today reported on last year found a "strong correlation" between the use of intimate care products, such as gel sanitizers and vaginal cleansers, and a heightened risk of infection.

Plus, having a hot bath could bring a host of other health benefits. One study covered on MNT last year suggested that baths may reduce inflammation and improve blood sugar.

4. Syncing periods

One pervasive question surrounding periods is whether can they actually sync. For example, if two or more women spend enough time together, perhaps as roommates, will they have periods at the same time?

One person, speaking to MNT, said that she was even taught about period synchrony in school, and was still wondering whether the notion was accurate.

She told us:

"I heard about period syncing a long time ago when I studied in an all-girls' school. Then, when I started living with [my two female roommates], I noticed we often had periods around the same time. [Another friend] says that this is due to an alpha-female releasing hormones that affect the period cycles of other women around her."

So is any of this true? After all, many of us are likely to have experienced "period syncing" at some point, in a school, work, or home-sharing environment.

The notion of "period synchrony" first appeared as a scientific idea in a 1971 Nature article. This article argued that women who lived in close quarters — roommates in a college dorm — or who were close friends, experienced increased menstruation synchrony.

The study's authors believed that this probably happened because the women who lived so closely together "exchanged" pheromones over time, which eventually led to this phenomenon.

However, later studies cast doubts on the methodology researchers used for the 1971 research. The later studies highlighted numerous shortcomings and modifying factors that the original researchers had not accounted for. They also noted a "lack of empirical evidence for synchrony in the foregoing studies of both Western and non-Western populations."

Moreover, studies that followed were never able to replicate the findings of the initial research. convincingly. Research published more recently did not find that college roommates experienced menstrual synchrony.

Investigators have since become more inclined to believe that the notion is nothing but an enduring myth, with any synchrony being purely coincidental.

Alexandra Alvergne, who is an associate professor in biocultural anthropology at the University of Oxford in the United Kingdom, told the BBC that, "As humans, we always like exciting stories. We want to explain what we observe by something that is meaningful. And the idea that what we observe is due to chance or randomness is just not as interesting."

5. Tampon myths
Finally, some of the most persistent misconceptions refer to the use of tampons to absorb period blood. Because a person has to insert a tampon in the vagina, some people may worry that this may cause some damage.

One primary worry is that inserting a tampon can break the hymen, which, as popular misconception has it, is a "mark of virginity."

In reality, the hymen is a stretchy membrane that lines the opening of the vagina and does not ordinarily cover the vaginal opening. If this were the case, the hymen would block menstrual blood and other types of discharge from leaving the body. This would be dangerous, requiring surgical intervention to correct.

Because the hymen is stretchy, inserting an object as small as a tampon will not cause any tears. And since, during menstruation, the blood lubricates the vagina, inserting a tampon should not be uncomfortable, if done correctly.

If still uncomfortable, try using a lubricant to help slide the tampon in. A person should always change tampons regularly, as recommended, about every 4-8 hours. It is essential that a person does this otherwise the accumulated blood, tissue, and bacteria could cause toxic shock syndrome.

A second myth that many first-time tampon users have encountered is that a tampon could get lost inside the vagina.

This is just not true because there is nowhere for the tampon to go. The cervix is at the top of the vagina, and its opening is much too small for a tampon to penetrate.

Moreover, vaginas are only about 3.77 inches (9.6 centimeters) deep, on average, and tampons come with strings that aid removal. So, if the tampon does happen to ride up somewhat, you can always easily search for the string and pull the tampon out carefully.

Should you ever encounter a piece of information that you are unsure about, or which you find alarming, speak to a nurse or a doctor, who will be able to fact check it for you. Myths and misconceptions have no place in healthcare.

[Big Sexy]

Small penis syndrome: Everything you need to know
By Zawn Villines
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324569.php

People with small penis syndrome do not have a physical condition but experience persistent anxiety about the size of their penis. These individuals worry that their penis is too small or that others will judge them for its size.
Some doctors refer to small penis syndrome as penile dysmorphic disorder (PDD), but the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) does not list PDD as a separate disorder. Instead, it includes PDD as a variant of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD).

What is small penis syndrome?

People with small penis syndrome or PDD do not have an unusually small penis. Instead, they are severely anxious about their penis size.

Having a small penis is not a medical diagnosis. Very rarely, a person's penis is small enough to interfere with sexual functioning, and doctors will refer to it as a micropenis. People with a micropenis have a penis that is at least 2.5 standard deviations smaller than the average penis.

PDD is a type of BDD, which is a disorder that distorts a person's perception of their body. BDD can trigger immense anxiety in a person about their appearance.

People with PDD feel shame and anxiety about penis size. They may mistakenly believe that they have a micropenis, even when their penis size is normal.

Average penis size statistics
Estimates on average penis size vary. Many people believe that a typical penis is 6 inches (in) long, but this is false and misleading, potentially triggering anxiety in those who worry about having a small penis.

A 2014 analysis of data from 15,521 men discovered the following about penis size:

The average non-erect penis is 9.16 centimeters (cm), or 3.61 in long.
The average erect penis is 13.12 cm (5.17 in) long.
Penises longer than 6 in when erect are rare, with this length of penis falling in the 90th percentile.
Other research has sought to quantify what counts as a micropenis. A 2014 study defined a micropenis as a penis that is less than 7 cm (about 2.75 in) in length when flaccid and stretched.

Furthermore, research on more than 52,000 heterosexual men and woman found that 85 percent of women were satisfied with the size of their partner's penis. In comparison, only 55 percent of men were satisfied with their penis size.

Symptoms
It is common for people to occasionally worry that their penis might not be large enough, especially when they feel pressure from the media and from seeing larger male genitals in pornography.

However, people with small penis syndrome obsessively worry about penis size.

Some symptoms of small penis syndrome or PDD include:

constantly comparing their penis size to that of others, including those in the media
a belief that the penis is unusually small, in spite of evidence to the contrary
distorted perceptions of penis size
placing an unusually high value on penis size
feeling ashamed or embarrassed about penis size
difficulty having sex with a partner because of anxiety about penis size
reduced sexual function, including getting an erection or having an orgasm
Some people with small penis syndrome have other symptoms of BDD. These might include:

obsessive preoccupation with appearance
repetitive or compulsive behavior relating to appearance, such as grooming or buying clothes
chronic distress about appearance
depression or anxiety about appearance
Although small penis syndrome and BDD might appear to be the same condition, there are essential differences. Small penis syndrome is not a medical diagnosis, whereas doctors can diagnose a person as having BDD.

Treatment

For people with mild-to-moderate anxiety about penis size, researching data on average penis sizes or asking a doctor about what constitutes a micropenis may help.

If a person is concerned about sexual performance, they may find comfort from a partner's reassurance and support. Research suggests that the majority of heterosexual women are satisfied with their partner's penis size.

Medical treatment can help men with BDD or anxiety about penis size. Some treatment options include:

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT): This type of therapy helps people understand how their thoughts affect their feelings and behavior, and it can help them find ways to reduce anxiety.
Understanding and addressing triggers. For some, specific triggers — such as pornography or relationship problems — can cause penis size anxiety. Some people can reduce symptoms by identifying their triggers and working to manage them.
Sex therapy or couples counseling. When penis size anxieties affect a person's relationship or ability to have sex, therapy can help a couple work together to overcome the anxiety.

Questions to ask a doctor
People who worry about the size of their penis or their feelings about penis size should see a doctor for help and support.

Some questions to ask include:

Is the size of my penis within the average range?
Is it common to be anxious about penis size?
What can I do to overcome my anxiety?
Can you refer me to a therapist?
Do I have symptoms of BDD?
Are there effective strategies for managing sexual dysfunction relating to anxiety?

Summary
Anxiety relating to penis size can be frustrating, and it may affect self-esteem and relationships. Misconceptions about penis size can lead people to believe that their penis is smaller than most other people's, even when it is within the average range.

Sex education, support from a partner, and appropriate treatments can help people with small penis syndrome and those with BDD manage their anxiety.

[Big Sexy]

What causes pain in the penis?
By Beth Sissons
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324608.php

Many conditions can cause penis pain, and it can range from mild to severe. Pain may occur at rest, during sexual activity, or when urinating.
While a person can sometimes get relief from penis pain at home, some underlying causes may need medical treatment.

This article looks at the possible causes of penis pain, as well as the additional symptoms and treatment options for each.

Causes of penis pain include:

Peyronie's disease

Peyronie's disease occurs when scar tissue creates plaque that builds up on the top or bottom of the penis.

The cause of Peyronie's disease is still unclear, but doctors believe it to be a result of scarring to the penis. Scarring may be due to an autoimmune disease or a severe or repeated injury to the penis.

Symptoms of Peyronie's disease include:

erectile dysfunction or pain during an erection
pain during sex
a curve in the penis
lumps on the side of the penis
the penis becoming narrower or shorter than usual
A person should see a doctor if they notice any of these symptoms. Peyronie's disease can sometimes go away without treatment. Other people with Peyronie's disease may require:


oral medication
medication injected into the plaque
ultrasound or radiation therapy to break up the scar tissue and reduce plaque
shockwave therapy, which uses electroshock waves to break up the scar tissue and reduce plaque
If symptoms are severe and do not improve, a person may require surgery.

Balanitis
Balanitis refers to when the head of the penis becomes inflamed. This inflammation can happen in people who have not had circumcision, especially if they do not wash or dry the area underneath the foreskin properly.

Other causes of balanitis can include:

using strong soap or chemicals on the penis
diabetes
obesity
Symptoms of balanitis include:

a rash
discharge
swelling
itching
tenderness or pain
If a person does not seek treatment for balanitis, it can cause phimosis, wherein the foreskin becomes too tight to pull back from the head of the penis.

Treatment options for balanitis include:

topical antibiotic, antifungal, or antiseptic ointment
topical steroids
a topical astringent solution

Priapism
Priapism causes a prolonged erection without any sexual stimulation. It can be very painful.

In some cases, the cause is unknown. In other cases, however, priapism can be a result of other conditions. These conditions may include trauma to the genitals or spinal cord, sickle cell disease, or pelvic health conditions.

Priapism can be a serious medical condition, and people should seek medical help if they have a prolonged, painful erection with no sexual stimulation or an erection that lasts for more than 4 hours.

A person can try taking a cold shower, applying an ice pack, or climbing stairs to relieve the erection at first.

Medical treatment may include:

pain medications, such as opiates
injecting medication into the penis to allow normal blood circulation
creating a small hole or passage, called a shunt, to allow normal blood flow between the penis and the rest of the body

Sexually transmitted infections
People may experience pain in the penis due to a sexually transmitted infection (STI).

Symptoms of an STI can include:

painful ejaculation
yellow, white, or clear discharge
lumps around genitals
pain or a burning sensation when urinating
pain during sex
a rash or itchiness
Treatment for STIs can include:

antibiotics for bacterial STIs, such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis
medications to treat symptoms of viral STIs, such as herpes

Urinary tract infections
If bacteria enter the urinary tract, it can cause a urinary tract infection (UTI). They are more common in females, but they can also affect males. Generally, these infections are quite common.

In addition to penis pain, symptoms of a UTI in males may include:

pain or a burning sensation when urinating
feeling the need to urinate when bladder is empty
a frequent urge to urinate
blood in the urine
A doctor will usually prescribe antibiotics to treat a UTI.

Prostatitis

Prostatitis is inflammation of the prostate, which can cause pain in the penis and pelvic area. Bacterial infections, nerve inflammation, and injuries can all cause prostatitis.

Symptoms of prostatitis include:

difficulty urinating
pain or burning when urinating
pain in the penis, testicles, or bladder
painful ejaculation
People can take antibiotics to treat prostatitis. Pain relief medication, prostate massage, and hot compresses can also help ease symptoms.

Urethritis
Urethritis is inflammation of the urethra, which is the tube that carries urine from the bladder through the penis.

Causes of urethritis include:

bacteria
viruses
injury
reaction to spermicides or contraceptive lotions
Symptoms may include:

an itchy, tender, or swollen penis
a frequent urge to urinate
burning sensation when urinating
small bumps in the groin area
pain during sex or ejaculation
A doctor will usually prescribe antibiotics to treat urethritis.

Phimosis
Phimosis occurs when the foreskin tightens so much that it is too tight to pull back. It is common in young children before the foreskin loosens, but it can also cause painful symptoms in teenagers and adults.

Treatment for phimosis usually includes applying a steroid cream to the foreskin daily. Taking pain relievers may also help.

Paraphimosis
Paraphimosis is a condition in which people are unable to pull the foreskin forward over the tip of the penis. Paraphimosis is a serious condition that requires immediate medical attention.

Additional symptoms include:

pain in the penis
swelling in the tip of the penis
the head of the penis turning a different color, such as blue or red
Treatment for paraphimosis involves reducing the swelling at the tip of the penis to allow the foreskin to return to the correct position.

If doctors are unable to do this, they may make a small incision to reduce the swelling. In some cases, people may need a circumcision.

Penile fracture
A penile fracture occurs when an erect penis is bent, causing a part of it to tear. It is not technically a fracture, as there are no bones in the penis.

Penile fractures are most likely to happen during sex.

Symptoms of a penile fracture include:

a popping sound
sudden loss of erection
bruising and swelling of the penis
bleeding from the penis
blood in the urine
pain
difficulty urinating
Anyone with a penile fracture needs emergency medical attention. They may need surgery to drain a buildup of blood and repair any damage to the penis.

Penile cancer
Pain in the penis can sometimes be a symptom of penile cancer, although is more likely to be a result of another condition.

People should see their doctor if they notice any of the following symptoms:

changes to the color or thickness of the skin of the penis
a lump or crusty bumps on the penis
bleeding ulcers
bleeding or discharge under the foreskin
swelling at the head of the penis
lumps under the skin in the groin area
Treatment for penile cancer may include:

surgery to remove tumors in the penis
circumcision to remove the foreskin
radiation therapy to destroy cancer cells
chemotherapy

Summary
Many different conditions can cause pain in the penis. A doctor can help identify the cause of the pain by discussing a person's other symptoms.

People may be able to lower their risk of developing a penile health condition by:

maintaining a healthy lifestyle
keeping good personal hygiene
using a condom during sex
If a person experiences persistent or severe penis pain, they should speak to a doctor.

[Big Sexy]

What to do about dry skin on the penis
By Lana Burgess
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325286.php

The skin on a person's penis is particularly sensitive, and dry skin may cause discomfort. A person may develop dry skin on their penis skin for many reasons, including unlubricated sex or masturbation, chafing clothes, and use of harsh soaps.
Dry skin on the penis by itself is not usually a sign of a sexually transmitted disease. Most cases of dry skin on the penis respond well to treatment. Home remedies, such as using a natural moisturizer or avoiding harsh soaps, often resolve the problem.

This article explores what causes dry skin on the penis. It also discusses treatment for each cause and the home remedies that might help.

Unlubricated sex or masturbation
Having sex or masturbating for a long time without lubrication can cause friction.

Too much friction may cause the skin to become dry. Using lubricant may increase comfort when a person has sex or masturbates. A range of lubricants is available online.

Avoid lubricants with ingredients such as glycerin or parabens as they may worsen penis skin dryness.

Choosing a water-based lubricant will reduce the chance of further penis skin irritation.


Allergy to latex
If a person is allergic to latex, using latex condoms may lead to dry skin on the penis.

Latex is a natural substance that derives from the sap of rubber trees. People with a latex allergy react to specific proteins that latex contains.

The symptoms of an allergic reaction to latex include:

hives
itching
stuffy or runny nose
wheezing
chest tightness
difficulty breathing
People with a severe latex allergy may experience anaphylactic shock when they come into contact with latex. If a person goes into anaphylactic shock, call emergency services. If the person has an epinephrine (adrenaline) auto-injector, administer this.

To avoid dry skin on the penis and allergy symptoms, people with latex allergies should use non-latex condoms. Non-latex condoms contain polyurethane or natural membranes that come from lamb's intestines. There are many non-latex condoms available to buy online.

Chafing clothes
If a person's clothes or underwear are too tight, they may chafe the penis and lead to dry skin. Wearing loose or cotton underwear and clothes will also help to avoid further chafing.

To bring relief to chafed skin, use a natural moisturizer, such as coconut oil.

Personal soaps
Using soaps that contain harsh chemicals may cause dry skin on the penis. The best way to wash the penis is with warm water and a small amount of mild soap.

If a person does want to use regular soap in this area, they may want to consider using a gentle, natural soap without parabens. Many soaps with no parabens are available to buy online.

Laundry detergents
Certain laundry detergents that contain harsh chemicals may cause skin dryness. This may affect a person anywhere on their body, including their penis. Choosing natural, non-biological laundry detergents may reduce skin irritation and dryness.

To relieve irritated skin, using a natural moisturizer, such as coconut oil, may help.

Eczema

If dry skin on the penis occurs alongside itching or under-skin bumps, it may be a sign of eczema. An irritant, such as those explored above, can cause eczema. Doctors call this type of eczema irritant contact dermatitis.

The two other types of eczema that may lead to dry skin on the penis are atopic eczema and seborrheic dermatitis.

If a person thinks eczema has caused the dry skin on their penis, they should see their doctor. The doctor can diagnose or rule out eczema.

People who already have an eczema diagnosis may use a low-strength topical corticosteroid cream. Applying this carefully to the penis skin may improve symptoms.

It is essential to use corticosteroid creams according to a doctor's recommendations as they may increase skin thinness. As the skin on the penis is delicate and sensitive, people should take extra care when using topical treatments.

To reduce dryness, a person may want to use a natural moisturizer, such as coconut oil.

Psoriasis
Psoriasis is another possible cause of dry skin on the penis. Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin condition that frequently affects male genitalia.

Psoriasis patches on the penis are not as scaly as those on other parts of the body. They may look like well-defined, thin white plaques without scales, or they may have a red ring around them.

If a person spots the signs of psoriasis on their penis, they should see their doctor. The doctor can diagnose or rule out psoriasis.

People who already have a psoriasis diagnosis and have plaques on their penis may be able to treat it using the same corticosteroid cream they use on other parts of their body.

The doctor may recommend a medium to high-potency corticosteroid to use in intervals. This means applying the cream for 4 days, then having a 3-day break before reapplying.

Another psoriasis treatment option for the penis is topical vitamin D ointment twice daily.

Should psoriasis plaques on the penis remain after treatment, it is important to go back to the doctor. The doctor can rule out anything more serious.

Fungal infection
If a person also has a rash, swelling, or discharge, dry skin on the penis, this may be a sign of a fungal infection.

Two forms of fungal infection affect the penis — jock itch and balanitis.

Jock itch causes a red rash. It spreads over the inner thighs from the penis. The area around the anus and buttocks may also have a rash.

Balanitis is inflammation of the tip of the penis. If a person has balanitis, the head of their penis may appear red and swollen. A yeast infection is a common cause of infectious balanitis.

Both jock itch and balanitis may occur alongside itchy skin. A person with a yeast infection may feel fatigued, although studies are yet to confirm this as a symptom.

People can treat fungal infections with antifungal creams. To prevent them, a person should wash and change their clothes frequently. Wearing loose underwear may also help.

Home remedies

Depending on the cause of the dry skin, a person may need to use over-the-counter (OTC) or prescribed topical treatments.

Some home remedies may have complementary uses alongside other treatment. A doctor can provide a person with recommendations on which treatments and home remedies will suit them best.

It is wise to avoid having sex or masturbating until the dry skin has started to heal. Having sex may irritate the penis skin further and slow down the healing process.

Proper hydration is a good way to ensure that the skin gets enough moisture from within. Using natural moisturizers may also reduce dryness.

Coconut oil offers a natural way to reduce skin dryness all over the body, including the penis. People can also use it as a massage oil or natural lubricant. Results of a 2014 study suggest that applying coconut oil may be a more effective atopic dermatitis treatment than mineral oil.

Many coconut oil moisturizers are available to buy online.

However, it is important to note that oils may reduce the effectiveness of condoms.

Prevention
To prevent dry skin on the penis, it is a good idea to:

use natural, non-biological washing detergents
avoid using harsh personal soaps
wash the penis regularly with warm water and only a small amount of mild soap
wear cotton clothing and supportive, but not overly tight, underwear
use lubrication to reduce friction during partnered or solo sex
keep the skin moisturized

Summary
Dry skin on the penis is not typically a sign of a serious condition. Common causes are allergies to chemicals in soap or detergent, too much friction, psoriasis, or eczema.

If a person experiences dry skin on the penis and does not know the cause, they should see their doctor. It is particularly important to see a doctor if dry skin on the penis occurs alongside other symptoms.

Typically, people can treat dry skin on the penis either at home or with OTC topical treatments. Using a natural moisturizer, such as coconut oil, is a simple way to maintain skin health.

Making lifestyle changes may help to prevent dry patches on the penis from coming back. For example, a person can try reducing the use of personal soaps, changing washing detergent, and using lubricant during sex or masturbation.

[Big Sexy]

What to know about genital warts in women
By Beth Sissons
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324679.php

Genital warts are a very common sexually transmitted infection. They can develop on or around the genitals and may appear as small bumps or fleshy growths.
These warts result from infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV). People who have the virus can pass it on through vaginal, anal, or oral sex.

Genital warts can cause discomfort, but they do not lead to other health problems and are not cancerous.

A doctor can prescribe treatments for relieving symptoms, and they can also remove the warts.

In this article, we investigate the symptoms, causes, and risk factors of genital warts in the female body.

We also describe diagnosis, treatment, complications, and prevention.

Symptoms
Anyone can get genital warts. In females, genital warts can develop in or around the:

vagina
vulva
cervix
anus
groin region and upper thighs
Because the virus can spread through oral sex, warts can also appear on the lips, mouth, and throat.


Genital warts tend to look like small, fleshy bumps or growths. The number of warts can vary, and clusters may develop in a formation that resembles a cauliflower.

Genital warts are usually the same color as the person's skin or slightly darker. The bumps may be smooth or rough. Also, they can be too small to notice.

Often, genital warts do not cause symptoms. However, they can occur with:

itching
burning
tenderness or pain
bleeding

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Causes
Genital warts result from infection with HPV. This is a type of sexually transmitted infection (STI).

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), HPV is the most common STI in the United States.

It affects around 79 million people in the country, mostly adults under the age of 30. There are around 14 million new HPV infections each year in the U.S.

A person with an HPV infection can pass on the virus through:

vaginal, anal, and oral sex
skin-to-skin genital contact
childbirth

Genital warts do not always appear immediately after a person becomes infected — they can take months or even years to develop.

The CDC note that most people fight off the virus without treatment and that, in this case, it does not cause any health problems. Once the virus goes, a person can no longer pass it on.

There are many different types of HPV. The type of HPV that causes genital warts does not cause cancer.

Risk factors
Anyone who is sexually active is at risk of an HPV infection.

Other risk factors include:

smoking
having a weakened immune system
being under the age of 30
When to see a doctor
When a person notices that they have genital warts, they should see a healthcare professional, for example at a sexual health clinic.

Sometimes genital warts clear up on their own over time. However, getting treatment can reduce the risk of transmission and help ease uncomfortable symptoms, such as itching and pain.

Diagnosis
Healthcare professionals usually diagnose genital warts with a physical examination. To see the warts better, they may use a colposcope or apply a vinegar solution to the genital area, if the warts are not visible to the naked eye.

A healthcare professional may also take a small sample of a visible wart and send it for analysis. This testing can help confirm the diagnosis.

Treatment

There is currently no treatment for HPV. A person's immune system often fights off the virus over time.

If genital warts are causing discomfort or distress, a doctor can prescribe treatments to relieve symptoms or remove the warts. This treatment can also help reduce the risk of passing on the infection to other people.

Topical treatments for genital warts include:

podofilox
imiquimod
podophyllin
trichloroacetic acid
For people with larger or more difficult-to-treat warts, the doctor may recommend removing them. The following are some removal methods:

Cryotherapy. This involves freezing off the warts with liquid nitrogen. Cryotherapy may cause a burning sensation, as well as pain and blistering.
Surgical excision. This involves a doctor cutting away the warts. Before the procedure, they will give the person a local anesthetic to numb the area.
Electrocautery. This involves a doctor burning the warts off the skin with an electrical device. A person may require a local or general anesthetic.
Laser therapy. In this procedure, a surgeon uses a powerful beam of light to destroy the warts. It can cause pain and irritation afterward.
It is important not to use treatments for other types of warts on genital warts. Doing so can make symptoms worse.

Removing genital warts does not get rid of the HPV infection. They may return after treatment and a person can still pass on the virus.

Also, wearing a condom during sex can help lower the risk of transmission but does not completely prevent it.

Complications
There are over 100 different types of HPV. The types that cause genital warts do not cause cancer. Even if a person does not receive treatment for their genital warts, the warts will not become cancerous.

However, a person can have more than one type of HPV infection at a time, and at least 14 types can cause cancer, including cervical cancer.

When a female has genital warts, a doctor may suggest screening for signs of cervical cancer or high-risk types of HPV.

The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommend that all females:

aged 21–29 years have a cervical screening, also known as a Pap smear or smear test, every 3 years
aged 30–65 years have a Pap smear every 3 years, or a Pap smear plus an HPV test every 5 years
Females aged 30-65 years also have the option of just having an HPV test every 5 years.

If a Pap smear gives an unclear or abnormal result, it does not mean that a person has cancer. The doctor will carry out additional tests to look for any changes in the cells of the cervix.

Pregnant women with a past history of genital warts should inform their healthcare providers. This is unlikely to cause any pregnancy complications or affect the baby.

Also, having genital warts during pregnancy can make the delivery more difficult.

Prevention
Wearing a condom during sex lowers the risk of getting genital warts. However, a condom does not cover the whole genital area and so may not completely protect against HPV transmission.

Other methods of birth control do not protect against genital warts. It is important for people to tell their sexual partners if they have these warts.

Getting an HPV vaccination can also help protect against the types of the virus that can cause genital warts or cervical cancer.

The CDC recommend HPV vaccination for all children at 11 or 12 years of age and for all females aged 13–26 years.

According to the Office on Women's Health, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have approved the HPV vaccine for people aged 9–45 years.

Anyone with any severe allergies or an allergy to yeast should consult their doctor before getting the vaccine.

The CDC do not recommend the HPV vaccine for women who are pregnant.

Stopping smoking can also lower the risk of getting genital warts.

Summary
Infection with some types of HPV can cause genital warts. These can form in or around the vulva, vagina, or cervix.

The warts may appear on their own or in cauliflower-like clusters. They can cause itching, tenderness, or a burning sensation.

Genital warts are generally harmless and are not cancerous. The types of HPV that cause genital warts do not cause cervical cancer.

Although there is no treatment for the virus, a doctor can prescribe medications to relieve symptoms. They can also remove the warts. For large or difficult-to-treat warts, a doctor may recommend surgical removal.

A person can pass on HPV through vaginal, anal, or oral sex. Wearing a condom during sex can help reduce the risk of getting and spreading genital warts. HPV vaccination can also protect against genital warts and cervical cancer.

[Big Sexy]

Is the shot or the pill better for birth control?
By Rachel Nall MSN CRNA
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324716.php

The shot and the pill are two effective forms of hormonal birth control, each with their own benefits and risks. Does one work better than the other?
There are many different birth control options. People can choose which one to use based on their benefits, risks, and what feels right.

When choosing between the shot and pills, people may want to consider their effectiveness, side effects, risks, and convenience.

This article will discuss the benefits and risks of the shot and pills for birth control, and tips for how to choose between them.

What are birth control shots and pills?

Hormonal birth control comes in several forms, including an injectable shot and oral pills.

A person needs to take birth control pills at the same time each day. When using the shot, a person will receive injections of a hormone every 3 months.

There are many different brands of birth control pills, each with slightly different levels of hormones. There are two main groups of pills:

combination contraceptive pills that contain estrogen and progestin
progestin-only pills, or mini-pills
The birth control shot, or Depo-Provera, also contains progestin, which is the hormone that prevents ovulation.


Progestin, which all pills and shots use, prevents the ovaries from releasing an egg. This makes pregnancy very unlikely. The hormone can also make the lining of the uterus less favorable for an egg to implant.

The estrogen component in the combination pills actually thickens the uterine lining, which provides stability and controlled bleeding patterns. This is why people taking the combination pill usually have a regular monthly period.

Effectiveness
According to the Office on Women's Health, the effectiveness rates of the shot and the pill are slightly different:

About 6 out of every 100 women who have the shot will become pregnant within the first year.
About 9 out of every 100 women who take the pill will become pregnant within the first year.
If someone does not get the shot as regularly as every 3 months, they have a greater likelihood of becoming pregnant.

Likewise, if a person misses a pill or takes it later than the ideal time, this could make the pill less effective.

Certain medicines can interfere with both the birth control shot and pills, which could reduce their effectiveness. A person should ask their doctor about drug interactions when taking a new medicine, including antibiotics.

If someone wants to become pregnant after stopping birth control injections, it takes 10 months, on average.

Side effects

As with most medications, birth control pills and the shot have side effects. People may wish to discuss these with their doctor when considering the best option for them.

The side effects are similar for the shot and pills because they contain similar hormones.

Side effects for the birth control shot include:

bleeding between periods
bone loss when a person uses this option long-term
headaches
missed periods
mood changes
sore breasts
weight gain

Doctors may advise that a person receiving birth control shots take calcium supplements to reduce the risk of bone loss. When they stop receiving birth control injections, they will usually gain lost bone back.

Side effects for birth control pills include:

headache
increased blood pressure
mood changes
sore breasts
stomach upset
weight gain

Doctors associate the mini-pill with fewer side effects than combination contraceptives.

In rare cases, taking the combination pill can cause blood clots and a higher risk of heart attack and stroke. People are more likely to experience these complications if they are older than 35, if they smoke, or if they have a history of migraine.

Bleeding patterns
With the shot, people may experience more sporadic bleeding patterns, but as time goes on, they tend to have much lighter, less frequent episodes of bleeding.

Some people even have total absence of periods after a while. The one drawback is that they will not necessarily know when they are going to bleed.

With pills, people may have irregular bleeding initially, but generally, this will become a regular predictable bleed each month.

People can also take pills on an extended cycle to avoid having periods every month. For the most part, they will know when to expect a period. However, if they miss pills, they may bleed unexpectedly.

Cost
The cost of birth control varies depending on manufacturers and types. Health insurance companies and family planning clinics often cover or discount the costs of birth control pills and shots.

According to the National Women's Health Network, one birth control shot costs $60. Birth control pills typically cost up to $50 per month, but generic forms of pills can cost as low as $10 per month.

Which one is right for me?

When a person uses them as a healthcare professional directs, birth control pills and the shot can both effectively prevent pregnancy.

Some of the major considerations include:

Convenience. If someone is worried that they will not be able to take their pills at the same time every day, they may prefer the shot. If they do not want to go back to the doctor's office every 3 months, birth control pills may be more convenient.
Bleeding patterns. Both the shot and pills can cause changes in menstruation. The shot can make periods lighter, less frequent, and unpredictable for some people. Combination pills can help regulate a person's menstrual cycle and allow them to predict when their period arrives.

Effectiveness. Both contraceptive methods have similar effectiveness when a person uses them appropriately, though the shot may be slightly more effective than the pill.
Side effects. Both methods have side effects. Some people may have different side effects than others, as each person's body reacts differently to hormones.
Cost. The cost of the pills and the shot can be similar depending on a range of factors, such as brands, a person's insurance, and whether they are able to get the birth control from a family planning clinic.

Alternative birth control options
Aside from the shot and pills, people can use other prescription or nonprescription methods of preventing pregnancy.

Nonprescription birth control options include:

female condoms
male condoms
spermicides
sponges
Prescription methods include:

diaphragms
implantable rods
intrauterine devices
patches
vaginal rings
People can use a prescription or nonprescription method together with male or female condoms for protection against sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Sponges and spermicide may not prevent STIs.

Summary
Birth control pills and the birth control shot are both effective ways to prevent pregnancy. Both use similar hormones, so they also have similar side effects and risks.

Some people prefer the convenience of only having to get a birth control injection every 3 months, while others may not like having to make extra appointments with their doctor.

Ultimately, a person should consider many factors when determining what option may work best for them.

[Big Sexy]

What causes watery semen, and does it affect fertility?
By Jamie Eske
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325058.php

Semen is typically a thick, white fluid, but it can vary in color and consistency. Watery semen can occur due to low sperm count, lifestyle factors, and nutritional deficiencies.
In this article, we explore some of the possible causes of watery or clear semen.

We also discuss whether watery semen can affect fertility, the meaning of discolored semen, when to see a doctor, and treatment.

Low sperm count

The World Health Organization (WHO) define low sperm count, or oligospermia, as producing fewer than 15 million sperm per milliliter of semen.

Having a low sperm count can make it more difficult for a person to conceive but does not necessarily mean that a person is infertile.

There is not always an obvious cause for having a low sperm count. However, some genetic conditions, such as Klinefelter syndrome, can affect a person's sperm count.

Other causes of low sperm count can include:

hormone disorders, such as hyperthyroidism and hypogonadism
infections
exposure to radiation or toxins, such as industrial chemicals, herbicides, and lead
drug use
excessive alcohol intake
tobacco use
excess body weight
certain medications

Varicocele

A varicocele is a swelling of the veins that run from the testicles to the scrotum. Varicoceles may not cause symptoms, but they can reduce sperm production and decrease semen quality in some people. Varicoceles can develop in one or both sides.

Varicoceles are very common. According to the Urology Care Foundation, varicoceles affect around 15% of males, and around 40% of males tested for fertility issues have this condition.

That said, around 80% of people with a varicocele do not have any fertility issues.

Frequent ejaculation
Frequent ejaculation may lead to watery semen. If a person masturbates or engages in sexual activity multiple times per day, their body may not have enough time to produce the same volume or quality of semen.

In a 2016 study, 20 males followed a daily ejaculation schedule for 14 days after 3–5 days of abstinence. The researchers collected and analyzed the participants' semen samples on days 1, 3, and 14 of the study.

They found that both the semen volume and the amount of available sperm decreased between days 1 and 3 and again between days 7 and 14.

Retrograde ejaculation
During ejaculation, semen passes through the urethra and out of the penis. However, a dysfunctional bladder sphincter can cause semen to travel backward into the bladder, resulting in a condition called retrograde ejaculation.

People who experience retrograde ejaculation may produce less semen or semen that appears thin or watery.

Zinc deficiency

Zinc is an important nutrient that supports many essential bodily functions, such as DNA synthesis, fighting off infections, wound healing, and reproduction.

Zinc also plays a role in healthy sperm production. According to a 2018 review article in the Journal of Reproduction and Infertility, zinc deficiency may contribute to poor semen quality and infertility. However, the authors caution that too much zinc can also reduce sperm quality.

The body cannot produce or store zinc, which means that people can only get zinc from the foods they eat.

Some dietary sources of zinc include:

oysters
red meat, poultry, and shellfish
nuts, seeds, and whole grains
beans
yogurt and other dairy products

Can watery semen affect fertility?
Watery semen is often temporary and may resolve on its own. Persistent watery semen can sometimes indicate a low sperm count or another condition that may affect fertility.

Having a low sperm count does not necessarily mean that a person is infertile, but it can make it more difficult to conceive.

Watery semen can also be due to lifestyle factors, nutrient deficiencies, or an underlying medical condition.

According to the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, most male fertility problems occur due to issues affecting how the testicles work.

What does it mean to have discolored semen?
Discolored semen can sometimes indicate a health problem.

Pink, red, or brown semen may contain blood from an inflamed prostate or swollen seminal vesicles.

Other causes of blood in the semen include:

high blood pressure
sexually transmitted infections
a prostate infection
cancer of the prostate, testicles, or urethra
Yellow semen may contain urine or an excessive amount of white blood cells. The latter occurs in a condition called leukocytospermia.

Green semen can indicate an infection of the prostate or other reproductive organs.

When to see a doctor
People with persistent watery or discolored semen should speak with a doctor or urologist.

Also, a person should seek medical advice for watery or discolored semen that occurs with any of the following symptoms:

unusual discharge
difficult or painful urination
pain or discomfort in the testicles or scrotum
pain in the lower abdomen or lower back
fever
chills
nausea
People who wish to conceive may want to consider consulting a fertility specialist if they have not achieved pregnancy after 1 year of having regular unprotected intercourse.

To diagnose the cause of watery or discolored semen, a doctor will ask a person about their symptoms, medical history, and lifestyle habits. If necessary, they may also perform a physical examination.

The doctor may also request a semen sample, which they will analyze for:

volume and consistency
acidity
sperm count
sperm motility, or how quickly the sperm move
the size and shape of the sperm

Treatment

Treatment options for watery or discolored semen will depend on the underlying cause.

A doctor may prescribe antibiotics if they determine the cause to be a bacterial infection. For people with hormonal imbalances, a doctor may recommend hormone therapy.

Options for treating varicoceles include:

Laparoscopic surgery. During this procedure, a surgeon inserts a camera into a small incision in the abdomen. They will then locate and either repair, block, or remove the varicocele.
Percutaneous embolization. This is a minimally invasive procedure in which a surgeon will insert a coil or balloon into the swollen vein. They then enlarge the coil or balloon to restore the blood flow from the testicle.
Lifestyle changes that can help improve semen quality can include:

maintaining a healthy body weight
reducing stress
getting enough sleep
quitting tobacco products
reducing alcohol intake

Summary

Watery semen is often temporary, and it may resolve on its own.

Semen can become watery or thinner than usual if someone masturbates or engages in sexual activity multiple times each day. In this case, abstaining from sexual activity for a few days may help treat the issue.

Watery semen can sometimes indicate that a person has a low sperm count or reduced semen quality. These can result from certain medical conditions and lifestyle factors.

Having watery semen does not necessarily mean that a person is infertile. However, people with persistent watery semen may wish to consult a doctor.

Also, seek medical advice for discolored semen or semen that contains blood.

[Big Sexy]

What to know about urethral syndrome
By Amanda Barrell
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325057.php

Urethral syndrome describes a group of symptoms that occur when the urethra becomes irritated. The urethra is the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.
In this article, we discuss what urethral syndrome is along with its risk factors and symptoms. We also cover diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

What is urethral syndrome?
Urethral syndrome, also known as urethral pain syndrome, is the term for a group of symptoms that can occur when the urethra becomes irritated.

The urethra is the thin tube of muscle that runs between the bladder and the outside of the body. In males, the urethra also carries semen from the testicles during ejaculation.

When the urethra becomes irritated, it swells up and the tube narrows, which can make it more difficult for a person to pass urine.

The symptoms of urethral syndrome are similar to those of urinary tract infections (UTIs) and urethritis, which can also affect the urethra. However, bacterial and viral infections are not the cause of urethral syndrome.

Urethral syndrome can occur in both males and females.

Symptoms
The symptoms of urethral syndrome can include:


needing to urinate more often than usual
pain during urination
sudden urges to urinate
the bladder not feeling empty after urinating
discomfort or pain in the abdomen
pain in the lower back
pain in the genitals
pain during sex
Males with urethral syndrome may also experience discharge from their penis and symptoms relating to sexual function, such as swollen testicles, pain while ejaculating, and blood in the semen.

Risk factors
Doctors do not fully understand what causes urethral syndrome. However, certain health conditions and environmental factors can increase a person's risk of developing urethral syndrome.

Some possible risk factors of urethral syndrome include the following:

Sexually transmitted infections
Sexually transmitted infections (STI) can increase the risk of developing urethral syndrome. STIs that may lead to urethral syndrome include gonorrhea, chlamydia, and mycoplasma genitalium.

Foods
Substances in certain foods can enter the urine and irritate the urethra. Foods that may increase the risk of urethral syndrome in some people include:

foods and beverages containing caffeine
hot or spicy foods
alcohol

Irritants
Chemicals in soaps, personal hygiene products, and contraceptives can contain chemicals that irritate the urethra in some people. These can include:

scented soaps, body washes, and bubble baths
feminine hygiene sprays or douches
sanitary products
contraceptive gels
condoms

Urinary tract infection
People can sometimes develop urethral syndrome after recently having a UTI. This is because the urethra can be very sensitive while recovering from an infection.

Sexual intercourse
Rough sexual activity can damage the urethra, especially in females. In these instances, the inflammation that leads to urethral syndrome is part of the natural healing process.

Other risk factors
Other risk factors for urethral syndrome can include:

having sex without a condom
having a history of STIs
bacterial infections in the bladder or kidneys
taking medications that suppress the immune system
structural problems, such as a narrow urethra
Women who have given birth to several children may also be at greater risk of urethral syndrome. Having a delivery without an episiotomy, which is when a doctor makes an incision in the tissue between the vagina and the anus, can also increase a woman's risk of developing urethral syndrome.

Diagnosis
A doctor, who is usually a specialist called a urologist or a urogynecologist, will diagnose urethral syndrome. Diagnosis can be difficult because the symptoms are often similar to those of other conditions, such as UTI, urethritis, or cystitis.

Urologists usually only diagnose a person with urethral syndrome after ruling out other possible causes.

In most cases, the urologist will request a urine sample. They will also ask the person about their symptoms, risk factors, and medical history. The urologist may also carry out a physical examination.

Treatment
Treatment depends on the suspected cause of the condition.

For people with an STI, UTI, or other infection, a urologist may prescribe medications to treat the infection. They may recommend a course of antibiotics if the infection is bacterial.

A urologist may also prescribe medications to relieve pain and inflammation.

If the urologist suspects that the cause is an irritating soap or hygiene product, then they may recommend the person tries stopping or changing products. Further treatment may not be necessary.

Some urologists also recommend making dietary changes to help treat urethral syndrome.

In a 2002 study, researchers asked females with urethral syndrome to follow a strict diet for 12 weeks that did not allow any coffee, alcohol, or spicy foods. Of the 675 women who took part, 89 percent reported that their symptoms had completely gone by the end of the trial.

Prevention
It may not always be possible to prevent urethral syndrome. However, a person can reduce their risk of developing this condition by:

using a condom during sex
using perfume-free body washes, bubble baths, and sanitary products
limiting or reducing alcohol and caffeine intake
avoiding hot or spicy foods

Summary
Urethral syndrome refers to a group of symptoms that affect the urethra, which is the thin tube of muscle which connects the bladder to the outside of the body. These symptoms can include urination difficulties and pain or discomfort in the lower abdomen.

Doctors do not fully understand what causes urethral syndrome. However, risk factors for urethral syndrome can include infections and irritants from certain foods and hygiene products.

Treatment of urethral syndrome often involves treatment of any underlying conditions or avoiding foods and hygiene products that can irritate the urethra.

[Big Sexy]

Causes and treatment of vaginal cuts
By Jennifer Huizen
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325100.php

Minor vaginal cuts and tears are common and often occur when a person is removing body hair or engaging in sexual activity. People with certain hormonal, skin, and immune conditions may be more likely to get vaginal cuts or tears.
Minor vaginal wounds are usually harmless, but they may cause mild pain and discomfort for a day or two before they heal, particularly during urination and bathing or showering. Some minor cuts or tears may also bleed lightly for a short period.

More severe cuts or tears can require medical attention, especially those that are deep, will not stop bleeding, or do not heal with proper self-care.

In this article, we discuss some common causes of vaginal cuts and tears. We also cover treatment, prevention, and when to see a doctor.

Sexual activity
Sexual activity is a common cause of vaginal tears. A penis, finger, or another object that a person inserts into the vagina can damage its delicate tissues.

Following sexual activity that causes vaginal tears, a person may also have minor bruising in the pelvic region and vaginal soreness that lasts for a few days.

Factors that may increase the likelihood of vaginal tears during sexual activity include:


rough or vigorous thrusting of an object into the vagina
vaginal dryness
vulvovaginal atrophy, a condition in which the vaginal tissues become drier, thinner, and less elastic
vaginal scarring or tissue damage, for example, from surgery, pelvic radiation therapy, or congenital abnormalities
certain skin conditions, such as eczema, lichen planus, or psoriasis
some medications, including corticosteroids

Hair removal
Removing pubic hair with a razor is another common cause of vaginal cuts or tears. Waxing can also cause noticeable skin tears or cuts.

According to a 2017 study, about 25% of people injure themselves while grooming their pubic hair. Individuals with skin conditions may be more prone to cuts and wounds during hair removal.

In addition to larger cuts or tears, all forms of hair removal can cause microscopic wounds. These tiny wounds are still large enough to allow germs to enter the body so they may increase the risk of skin infection.

Vaginal delivery

Vaginal delivery can cause more severe cuts or tears inside the vagina. According to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 53–79% of women who deliver vaginally develop lacerations, or cuts.

Cuts or tears from vaginal deliveries can be painful and may make it difficult for a woman to walk or sit for a few days. More severe cuts or tears can be very painful and may bleed. The perineum, which is the space between a person's anus and vulva, is also typically swollen and sore for a few weeks.

Treatment
Cuts and tears compromise the skin barrier, which makes it easier for germs to enter the body and cause an infection. Keeping the area around a vaginal cut clean and dry can help prevent skin infections.

Some general suggestions for treating vaginal cuts and tears include:

washing the hands with soap and running water for 15–30 seconds before touching the wound
washing the affected area daily with warm water and a mild, unscented soap or cleanser
making sure that the affected area is completely dry before getting dressed
avoiding soaking the affected area
taking over-the-counter pain relievers to reduce discomfort
applying a covered ice pack to the area to reduce inflammation and discomfort
using a peri bottle during and after urination to minimize pain
avoiding getting any paper towel in the wound
using a pillow if sitting is uncomfortable
applying witch hazel to a sanitary napkin to reduce discomfort
avoiding using products inside the vagina
avoiding harsh or scented products that can interfere with the acidic pH of the vagina
While vaginal cuts or tears are healing, a person may wish to avoid sexual activities that involve the vagina. Wearing loose-fitting underwear made of natural materials, such as cotton or bamboo, for a few days may also help.


Prevention

It is not always possible to prevent vaginal cuts and tears. However, depending on the cause, a person can take some steps to reduce the risk of vaginal wounds.

Sexual activity
Ways to lower the risk of vaginal cuts and tears during sex include:

using a water- or silicone-based lubricant
setting aside time for sex to ensure that no participant is anxious, rushed, or too tired
making time for foreplay and arousal
telling a sexual partner about pain and stopping if the pain becomes too severe
emptying the bladder before sex
having a warm bath before sex to relax the vaginal muscles
People using condoms should not use mineral oil, baby oil, or petroleum jelly as a sexual lubricant because these products can damage latex.

Regular vaginal intercourse helps keep the vaginal tissues elastic and strong, which can make vaginal cuts and tears less likely.

Hair removal
To prevent cuts and injuries while trimming or shaving pubic hair, the American Academy of Dermatology suggest:

avoiding distractions and not letting the mind wander while shaving
wetting the skin and hair before shaving
using shaving creams or gels
using a clean razor with a sharp blade
rinsing the razor clean after each stroke
shaving in the direction of hair growth
standing up while trimming or shaving and avoiding lying down
trimming or shaving oneself as someone else cannot feel what is happening
storing razors in a cool, dry place
throwing away disposable razors after five to seven uses
being extra cautious and shaving lightly when going over acne sores or scars

The following tips can help prevent vaginal tears while waxing:

making sure that the area is clean, dry, and free of any irritation, wound, or sore
applying the wax in the direction of hair growth and removing it in the opposite direction
keeping the skin taut when applying and removing the wax

Vaginal delivery
Cuts or tears are a fairly inevitable consequence of vaginal delivery. However, healthcare professionals may use certain techniques to help prevent these injuries, including:

perineal massage to reduce muscular resistance, either during the second stage of labor or shortly after delivery
applying warm compresses to the perineal area while a woman pushes during labor
Doctors are also reconsidering the safety and effectiveness of episiotomy, which is a procedure that involves making a deep cut during delivery to enlarge the woman's birth canal.

When to see a doctor

Minor vaginal cuts or tears are generally harmless and usually heal quickly without treatment. However, more severe cuts or tears can lead to complications, such as substantial blood loss and infections.

It is important to see a doctor for vaginal cuts or tears that:

bleed excessively or do not stop bleeding after 10 minutes of applying firm, direct pressure
are large, deep, or numerous
have rugged edges
do not heal within a few days
get worse
cause concern or distress
People with vaginal cuts or tears should seek immediate medical care if they also have any of the following symptoms:

fever or chills
discolored or foul-smelling discharge
a general feeling of being unwell
numbness or tingling
feeling faint or losing consciousness
People who frequently experience painful or large vaginal cuts or tears should discuss their symptoms with a doctor to identify possible underlying conditions.

Sexual abuse, assault, or rape can cause vaginal cuts or tears of varying severity.

People who have experienced sexual violations should talk to a doctor as soon as possible or seek emergency care.

Adults should also speak with a doctor about any unexplained or concerning vaginal cuts or tears in children or infants.

Summary
Vaginal cuts or tears can occur during pubic hair removal and sexual activity. Vaginal delivery during childbirth can also cause wounds in the tissues inside and surrounding the vagina.

Minor vaginal cuts or tears can cause pain and discomfort, but they generally heal without treatment within a few days. Keeping the affected area clean and dry can help the wounds heal and prevent infection.

More significant cuts or tears may require medical attention. See a doctor if the cuts are deep, numerous, or do not stop bleeding.

[Big Sexy]

HIV-positive man who avoided taking test, possibly infecting others, gets jail
https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/hiv-positive-man-jailed-avoided-hiv-test-infection-11876898

SINGAPORE: An HIV-positive man who had casual sex frequently with other men was on Thursday (Sep 5) sentenced to three-and-a-half years' jail, after pleading guilty to two charges under the Infectious Diseases Act as well as three drug-related charges.

The 35-year-old Malaysian started engaging in sexual activity with men in Singapore in 2003, the court heard.

Although he suspected that he could have been exposed to HIV or infected with it, he decided not to get tested after 2008, as he was afraid of losing his permanent residency status in Singapore if he tested positive for HIV.

According to the person who reported him to the Ministry of Health (MOH), at least six other men who had sex with him were later diagnosed with the human immunodeficiency virus, which could lead to Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS).

The man cannot be named due to gag orders issued by the court. He was a freelance hairdresser and fashion designer at the time of the offences.

ACCUSED WAS CONTACTED BY HEALTH AUTHORITIES SEVERAL TIMES

In 2010, the accused had sex with a man who later tested positive for HIV and informed him about it.

MOH's National Public Health Unit (NPHU) also contacted the accused, telling him he was a sexual contact of an HIV-positive person and advised him to go for testing.

The man lied to NPHU that he gets tested regularly for the virus and had been found negative in the latest test.

NPHU contacted the accused at least three times in the next five years, informing him each time that he had been named as a sexual contact of someone who had tested positive for HIV.

Despite this, the man did not go for any HIV tests, even though he knew that he had been exposed to a significant risk of contracting the virus.

In July 2013, the accused had unprotected sex with a man he met on social networking application Grindr, without telling him about the risk of contracting AIDS or HIV infection from him.

They had sex on two other occasions. After that, the other man developed a fever and was later diagnosed with HIV infection.

According to this man, the accused was the first person he had had sex with after testing negative for HIV in 2011.

When NPHU again asked the accused to be tested for the virus, he lied that he had tested negative for it.

He continued in his ways, meeting another man for sex in February 2014. This man asked if he was HIV positive, and the accused did not answer him, instead saying that he would get tested.

The accused's sex partner was diagnosed with HIV infection in August 2014. He had last tested negative in March that year, and the accused was the last person he had sex with before his diagnosis.

When the sex partner told the accused about his infection and asked if he was HIV positive as well, the accused did not answer him and told him again that he would go for a test.

ACCUSED AVOIDED NPHU

NPHU contacted the accused in January 2015 telling him that he posed a risk to others through his unprotected sexual activities, but the accused said he was busy with work and refused to answer NPHU when it called him about five times.

An informant told MOH's Surveillance and Enforcement Branch on Mar 18, 2016 that the accused had had sex with up to six partners who were diagnosed with HIV after sex with him.

The accused tested positive for HIV on Feb 13, 2017, after MOH ordered him to take the test.

More than a year after this, the accused was arrested for drug offences. He had smoked methamphetamine obtained from a drug dealer, saying he abused the drug to stay awake for longer hours.

He was nabbed again in April this year and admitted to smoking meth or Ice on about five occasions in March.

ACCUSED WAS "WILFULLY BLIND": PROSECUTION

The prosecution asked for a sentence of 45 months' jail, saying there were multiple victims and that some of the drug offences took place while the accused was on bail.

"The accused is not young," said Deputy Public Prosecutor Ho Lian-Yi. "He's in his 30s ... he has his own dealer, he goes to Orchard to specifically buy drugs for his own consumption."

He had chosen to be "wilfully blind" to the possibility of having HIV infection and deceived NPHU, added Mr Andre Moses Tan from MOH's legal office who handled the case with Mr Ho.

"The accused had denied his sexual partners their right to make an informed decision as to whether to proceed with sexual activity with him," said Mr Tan. "In fact, the accused did not even take the simple step of using protection."

Defence lawyer James Ow Yong asked for 35 months' jail instead, saying his client had no previous convictions and that he was "also bearing the brunt of his offences".

"HIV is, at this point in time, an incurable disease," said the lawyer. "The accused has to live with the ... impact of this disease all his life."

For his offences under the Infectious Diseases Act, the accused could have been jailed for up to 10 years, fined up to S$50,000, or both.

For consuming meth, he could have been jailed for up to 10 years, fined a maximum S$20,000, or both.

[Big Sexy]

How do vaginal bacteria naturally protect against chlamydia?
By Catharine Paddock Ph.D
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326052.php

New research reveals, for the first time, how certain bacteria in the vagina and cervix prime cells to defend against the most common sexually transmitted infection (STI).

Scientists have known for a while that the composition of microbes, or microbiome, in the vagina and cervix can influence resilience to chlamydia.

Previous research had revealed, for instance, that vaginal microbiomes with a high level of certain Lactobacillus bacteria can help defend against chlamydial infection.

Until the recent mBio study, however, it was not clear how the protective bacteria were exerting their influence.

The researchers, from the University of Maryland School of Medicine (UMSOM) in Baltimore, were surprised to find that the protection did not come directly from the beneficial bacteria.

Instead, they discovered that resilience to chlamydial infection was the result of changes that the bacteria induced in cells in the lining, or epithelium, of the vagina and cervix.

The team suggests that the findings will increase understanding of the role of the microbiome in protecting against STIs.

Furthering such understanding, they note, "may enable the development of novel microbiome based therapeutic strategies to protect women from infection and improve vaginal and cervical health."

Need to understand resilience mechanisms
Chlamydia is a common STI. It is the result of infection by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis, and it is easy to treat.

Both males and females can get chlamydia by having vaginal, oral, or anal sex with a person who has the infection. Chlamydia, like other STIs, can facilitate the spread of HIV.

If left untreated, females with chlamydia can find it difficult to conceive. In addition, pregnant women with the infection can pass chlamydia to their babies during birth. This, in turn, raises the risk of the infant developing pneumonia and a condition that causes blindness.

Chlamydial infection typically has no symptoms, and when they do occur, they usually take weeks to appear.

The symptoms of chlamydia include a burning sensation while urinating and abnormal discharge from the vagina or penis. A less common symptom in males is painful and swollen testicles.

In 2017, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recorded a total of 1,708,569 reports of chlamydial infection.

"Chlamydia is a major growing health issue in the U.S.," says senior study author Jacques Ravel, a professor of microbiology and immunology at UMSOM, "and more work is needed to understand why some women are apparently naturally protected while other[s] are not."

Study investigated Lactobacillus species
In previous work, the researchers had demonstrated that there are five major microbiome compositions that can inhabit the vagina.

It appears that in four of the vaginal microbiome types, various Lactobacillus species of bacteria dominate. The fifth type has very low levels of Lactobacillus and is more likely to coincide with a higher risk of HIV and other STIs, as well as with premature births.

In the new study, the team carried out more detailed investigations of the different vaginal microbiome compositions and of their various Lactobacillus species.

They used vaginal samples from women with chlamydia, together with cultures of Lactobacillus and of the epithelial cells that line the vagina and cervix.

The results showed that the species L. iners, which commonly inhabits the vagina, did not help human cells defend against chlamydial infection.

In contrast, L. crispatus — which is another species that also commonly inhabits the vagina — did seem to protect human cells against chlamydial infection.

D-lactic acid protects against chlamydia
The researchers eventually pinned down the reason that some Lactobacillus species appear able to protect the cells while others do not.

All Lactobacillus species produce lactic acid. However, there are two variants, or isoforms, of lactic acid: the L form and the D form.

Different Lactobacillus species produce different amounts of the two forms of lactic acid. For instance, L. iners almost exclusively produces the L form of lactic acid. In contrast, L. crispatus produces both L-lactic acid and D-lactic acid, but mostly the latter.

The researchers discovered that it was a predominance of D-lactic acid — but not L-lactic acid — that protected against chlamydial infection.

It appears that D-lactic acid stops C. trachomatis from entering human epithelial cells by reducing cell proliferation, which the team had shown was a necessary condition for infection.

In further tests, the researchers discovered that D-lactic acid reduced human cell proliferation by downregulating the genes that drive the cell cycle.

In a final set of experiments, they then showed that an "optimal microbiome" in the vagina can offer long term protection against chlamydial infection.

The researchers are continuing their investigation into how to use the findings as a basis for protecting against C. trachomatis, and how to apply them to other STIs.

[Big Sexy]

Yeast infection after sex: What to know
By Jenna Fletcher
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326110.php


While sexual activity does not cause a yeast infection, it can increase the risk of one developing by introducing new bacteria to the vagina. Learn more in this article.
Yeast infections are particularly common in females. They are not usually serious, and people can often treat them with medications that they can purchase from a pharmacy.

According to the Office on Women's Health, most women will get a yeast infection at some point in their life.

Doctors do not consider yeast infections to be sexually transmitted infections (STIs). However, sexual activity may affect whether a person develops a yeast infection.

Keep reading for more information about the causes and treatments for yeast infections, as well as how sexual activity can affect the risk.

Causes of a yeast infection
An overgrowth of microscopic Candida causes fungus yeast infections.

The Candida fungus is a normal part of the vaginal environment and is harmless when kept in balance.

However, under certain conditions, this fungus may grow out of control and cause a yeast infection

Can sex cause a yeast infection?

Sexual intercourse does not directly cause yeast infections, and doctors do not consider yeast infections to be STIs.

However, some sexual activities, such as penile, toy, or finger insertion, can introduce bacteria to the vagina. The new bacteria can potentially trigger the growth of the Candida fungus, causing a yeast infection to develop.

It is also possible to develop a yeast infection following oral sex. A person's mouth and saliva also introduce bacteria.

Other risk factors and prevention
It is not always possible to prevent yeast infections from developing. However, there are some steps a person can take to reduce their risk factors, including:

frequently changing tampons, pads, and other menstrual products
wearing breathable underwear
removing wet clothes as soon as possible after working out or swimming
not douching
avoiding scented feminine products
always wiping front to back after using the toilet
keeping blood sugar under control
avoiding hot tubs or hot baths
Some medications can increase a person's chance of developing a vaginal yeast infection. These include antibiotics, birth control pills, and corticosteroids.

People with weakened immune systems and those who are pregnant or breastfeeding are also at a higher risk of developing a yeast infection.

Is sex safe with a yeast infection?
When a person has a yeast infection, it is best to avoid sex. This is because partners can spread the infection to each other and pass the infection back and forth.

Approximately 15% of males who have sex with someone with a vaginal yeast infection develop an itchy rash on their penis.

Men living with diabetes and those with uncircumcised penises are at higher risk of developing a yeast infection.

Condoms and dental dams may help prevent the spread of yeast infections between partners, but are not always effective for this type of infection.

People should also let any of their sexual partners know if they have an infection so they can also seek treatment.

Treatment

If a person suspects they have a yeast infection, they should talk to a doctor, who can rule out other, potentially more severe infections. The typical course of treatment for a yeast infection is antifungal medication.

Most people can buy over-the-counter (OTC) antifungal medication without a prescription from their local drug store. Treatments come in several forms, including pills, creams, ointments, and suppositories.

The treatment can be a single dose or may be spread out over the course of a week. People can follow the directions on the packaging and ask a pharmacist if they have any questions.

Some people experience recurrent yeast infections or those that do not go away with OTC treatments. If this is the case, a doctor may prescribe a stronger antifungal medication.

Sometimes, a person will need to take antifungal medications for up to 6 months to help prevent future infections.

Outlook
A person can develop a yeast infection after sex if the sexual intercourse introduces a foreign body, such as bacteria, to the vagina.

Yeast infections are not a major cause for concern. When a person experiences their first yeast infection, they may choose to get a diagnosis from their doctor. It is possible to treat most yeast infections with an OTC medication.

People with active yeast infections should avoid sexual intercourse to help avoid spreading the infection.

[Big Sexy]

Is it normal to have a veiny penis?
By Jamie Eske
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326037.php

In most cases, seeing veins beneath the skin of the penis is perfectly normal and does not require medical attention.
Several factors influence vein visibility, including:

genetics
age
frequency and intensity of physical activity
cardiovascular health
underlying medical conditions
In this article, we discuss why the veins in the penis might appear prominent and what this means.

We also review potential underlying medical conditions that contribute to penis vein visibility and when to see a doctor.

Why does it happen?
There are several veins and arteries that carry blood to and from the spongy erectile tissue in the penis.

Veins may look larger than usual during and immediately following an erection. Although the appearance of prominent veins may cause alarm, they indicate healthy blood flow.

Genetics and age can influence skin thickness, which may make veins appear more prominent or bigger than usual.

Also, blood clots and other conditions that affect the cardiovascular system can trap blood in the veins, which may affect how these blood vessels look.

Do prominent veins affect erection or ejaculation?
Typically, prominent veins do not affect erectile function.

Conditions that affect blood flow, such as blood clots and atherosclerosis, can have a minor impact on erectile function.

Research suggests a close relationship between cardiovascular health and erectile function.

In a 2015 study, for example, researchers conclude that erectile dysfunction could be an early sign of cardiovascular disease.

Also, in an earlier study by the Heart Institute, the authors state that erectile dysfunction may precede heart attacks by 3–5 years.

Possible causes
Vein size and visibility may vary over a person's lifetime. They can also change as a result of sexual activity, or due to an underlying health condition.

Some possible causes of prominent veins in the penis include:

Erection

During an erection, oxygenated blood from the heart flows through the cavernous artery, which supplies the three chambers of spongy tissue that make up the corpus cavernosum and the corpus spongiosum.

The increase in blood flow causes the spongy tissue to expand, resulting in an erection. The tunica albuginea keeps blood in the corpus cavernosum.

The blood will then drain through the veins near the surface of the penis and travel back to the heart and lungs. The spongy tissue will remain engorged with blood until the erection goes away.

Varicocele
A varicocele refers to enlargement of the veins that make up the pampiniform plexus in the scrotum, which is the loose skin that surrounds the testes.

Varicoceles develop during puberty and affect about 10–15% of young males.

The exact cause remains unknown, but the following factors may contribute to the formation of varicoceles:

reduced blood flow
swollen lymph nodes
injury or trauma to the testes
Varicoceles do not require treatment unless there is also:

pain
low sperm count
a lump on or near the testes
swelling of the scrotum

Blood clots
A blood clot, or thrombosis, is a medical condition that occurs when blood cells stick together to form solid masses in the blood vessels. Blood clots can interrupt or completely stop blood flow.

Penile blood clots can develop in the dorsal vein in the penis, resulting in a rare condition called Mondor's disease. Mondor's disease can lead to significant pain and swelling in the affected veins.

According to a 2018 case study, penile blood clots typically resolve on their own within 1–4 weeks.

Lymphedema
Lymphedema refers to swelling that occurs when lymph fluid incorrectly flows through the body.

Swelling due to lymphedema can make the veins more visible than usual.

Causes of lymphedema include:

blockages in the lymphatic system
cancer treatment
infection
injury
removal of lymph nodes
scar tissue buildup from surgery

Peyronie's disease
Peyronie's disease occurs when scar tissue, or plaque, forms in the top or bottom of the penis. The buildup of scar tissue can cause the penis to curve or bend, which can lead to severe pain during sexual intercourse.

The scar tissue that develops may feel slightly firm to the touch. Scar tissue that calcifies can feel like a hard, solid mass beneath the skin.

Causes of Peyronie's disease include:

injury
autoimmune disease
vigorous sexual activity
aging

Lymphangiosclerosis
The abnormal hardening of a lymph vessel in the penis characterizes lymphangiosclerosis.

Lymphangiosclerosis can develop due to:

injury causing tissue damage in the penis
circumcision
scarring from circumcision
sexually transmitted infections
vigorous sexual activity
Unlike a prominent vein, lymphangiosclerosis will look similar to the rest of the skin. The hardened lymph vessel usually forms just below the head of the penis and measures about 3 millimeters thick.

A doctor may perform blood tests and analyze a small tissue sample to diagnose lymphangiosclerosis.

Lymphangiosclerosis typically goes away on its own within 4–6 weeks and rarely causes complications.

People with lymphangiosclerosis should try to abstain from sexual activity, including masturbation until completely healed.

When to see a doctor

In most cases, a person will have no reason to worry if the veins in their penis appear more prominent than usual.

However, people may want to consider speaking with a doctor if the appearance of veins in their penis causes them distress, or if they experience any of the following symptoms:

pain during erection, ejaculation, or urination
swelling of the penis or testicles
hard, flesh colored cord on the penis
lumps on the penis or scrotum
pain in the lower abdomen or back
If any of these symptoms occur alongside prominent veins in the penis, it may indicate an underlying medical condition.

Summary
The appearance of prominent veins in the penis may cause some concern.

However, enlarged penile veins usually occur as the result of normal blood flow to and from the penis.

In rare cases, an underlying medical condition can contribute to the appearance of penile veins. These conditions include:

cardiovascular diseases, such as blood clots
Peyronie's disease
lymphangiosclerosis
People may want to consider contacting their doctor if they have noticeable cord-like structures on their penis or testicles.

People should seek immediate medical attention if they experience:

painful erection or ejaculation
swelling or lumps on the penis or scrotum
pain in the lower back or abdomen
unusual discharge from the penis

[Big Sexy]

What happens when you lose your virginity?
By Maria Cohut, Ph.D
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326122.php

Losing your virginity is a unique experience. It can be hard to know just what to expect. What will it feel like, when should you do it, and how can you stay safe during your first time?
The words "virginity" and "sex" mean different things to different people, regardless of whether they have sex with people of the same or different genders. Whatever definition people use, many feel anxious about having sex for the first time.

This concern is totally normal, but rumors and myths that circulate among friends and on the internet can create unnecessary fears. Understanding what might happen during and after sex can help ease any worries.

In this article, we look at what might happen — both physically and emotionally — when a person loses their virginity. We also tackle some common myths about virginity and sex and talk about how people can prepare for their first time having sex.

What is virginity, and what is sex?

Defining virginity is not straightforward — sex and virginity can mean many different things to different individuals.

When people say "virgin," they often mean a person who has not had penetrative, penis-in-vagina sex with another person. However, this is just one of many possible definitions.

Not all people have penis-in-vagina intercourse. For them and for others, virginity loss may refer to their first time with oral sex, anal sex, or sex using fingers or toys. Some people feel that they have lost their virginity multiple times, by having different kinds of sex.

Notions of virginity and sexual activity also differ among cultures.

What happens to the body during sex?
People usually notice physical changes during sexual activity. Some of these are the same for males and females, while other changes differ.

Sex feels good because of both mental and physical factors. The brain releases hormones that support sexual pleasure, and there are thousands of nerve endings in the genitals that can feel good when stimulated. Learn more about why sex is pleasurable here.

Before and during sex, the body releases hormones. These increase the amount of fluid in the vagina or stimulate the penis to become erect. A person may also feel their heart rate quicken and their body become more sensitive during sex.

Does it hurt when you lose your virginity?
Sexual contact may feel strange at first because it is an unfamiliar sensation. That said, sex — including the first time — should not be painful.

To avoid discomfort, be sure to openly communicate with your partner before and during sex, telling them what does and does not work for you. If sex is painful, tell your partner and stop or try something different.

To maximize pleasure and minimize the chance of discomfort, spend a lot of time on foreplay. This can mean kissing, caressing, teasing, or exploring. Foreplay will enhance arousal and prime you and your partner for an even more enjoyable experience.

But even though foreplay and a state of arousal can help the vagina and penis self-lubricate, people may still need to add lubricant to prevent uncomfortable friction.

Adding lube is a must during anal sex, as the rectum does not produce its own lubrication.

Psychologist and sex educator Emily Nagoski, Ph.D., says that lubricant — whether water-based or silicone-based — should be a bedside staple for anyone who is sexually active.

In her book, Come As You Are, Nagoski explains that lubricant helps reduce friction and increase pleasure. It also decreases the risk of any tearing and pain.

Lube increases [the] efficacy [of protective barriers, such as condoms and dams] and makes them more pleasurable. Lube is your friend. Lube will make your sex life better.

Emily Nagoski, Ph.D.
A wide variety of lubricants provide different textures, sensations, and flavors. A person can find these at drugstores or choose between types online.


What is the hymen, and how does sex affect it?
One of the biggest myths about first-time vaginal sex is that a female's hymen — a thin, elastic membrane that lines the opening of the vagina — will break, causing bleeding and pain. People sometimes call this "popping the cherry."

The hymen comes in many shapes and types, and some people are born without a hymen.

During sex, the hymen can tear and cause minor bleeding. This is more likely to happen if the hymen is less elastic, such as during adolescence, or if it has a smaller opening. This bleeding is usually minimal.

However, the hymen may not tear during sex. It is flexible and does not usually cover the entire vaginal opening. If it did, menstrual blood and other types of vaginal discharge would have no way of leaving the body.

In many cases, a person's hymen has torn before they have sex. Some strenuous activities, such as sports, can cause minor tears in the hymen.

Some people believe that a broken hymen is an irreversible sign of virginity loss. However, it is impossible to tell whether a person has had sex just by examining their hymen. This is because the hymen is naturally open in most cases and because its shape and size vary from person to person.

The authors of a paper published in the journal Reproductive Health in 2019 say that healthcare professionals should never rely on physical examinations of the hymen to assess whether a person has become sexually active.

Can losing your virginity damage your penis?

Some people are worried that the frenulum — which is the short band of tissue that connects the foreskin to the head of an uncircumcised penis — can tear during first-time penetration. This is sometimes called "snapping the banjo string."

This part of the penis is fragile. A person may tear it after having had sex many times or never — the frenulum can tear during nonsexual activities, such as riding a bike.

A torn frenulum can be painful and cause a small amount of bleeding, but this injury will heal on its own, just like any other minor cut or tear.

If this happens, just carefully wash the area and gently pat it dry with a clean towel. Avoid activities that could cause the wound to open again until it has healed.

When should you lose your virginity?
People can feel a lot of pressure to have sex if they believe that there is a "right age," or if they feel like everyone else is doing it. However, many people take their time in deciding when — or even if — they want to become sexually active.

The most recent data, collected in 2017, from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) show that 47.8% of high school students in the United States had never had any kind of sexual contact.

So if you are worried about not having had sex — don't be! There is no real right or wrong time to become sexually active. The right time is when it feels right for you — that is, when you feel an enthusiastic desire to explore that part of yourself.

If you never feel an urge to start having sex, that's absolutely fine, too. And if you feel like starting your sex life, but then decide you want to abstain from one, several, or all types of sexual activity for a while — or forever — that is also normal.

Can you get an STI the first time you have sex?
Yes. Every time a person has sexual contact without using barrier contraception — such as condoms — there is a chance they can develop a sexually transmitted infection (STI). This includes their first time.

However, if neither person has had sexual contact with anyone else before, neither person will have an STI.

Some STIs produce no symptoms, so a person may not know if they have one. To be sure, anyone who has had unprotected sexual contact before — including oral sex or anal sex — should have a sexual health screening.

When it comes to preventing STIs, the best options involve physical barriers, such as female or male condoms, or dental dams for oral sex.

People can get condoms from their healthcare provider or drugstores, or they can choose between types online. Most brands are safe to use.

Learn about the safest condoms and tips for their use here, and learn how to choose the right condom size here.

According to the American Sexual Health Association, 1 in 2 sexually active people will get an STI by age 25, and around half of STIs affect people aged 15–24.

The most common STIs include:

human papillomavirus, better known as HPV
chlamydia
gonorrhea
genital herpes
Learn about the most common STIs and how to identify them here.

Can you get pregnant the first time you have sex?
Yes, if you are having penis-in-vagina sex.

There are rumors that women cannot get pregnant when they lose their virginity, but this is not true. If you do not use contraception, penis-in-vagina sex carries a risk of pregnancy, even the first time.

Some options for avoiding pregnancy include using male or female condoms, taking contraceptive pills, receiving a regular contraceptive shot, and having a doctor insert an intrauterine device, or IUD.

What is consent, and why is it important?
Consent means that each person involved in sexual activity has agreed to take part in it.

If one partner is unsure whether they would like to have sex, or if they change their mind during sex, they should feel able to express this and to stop without any repercussions.

For an enjoyable first-time experience, partners should feel safe, both emotionally and physically. If you feel pressured into doing more than you want, it is not going to lead to safe, enjoyable sex.

If you are being coerced into having sex, tell this to someone you trust. People based in the U.S. can contact the Rape, Abuse, and Incest National Network hotlines, and this type of service is available in many other countries.

How will I feel afterward?

People sometimes feel that losing their virginity will be a life-changing experience. Each person's experience is different — some may feel happy, emotional, relieved, anxious, or they may have no particular emotional response.

There is no right or wrong reaction to having sex for the first time. How you feel could depend on the expectations that you had beforehand or on your personality, for example.

Some people feel that having sex changes their relationship. The change can take on many forms and this is normal, too.

Some people feel overwhelmed during or after sex. Remember that one sexual experience is just that — a single experience as part of a greater context, and it does not have to shape your identity or life course.

Future sexual experiences will all be different, depending on your growing experience of your body and sexual needs.

Takeaway
Losing your virginity does not need to be a stressful event.

Understanding what to expect and what might happen can help a person prepare, both physically and emotionally, for losing their virginity in any way that is right for them.

People decide to become sexually active at different ages, and some people never feel the urge. If someone does decide to have sexual contact, no visible physical changes can make a person stand out as sexually active.

Finally, when having sex — for the first time or any time — consent is crucial. Also, communicate about what feels pleasurable and use adequate protection to avoid unwanted pregnancy and STIs.

[Big Sexy]

How to identify and treat a herpes skin rash
By Amanda Barrell
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326173.php

Herpes is a common infection that the herpes simplex virus causes. One of the main symptoms is a rash of blisters that doctors sometimes refer to as a herpes rash.

A herpes rash usually develops on the genitals or around the mouth but can occur nearly anywhere on the body.

There are two types of herpes simplex virus (HSV) that cause a skin rash in different areas:

HSV-1, or type 1, which typically causes orolabial herpes. It spreads in the saliva and tends to affect the area around the mouth and nose.
HSV-2, or type 2, which typically causes genital herpes and usually spreads through sexual contact. The rash appears around the genitals. Sometimes it is also responsible for orolabial herpes.
This article will explain the symptoms of a herpes skin rash and explore its causes and treatments. It will also examine some other possible causes of skin complaints that may look like herpes.

What does a herpes skin rash look like?

Herpes causes small sores to appear on the skin. These usually develop around the mouth and nose, but they can appear nearly anywhere on the body, including the fingers. Where the rash appears depends on where a person has acquired the infection.

The first sign of a herpes outbreak tends to be a tingling, burning, or itching sensation in the area that it is affecting. This initial sign might occur a day or so before the sores appear.

The sores can be tender, painful, and tingly. They look like clusters of small, fluid filled blisters that become pustules. For a few days to a week, they will break open, ooze fluid, and form a crust before healing over. The rash typically lasts from 7–10 days.

The first time a rash appears, it may last for different lengths of time, depending on the type of herpes:

oral herpes symptoms clear up in 2–3 weeks
genital herpes symptoms clear up in 2–6 weeks
When someone experiences a herpes outbreak for the first time, they may also suffer some or all of the following symptoms:

fever
swollen and red gums
swollen lymph glands
Once the virus is in the body, it invades the nerves that supply the area of the skin where it infected and stays there for life. There is no cure for the virus, which tends to reactivate and cause the symptoms of herpes from time to time.

The first outbreak is usually the worst. While the symptoms of the virus do tend to come back every so often forever, they are not typically as severe.

Learn more about what herpes looks like, with pictures, here (https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324838.php)

Is it herpes or something else?
Herpes rashes tend to look like clusters of small, fluid-filled blisters on a small area of the body.

Other skin conditions that may resemble herpes include:

Contact dermatitis
An allergic reaction to an irritant can cause allergic contact dermatitis. Common irritants include antibiotic creams, cosmetics, shampoo, and perfumes. In babies, contact dermatitis may develop in the diaper area.

Contact dermatitis can cause redness, swelling, and even blistering in the area it affects.

Shingles

Shingles causes a rash of blisters to appear on the skin. The same virus that leads to chickenpox, the varicella-zoster virus, causes shingles.

The first sign of shingles tends to be a severe burning or tingling pain on one side of the body. A rash of fluid filled blisters follows a few days to a week later. The blisters tend to appear in one area of the body, most commonly one side of the trunk near the waistline. They may be tender to the touch or painful.

The condition usually clears up within 3–5 weeks or sometimes less.

Scabies
An infestation of a microscopic parasite known as the human itch mite, or Sarcoptes scabiei causes scabies. The mite burrows into the skin to lay its eggs and deposits its waste products, or feces. Its presence causes an extremely itchy rash that looks like little pimples, creating red, scaly areas on the skin.

Doctors use a class of medicines they call scabicides to treat the infestation. These are only available by prescription.

Causes of herpes skin rash
There are two types of HPV virus that causes herpes. While closely related, people contract them in different ways, although they both spread through body fluids and close human contact. The person who is the carrier of the virus does not need to be experiencing symptoms to be contagious.

HSV-1 or oral herpes
Most carriers of HSV-1 contracted it when they were infants or children. People can be spread through:

skin-to-skin contact
kissing
sharing items such as lip balm, tableware, or toothbrushes

HSV-2 or genital herpes
Sexual contact tends to be how HSV-2 spreads. HSV-1 can also cause genital herpes, and it can spread in saliva during oral sex. The HSV-2 virus can also pass on to a baby during childbirth.

Both forms of the virus enter the nerve cells of the body where they remain for life. The virus tends to lay dormant, or asleep, in the cells until something wakes it up and causes an outbreak of symptoms.

Factors that can lead to an outbreak include:

emotional stress
illness
fever
exposure to the sun
menstruation in females
surgery


Treatment
There is no cure for herpes, but the sores will usually clear up on their own within a few weeks.

Treatments that will shorten the duration of the outbreak and ease the symptoms are available.

If a person gets frequent outbreaks, their doctor may recommend taking a pill every day for prevention reasons. This is known as "prophylaxis."

Antiviral creams or ointments can relieve the burning, itching, or tingling. Antiviral pills can speed up the healing process. Both types of medicine tend to contain the same active ingredients. They include:

acyclovir
famciclovir
valacyclovir
People can get herpes medication from a doctor or pharmacist. Over-the-counter options are also available online.

When to see a doctor
For otherwise healthy people, a herpes skin rash is not usually anything to worry about unduly. The sores can be painful and uncomfortable but typically go away by themselves. Medicines to treat them are available from drug stores.

The virus can cause complications in some people. Anyone with a long term health condition or weakened immune system who thinks they may have herpes should speak to a doctor.

People living with cancer, HIV, or AIDS, or who have recently had an organ transplant should seek urgent medical help if they think they may have herpes.

Anyone who suspects something other than herpes, such as dermatitis, shingles, or scabies, is causing their skin rash can talk to their doctor about a diagnosis.

Summary
Herpes is a common virus that can cause a rash of blistering sores on the skin. These tend to develop either around the mouth or genitals but can appear almost anywhere on the body.

There is no cure for the virus, and carriers tend to suffer outbreaks at various times throughout their life.

The clusters of fluid filled blisters may be unsightly and can be painful, but they are usually harmless. Antiviral treatments that can ease the symptoms and shorten the duration of an outbreak are available in drug stores.

[Big Sexy]

Men can protect themselves against penile, anal cancers with HPV vaccination
https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/men-can-protect-themselves-against-penile-anal-cancers-with-hpv-12065080 By Jalelah Abu Baker

SINGAPORE: The incidence of penile and anal cancers in men in Singapore is low, but there is protection against these diseases in the form of vaccination against the human papillomavirus (HPV).

READ: Commentary: HPV, the silent virus behind cervical cancer (https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/hpv-cervical-cancer-vaccination-pap-smear-rates-singapore-11347050?cid=h3_referral_inarticlelinks_24082018_c na)


Deputy head and senior consultant in the Division of Medical Oncology at the National Cancer Centre Singapore Associate Professor Ravindran Kanesvaran told CNA that there have been 19 cases of penile cancer at the centre over the past five years, and 63 cases of anal cancer in men over the same period.

READ: UK offers HPV vaccines to boys, aims to stop 100,000 cancer cases
Certain strains of HPV can lead to these cancers in men, although the vaccination is typically encouraged for women as protection against cervical cancer. (https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/uk-offers-hpv-vaccines-to-boys--aims-to-stop-100-000-cancer-cases-11703254?cid=h3_referral_inarticlelinks_24082018_c na)

“While HPV-related cancers are less common in men compared to cervical cancer in women, men will also benefit from HPV vaccination as it will prevent them from getting cancers like anal cancer, penile cancer and certain head and throat cancers,” Dr Ravindran said.

It will also reduce the risk of transmitting HPV to their female partners, he added.

However, HPV vaccination for men has not been part of the national vaccination programme in many countries even though it has been included for women, he said.

This is the situation in Singapore, where the Ministry of Health (MOH) has introduced fully subsidised school-based HPV vaccination programme for female secondary school students.

BENEFITS OF VACCINATION SEEN IN BOTH BOYS AND GIRLS

Dr Ida Ismail-Pratt, consultant in the Division of Gynaecologic Oncology at National University Hospital and National University Cancer Institute, Singapore said that in some countries like Australia, gender-neutral school HPV vaccination has been provided due to the benefit seen in both boys and girls.

She added that in Singapore, two types of HPV vaccinations are licensed to be given to boys and men aged nine to 26 years for future protection from anal cancer, premalignant anal lesions and genital warts, although it is not covered by Medisave for men - unlike those for women.

She said that males should go for HPV vaccination because there is currently no effective screening for HPV-related cancers other than cervical cancers, and the only way to protect males from anal cancer, penile cancer and oropharyngeal cancer- a type of head and neck cancer - is with HPV vaccination.

Dr Tan Kok Kuan, chief medical officer at the Doctor Tan And Partners Clinics Group said that among eight clinics in Singapore, they vaccinate between 50 and 80 men a month against HPV.

While he feels the awareness on HPV vaccination for men is “certainly improving”, he said there is space to educate men on the benefits of the vaccination, given that “all disease awareness campaigns only mention HPV vaccination in the context of protecting women against cervical cancer”.

MISCONCEPTIONS SURROUNDING HPV VACCINATION FOR MEN

Many men believe that HPV only causes cervical cancer and so it is exclusively for women, said Dr Tan. In fact, HPV is a virus that is just as infectious to men as to women, he said.

Dr Ida echoed his point.

“It is as common as the flu virus. It is transmitted by skin to skin contact including sexual intercourse,” she said.

She said that while a majority of HPV infections are transient and can be rid of by the immune system, certain types can persist and increase the risk of HPV-related diseases.

Another misconceptions is that it is only men who have sex with men that are at increased risk of HPV related cancers and pre-cancers, she said.

“The incidence of anal cancer and pre-cancer are not exclusively increased in men who have sex in men only,” she said, adding that the the highest risk of anal cancer and precancer is seen in both men and women who are HIV-positive, practising anal receptive intercourse, and previous history of genital cancers or pre-cancers.

MALES SHOULD CONSULT DOCTOR ON NEED FOR VACCINATION: MOH

The Ministry of Health (MOH) said that in consultation with the Expert Committee on Immunisation (ECI), it takes into account criteria such as the disease burden in Singapore, the need for herd immunity as protection against outbreaks of potentially serious infectious diseases, and the clinical and cost-effectiveness of the vaccine, when including vaccines in the national schedules and school-based vaccination programmes.

Cervical cancer is the tenth most common cancer, and eighth most common cause of cancer death among females in Singapore, a spokesperson said.

As cervical cancer is mainly caused by the HPV, vaccination is recommended for females as it can protect against infection mainly from two of the HPV types that account for 70 per cent of cervical cancer cases.

While HPV vaccination confers protection for prevention of genital warts, as well as some other cancers in males like anal, penile and oropharyngeal cancer, these cancers have low incidence rates in Singapore, she added.

“Males who have specific concerns on HPV infection or the risk of acquiring HPV should consult their doctor on the need for vaccination,” MOH said.

One male who has gone for the vaccination is 15-year-old Euan Lim. He is aware of the benefits that apply to men.

“The male receiving the vaccination will not just benefit himself. Therefore, it is an important vaccination for males to receive too,” he said.

Source: CNA/ja

[Big Sexy]

HIV-positive man gets jail and fine for lying about sex history in blood donation form
https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/hiv-positive-man-jail-fine-lying-sex-history-blood-donation-form-12069706
By Lydia Lam

SINGAPORE: A man who went to a blood donation drive in hopes of encouraging his colleagues to do the same lied about his sex history and gave HIV-infected blood.

The 58-year-old man, who cannot be named due to a gag order, was sentenced to four months' jail and a S$10,000 fine on Wednesday (Nov 6) after pleading guilty to one charge of giving false information in relation to his blood donation.

He had said "no" to two questions in a form for donors asking if he had ever engaged in sexual activity with another man or if he had engaged in such activities with a person he knew for less than six months in the past year.

The court heard that the man had gone to a blood donation drive at Bloodbank@HSA in Beach Road on May 22 last year.

Before donating his blood, he completed the required questionnaire and went through his answers with a medical officer, confirming that they were correct.

He was also told that it was an offence to lie on the questionnaire and informed of the consequences if convicted for such an offence.

He donated his blood and was given a card with a number to call if he felt that his blood should not be given to any patient. He did not make the phone call.

His blood later tested positive for HIV and the Health Sciences Authority (HSA) called him to return for a medical appointment.

The man told a doctor with HSA's blood services group on Jun 5, 2018, that he had previously engaged in sexual activity with other men and that his last such act was more than a year before his blood donation.

He told the doctor that he had lied in answering the questions as he would not be allowed to donate blood if he had told the truth and he wanted to show his colleagues that blood donation was painless, said Ministry of Health (MOH) prosecutor Andre Moses Tan.

The man told a second officer, this time a public health officer with the National Public Health Unit, that he met men on a website known as Planet Romeo for sexual activities. He claimed that his last sexual activity with another man was in early May 2018, with a casual sex partner.

He revealed in this second interview that he had last tested negative for HIV infection more than 10 years ago during a health screening.

The man told a third officer, an investigation officer from MOH, that he suspected that he had been infected through his mouth in either 2017 or 2018, as he recently had gum and tooth problems.

He was not aware that having sores or gum problems increased the risk of HIV transmission from unprotected oral sex, said the prosecutor.

He had asked for the sentence that was eventually meted out, saying there was a need for general deterrence as Singapore's blood supply "should be protected from any possible infraction as well as infection of innocent persons who receive blood".

The man had not only lied in the form, he also lied to the doctor who was confirming his answers with him and in forms he filled out when he previously donated blood.

He had donated blood on nine previous occasions.

"MOH's position is that it's unlikely that the accused's blood was infected in his previous donations," said the prosecutor.

However, he said that the man had, on the 10th occasion, "exposed potential recipients to a real prospect of harm".

"While his blood was fortunately discovered by HSA to be infected and prevented from being used, the prospect of harm that the accused had exposed potential recipients to is very real."

"NO BAD INTENTION"

The man, who had no lawyer, told the judge that his intention was to encourage his colleagues to donate blood.

"That's all, I have no bad intention," he said. "I just wanted to challenge my colleagues to go for blood donation, that's all."

District Judge Adam Nakhoda told the man that he accepted that he might not have had any bad intentions.

"And you might have had an altruistic motive, which is to encourage your colleagues, but the fact of the matter is a false statement was given ... which can have very dire consequences."

The man said that he would not have gone to donate his blood if he had known about his HIV-positive status.

The judge acknowledged that and told him that if he had intentionally given blood knowing he was HIV-positive, the sentence would be "far more serious".

For giving a false statement in relation to blood donation, the man could have been jailed for up to two years, fined a maximum S$20,000 or both.

Source: CNA/ll(hs)

[Big Sexy]

Weak ejaculation: What does it mean?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326355.php

Weak ejaculation refers to a reduction in the amount of semen a person ejaculates or a reduction in the force of the ejaculation. Doctors may also call weak ejaculation delayed or inhibited ejaculation.

Experiencing periodic weak ejaculation is rarely cause for concern. However, consistent changes to a person's ejaculation may warrant a visit to the doctor.

The underlying cause of weak ejaculation may be physical or psychological. In some cases, both factors may be involved.

This article outlines the potential causes and symptoms of weak ejaculation. We also discuss treatments and provide information on when to see a doctor.

Symptoms

Weak ejaculation occurs when a person has both the sexual stimulation and desire to ejaculate but experiences either or both of the following symptoms:

reduced force of ejaculation
reduced amount of semen
Weak ejaculation may also result in a person experiencing less intense orgasms. This experience is more likely to be the case as an individual becomes older.

According to the International Society for Sexual Medicine, the average semen volume per ejaculate ranges from 1.25 to 5 milliliters (ml). This amount is the equivalent of one-quarter to 1 teaspoon of semen.

It is important to note that semen volumes can vary from one time to another. A person who has not ejaculated for several days is likely to ejaculate more semen than someone who ejaculated more recently.

Also, some males release small amounts of ejaculate despite having typical sperm counts.

According to a 2016 reviewTrusted Source, ejaculation volumes of less than 2 ml on two separate occasions may signal an underlying medical disorder.

Causes
Doctors have identified many different factors that may affect ejaculation. Examples include the following:

Aging
A man's ejaculation may decrease in force and volume as he ages. Doctors often attribute this to lower levels of male sex hormones.

Alcohol
Drinking alcohol may decrease blood flow to the penis and depress the central nervous system. These knock on effects will result in reduced sexual excitement.

Psychological factors
The following psychological factors can all affect someone's ability to ejaculate when they compare it to how they did so previously:

a history of depression
changes in attraction to a partner
past psychological trauma

Nerve damage
Damage to the nerves in the spinal cord, bladder, or other areas that affect ejaculation can impact semen flow.

Males with diabetes may be especially prone to nerve damage induced ejaculation issues.

Sometimes, nerve damage leads to retrograde ejaculation. This condition is where some or all of the ejaculate goes back into the bladder instead of exiting the penis.

Prostate conditions
Having an enlarged prostate or prostate cancer can both affect ejaculation. Additionally, individuals who have had prostate surgery may experience changes in ejaculation due to nerve damage from the surgery.

Sexual factors
The position a person adopts when they are engaging in sex, and a short period of sexual stimulation may affect the intensity of their orgasm. In turn, these factors can affect their ejaculation.

Medications

Certain medications can also cause weak or delayed ejaculation. Examples include:

antidepressants, especially selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
antipsychotics
beta-blockers and other drugs for treating high blood pressure
muscle relaxants
powerful analgesics, such as methadone for heroin addiction
A person who is concerned that their medication may be causing ejaculation problems should talk to their doctor. People must not stop taking prescription medications without their doctor's consent.

Treatment
The treatments to help relieve weak ejaculation depend upon the underlying cause. Some potential therapies are as follows:

Pelvic muscle exercises
In some cases, doctors may recommend performing Kegel exercises or some other form of pelvic muscle exercise. These exercises help to strengthen the muscles that control ejaculation. They may be particularly beneficial for anyone whose ejaculation issues are the result of natural aging.

Kegel exercises involve tightening and releasing the pelvic floor muscles. These are the muscles people can feel if they stop their urine flow midstream.

In the case of males, they should contract the muscles for 5 seconds at a time, then release the contraction. Repeating this process 10 to 20 times completes one set of exercises. Males should aim to perform three or four sets per day.

Medications
There are currently no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)–approved medications to treat weak ejaculation. However, doctors may prescribe several different drugs to enhance sexual function.

The type of medicine a doctor prescribes will depend on the underlying cause of weak ejaculation. Some examples include:

amantadine
bethanechol
bupropion
buspirone
cyproheptadine
yohimbine
testosterone

Psychotherapy
A doctor may ask a person about any psychological factors that could be affecting their sexual function.

If appropriate, the doctor may make a referral for the individual to see a therapist or psychiatrist, including psychiatrists who may specialize in sexual medicine.

When to see a doctor

Weak ejaculation is rarely a medical emergency. However, it can be very concerning for someone experiencing it regularly.

If a person has consistent episodes of weak ejaculation for 6 months, they should talk to his doctor who can help them to identify the underlying cause.

A person should also see a doctor is they think that changes to their ejaculation could be affecting their fertility. This may be the case if the individual and their partner have been trying to conceive for a long time.

Summary
Weak ejaculation is a complicated condition with many potential underlying causes.

There are currently no FDA-approved medicines for weak ejaculation. As a result, people may have to try several different therapies or approaches to enhance their sexual function.

Males who notice continued changes in their ejaculation should talk to their doctor. In some cases, weak ejaculation can reduce fertility or may indicate an underlying health condition

[Big Sexy]

What to know about dry orgasms
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325757.php

Dry orgasm, or orgasmic anejaculation, means that orgasm occurs without ejaculation, so the penis does not release semen as usual.

There are several possible causes of a dry orgasm. Some are temporary, but others may be long-lasting or even permanent.

Dry orgasms themselves are not a health concern, but the underlying issue may require treatment in some cases. Dry orgasms can take a mental toll if a person feels embarrassed to discuss the issue with a partner. They may also affect a person's ability to have children.

Treatment is available for some causes of dry orgasm, so it is best to see a doctor for a diagnosis.

Repeated orgasm

One common cause of a dry orgasm is having repeated orgasms.

Having multiple orgasms in a short period may cause a dry orgasm. It takes time for the body to replenish its semen stores, and having numerous orgasms can deplete these stores. This issue is not typically a cause for concern.

Some people regenerate semen faster than others, but the body should start producing more semen after a few hours of rest.

Genetic abnormalities
Some people do not produce enough semen to ejaculate, which may be due to a genetic abnormality.

If this is the case, there is nothing wrong with the person's health.

Testosterone deficiency
Low testosterone levels may also contribute to reduced ejaculation, particularly as a person gets older, and their testosterone levels decline. It can also occur in people with hormonal imbalances.

Blockages
Some dry orgasm issues may also stem from blockages in the urethra or ejaculatory duct, which is the small tube through which the semen travels during ejaculation.

A cyst may grow within these ducts, or sperm may become trapped and fail to leave the body.

Nerve damage
Nerve damage may also lead to issues with ejaculation. Nerve damage may occur as a result of an accident that causes spinal injury or as a complication of another condition, such as cancer, diabetes, or multiple sclerosis.

Surgeries

Surgical treatment in a part of the body close to the penis may also cause dry orgasm.

A person who undergoes the removal of their prostate, bladder, or lymph nodes may no longer produce semen or ejaculate. These surgeries may affect the muscles or nerves that play a role in ejaculation.

For example, surgeries for prostate cancer that remove the prostate or seminal vesicles will result in permanent dry orgasm. As the American Cancer Society note, the testicles will still make sperm cells, but the body will reabsorb them rather than producing semen.

This reabsorption does not harm the body or lead to any complications other than dry orgasm.

Surgical procedures and other medical treatments that may affect ejaculation and lead to dry orgasm include:

cystectomy
prostatectomy
open prostatectomy
laser prostate surgery
lymph node dissection
transurethral resection of the prostate, or TURP
transurethral incision of the prostate, or TUIP
transurethral microwave therapy, or TUMT
radiation therapy

Retrograde orgasm vs. dry orgasm
Many people confuse a dry orgasm with a retrograde orgasm. The result of both is similar in that the individual does not ejaculate semen during orgasm.

However, in a retrograde orgasm, this occurs slightly differently. When people with retrograde orgasm have an orgasm, the ejaculate comes out, but it goes into the bladder instead of out through the penis.

Retrograde orgasm occurs because the bladder does not stay closed during an orgasm, which it usually would to prevent backflow. When it cannot remain closed, semen can easily travel into the bladder instead of out through the urethra. Following a retrograde orgasm, the body releases the semen in the urine, which can make the urine appear cloudy.

Retrograde orgasms may be more common in people who undergo specific medical procedures, such as surgeries involving the prostate. Certain medications, such as alpha-blockers, may also cause retrograde orgasm.

On the other hand, dry orgasm is the term for when an individual does not ejaculate semen during orgasm. Therefore, although retrograde orgasms and dry orgasms may have similar causes and the same outcome, they are different.

Diagnosis

Anyone who is experiencing dry orgasm should see a doctor.

The doctor will ask a series of questions about the person's symptoms. They may also ask about the types of medication that the person takes and whether they have had any surgical procedures.

In most cases, the doctor will also perform a physical exam of the area, including the prostate, penis, and rectum.

To help find the cause of the dry orgasm, the doctor may want to test the urine after a person has an orgasm.

To do this, they will give the person a urine sample cup and ask them to masturbate in a bathroom until they climax. The person then urinates after climaxing, collecting a urine sample in the provided container. This process can help identify cases of retrograde ejaculation and make it easier for doctors to diagnose the underlying cause.

From there, the doctor may order several different tests, depending on what they suspect the underlying cause to be. A thorough diagnosis is important in each case to determine possible treatments.

Treatments
Treating dry orgasm itself is not possible. However, in some cases, treating the underlying cause will prevent future dry orgasms.

For instance, if a person takes certain medications that cause dry orgasms, doctors may recommend switching to a different medication, which may resolve this symptom.

Dry orgasms are not treatable in other cases, such as following surgeries that remove part of the prostate.

Although dry orgasms do not affect overall health, they may affect a person's fertility. Anyone trying to conceive should speak to a doctor, who may make a referral to a fertility specialist to discuss treatments and therapies to help restore the ability to ejaculate. Even if the person cannot conceive through sex, there are other options to retrieve sperm and fertilize an egg.

For retrograde orgasms, doctors may recommend several medical treatments or procedures to help keep the bladder closed during climax. Alternatively, as the authors of a review article note, if a person tries to only orgasm when they have a full bladder, it may be possible to retrieve sperm from the urine for insemination.

Takeaway
Anyone who has dry orgasms should talk to their doctor. Doctors can help determine any underlying issues and offer treatments where possible. While dry orgasm itself is typically not a cause for concern, doctors will try to discover the underlying issue.

Some causes may be treatable with medication changes or therapy, but dry orgasm can sometimes be permanent.

Chronic dry orgasm may affect a person's ability to have children naturally. A doctor can offer advice on other ways to conceive children.

It is important to note that some people with dry orgasm may still release sperm in very small amounts. As a result, using protection during sex is still important to prevent unplanned pregnancies.

[Big Sexy]

What to know about condoms and allergies
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326338.php
Written by Jamie Eske Medically reviewed by Deborah Weatherspoon, Ph.D., R.N., CRNA

Some people experience itchiness, redness, or swelling after using a condom. These can be symptoms of a latex allergy.

Latex comes from the milky sap of rubber trees. Manufacturers use latex in a variety of medical and commercial products, including condoms.

Natural rubber latex contains proteins that can cause allergic reactions. According to a 2016 review (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5356959/) Trusted Source, these allergies may occur in around 4.3% of the world's population.

Latex allergies (https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/247168.php) develop gradually through repeated exposure to latex products. The symptoms can vary greatly in severity.

This article describes the symptoms of a latex allergy and looks into other allergic reactions that can occur during or after sex. We also discuss treatment options and when to see a doctor.

Symptoms
A person can have an allergic reaction after touching latex products or inhaling latex particles. The allergic reaction can vary in severity, causing a wide range of symptoms.

Mild allergic reaction
A mild allergic reaction to latex can cause immediate symptoms, such as:

itchiness
swelling
redness
a rash

Moderate allergic reaction
Symptoms of a moderate reaction to latex include:

an itchy throat
a runny nose
sneezing
coughing
wheezing
difficulty breathing

Severe allergic reaction
A person with a severe allergy may experience a life threatening reaction called anaphylaxis.

During anaphylaxis, the immune system triggers the release of large numbers of inflammatory compounds called histamines. These compounds cause rapid and severe inflammation throughout the body.

According to the American College of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, symptoms of anaphylaxis include:

hives
swelling
low blood pressure
nausea
tightness in the throat
dizziness
vomiting
diarrhea
stomach pain
fainting
breathing difficulties
a rapid heartbeat
a sense of doom
cardiac arrest

The symptoms of anaphylaxis occur suddenly and can progress rapidly. People experiencing this require immediate treatment with epinephrine, a drug that counteracts allergic reactions.

A person should contact emergency services immediately if they or someone around them experiences anaphylaxis.

Diagnosing latex allergies
To diagnose a latex allergy, a doctor will review the person's medical history and symptoms.

The doctor may also ask about the person's job. People who regularly work with latex products have an increased riskTrusted Source of developing a latex allergy. Examples include healthcare workers and housekeeping personnel.

Additionally, an allergist may perform a skin prick test to check whether the person's skin reacts to the proteins in latex. They may also test the person's blood for the presence of latex antibodies.

Other types of condom-related allergy
If a person has an allergic reaction after using a condom, latex may not be the culprit.

Many condom manufacturers coat their products in substances such as spermicide and lubricant. These can contain chemicals that can irritate sensitive genital tissues.

Spermicide

Spermicide is a form of birth control that prevents sperm from reaching the egg. Spermicide is available as a gel, foam, or suppository. People can also buy condoms coated in spermicide.

The active ingredient in many spermicides is nonoxynol-9, which kills sperm cells. When a person uses it frequently, however, it can cause irritation and soreness.

According to a reportTrusted Source from the World Health Organization (WHO), frequent spermicide use may also increase a person's risk of contracting sexually transmitted infections (STIs) — such as gonorrhea and chlamydia — because it may make the vaginal mucosa more susceptible to invasion from microorganisms.

Lubricant
Personal lubricant can enhance sexual experience, but some lubricants contain chemicals such as propylene glycol and glycerol. These can cause skin irritation in some people.

Some condoms have lubricant coating. People who are sensitive or allergic to compounds in lubricants should use nonlubricated condoms.

Some lubricants also contain spermicides. In a 2018 studyTrusted Source, researchers found that spermicide-containing lubricants can disrupt the structure of vaginal tissue cells. This can increase the risk of infections, such as bacterial vaginosis and STIs.

Latex-fruit syndrome
Some people with a latex allergy are also allergic to certain fruits. The name for this is latex-fruit syndrome.

The crossover occurs because certain fruits contain proteins that are similar to those in latex.

According to a 2016 reviewTrusted Source, people with latex allergies have a 35% risk of an allergy to one or more of the following fruits:

avocado
banana
kiwi
melon
peach
fig
plum
papaya
tomato
For the same reason, though less commonly, people with latex allergies are also allergic to peanuts, chestnuts, or both.

Treatments
The treatment for an allergy depends on its severity. In all cases, people should avoid exposure to anything that triggers a reaction.

Anyone who is sensitive to an ingredient in a lubricant or spermicide should look for products that do not contain the ingredient. People can also try natural lubricants, such as aloe vera gel.

Also, some condoms are made from materials other than latex, such as polyurethane or lambskin.

Individuals who experience severe allergic reactions may need to carry injectable epinephrine. If they have been exposed to an allergen, they should self-inject the epinephrine while waiting for emergency help to arrive.

When to see a doctor

See a doctor if symptoms of an allergic reaction persist for several days after the last exposure to the suspected trigger. Persistent irritation can indicate an infection or another underlying issue.

Symptoms of an infection, such as an STI, can include:

unusual vaginal or penile discharge
frequent urination that may cause a painful burning sensation
foul smelling urine
pain in the stomach or lower back
nausea or vomiting
a fever
A doctor can identify the underlying cause with a physical exam and diagnostic tests. If a person has a genital infection, the doctor will likely prescribe a course of antibiotics.

If a person does not receive treatment for an infection, it may spread and lead to long term complicationsTrusted Source, such as infertility.

Anyone who experiences a severe allergic reaction should seek medical attention immediately.

Takeaway
Latex proteins and substances in lubricants and spermicides can all cause allergic reactions. These allergies can significantly affect a person's sexual experience. In severe cases, they may even be life threatening.

It can help to check the labels on products for use during sex because some contain known allergens. To help prevent future allergic reactions, a person can try products that do not contain these ingredients.

A doctor can perform tests to confirm whether a person has a particular allergy. These tests involve analyzing a blood sample or exposing the skin to potential allergens.

[wonderfun]

https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/10331477/ten-early-warning-signs-cancer-men-lumps-peeing-night/

[wonderfun]

OH BALLS Ten early warning signs of cancer in men – from lumps to peeing in the night

[Big Sexy]

What is the mechanism behind compulsive sexual behavior?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326410.php#5
Written by Maria Cohut, Ph.D. - Fact checked by Gianna D'Emilio

Compulsive sexual behavior can have a serious negative impact on the well-being of the people it affects. But what are the biological factors behind it?


Compulsive sexual behavior — which researchers also refer to as "hypersexuality" — is characterized by intrusive sexual thoughts and impulsive sexual behaviors.

Although it can have a significantly negative impact on a person's quality of life, whether compulsive sexual behavior qualifies as a medical condition is still a matter of debate, and the American Psychiatric Association do not yet recognize it as a "disorder."

No clear data indicate just how many people around the world experience symptoms of compulsive sexual behavior, but older estimates suggest a prevalence of about 3–6%Trusted Source.

But does compulsive sexual behavior have any underlying biological factors, and if so, which?

Researchers have recently tried to find an answer to this question. The team is from the Uppsala and Umeå universities and Stockholm's Karolinska Institutet — all in Sweden — as well as from the University of Zürich, in Switzerland, and the Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, in Russia. In their research, they decided to focus on the possible role that epigenetic mechanisms — mechanisms that can affect gene expression — may play in determining compulsive sexual behavior.

Study finds specific DNA differences
In their study paper — which appeared yesterday in the journal Epigenetics — the researchers explain that "An increasing number of studies suggest a significant role of epigenetic modifications [...] on sexual behavior and human brain functioning."

Thus, the team "set out to investigate the epigenetic regulatory mechanisms behind hypersexual disorder so [as to] determine whether it has any hallmarks that make it distinct from other health issues," notes the study's lead author, Adrian Boström.

To do this, the team recruited 60 participants — both male and female — who expressed compulsive sexual behaviors, as well as another 33 participants who did not.

The researchers collected blood samples from all participants and assessed patterns of DNA methylation — an epigenetic mechanism that plays a key role in gene regulation.

More specifically, the team assessed 8,852 regions of DNA methylation and the microRNAs — noncoding molecules — that they were associated with. The goal was to find out whether any epigenetic modifications were specific to the participants with compulsive sexual behavior.

The team found two specific DNA regions with particular modifications that were only present in individuals with compulsive sexual behavior. These were associated with MIR708 and MIR4456, the genes that encode the microRNA molecules of the same names.

One of these forms of microRNA, miRNA4456, normally helps regulate the expression of genes that are involved in the regulation of oxytocin, also called the "love hormone" because it is involved in sexual behavior and pair bonding.

Because the MIR4456 gene is affected in people with compulsive sexual behavior, this could mean that they produce unusually high levels of oxytocin, which may lead to unwanted symptoms. However, the researchers emphasize that, so far, this is only a hypothesis — they have not yet been able to confirm it.

"Further research will be needed to investigate the role of miRNA4456 and oxytocin in hypersexual disorder, but our results suggest it could be worthwhile to examine the benefits of drug[s] and psychotherapy to reduce the activity of oxytocin," suggests one of the study's co-authors, Prof. Jussi Jokinen.

Possible role of gene-regulating mechanisms
In addition to this, the researchers compared these blood samples to another set, which they collected from a separate cohort of 107 individuals, 24 of whom had alcohol dependence.

With this second analysis, the investigators were aiming to find out whether there were any common patterns between the epigenetic profiles of the group with compulsive sexual behavior and those of the group with alcohol dependence. In short, they wanted to see if the former shared molecular pathways associated with addiction.

This comparison showed that individuals with alcohol dependence and those with compulsive sexual behavior both had under-methylation in the same DNA region. This, the investigators believe, may tie in to the presence of addiction-like symptoms in people who experience unwanted, persistent sexual impulses.

"To our knowledge, our study is the first to implicate dysregulated epigenetic mechanisms of both DNA methylation and microRNA activity and the involvement of oxytocin in the brain among patients seeking treatment for hypersexuality."

Adrian Boström


Compulsive sexual behavior can have a serious negative impact on the well-being of the people it affects. But what are the biological factors behind it?

What drives compulsive sexual behavior? A new study looks into the possible molecular mechanisms.
Compulsive sexual behavior — which researchers also refer to as "hypersexuality" — is characterized by intrusive sexual thoughts and impulsive sexual behaviors.

Although it can have a significantly negative impact on a person's quality of life, whether compulsive sexual behavior qualifies as a medical condition is still a matter of debate, and the American Psychiatric Association do not yet recognize it as a "disorder."

No clear data indicate just how many people around the world experience symptoms of compulsive sexual behavior, but older estimates suggest a prevalence of about 3–6%Trusted Source.

But does compulsive sexual behavior have any underlying biological factors, and if so, which?

Researchers have recently tried to find an answer to this question. The team is from the Uppsala and Umeå universities and Stockholm's Karolinska Institutet — all in Sweden — as well as from the University of Zürich, in Switzerland, and the Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, in Russia.

In their research, they decided to focus on the possible role that epigenetic mechanisms — mechanisms that can affect gene expression — may play in determining compulsive sexual behavior.

Study finds specific DNA differences
In their study paper — which appeared yesterday in the journal Epigenetics — the researchers explain that "An increasing number of studies suggest a significant role of epigenetic modifications [...] on sexual behavior and human brain functioning."

Thus, the team "set out to investigate the epigenetic regulatory mechanisms behind hypersexual disorder so [as to] determine whether it has any hallmarks that make it distinct from other health issues," notes the study's lead author, Adrian Boström.

To do this, the team recruited 60 participants — both male and female — who expressed compulsive sexual behaviors, as well as another 33 participants who did not.

The researchers collected blood samples from all participants and assessed patterns of DNA methylation — an epigenetic mechanism that plays a key role in gene regulation.

More specifically, the team assessed 8,852 regions of DNA methylation and the microRNAs — noncoding molecules — that they were associated with. The goal was to find out whether any epigenetic modifications were specific to the participants with compulsive sexual behavior.

The team found two specific DNA regions with particular modifications that were only present in individuals with compulsive sexual behavior. These were associated with MIR708 and MIR4456, the genes that encode the microRNA molecules of the same names.

One of these forms of microRNA, miRNA4456, normally helps regulate the expression of genes that are involved in the regulation of oxytocin, also called the "love hormone" because it is involved in sexual behavior and pair bonding.

Because the MIR4456 gene is affected in people with compulsive sexual behavior, this could mean that they produce unusually high levels of oxytocin, which may lead to unwanted symptoms. However, the researchers emphasize that, so far, this is only a hypothesis — they have not yet been able to confirm it.

"Further research will be needed to investigate the role of miRNA4456 and oxytocin in hypersexual disorder, but our results suggest it could be worthwhile to examine the benefits of drug[s] and psychotherapy to reduce the activity of oxytocin," suggests one of the study's co-authors, Prof. Jussi Jokinen.

Possible role of gene-regulating mechanisms
In addition to this, the researchers compared these blood samples to another set, which they collected from a separate cohort of 107 individuals, 24 of whom had alcohol dependence.

With this second analysis, the investigators were aiming to find out whether there were any common patterns between the epigenetic profiles of the group with compulsive sexual behavior and those of the group with alcohol dependence. In short, they wanted to see if the former shared molecular pathways associated with addiction.

This comparison showed that individuals with alcohol dependence and those with compulsive sexual behavior both had under-methylation in the same DNA region. This, the investigators believe, may tie in to the presence of addiction-like symptoms in people who experience unwanted, persistent sexual impulses.

"To our knowledge, our study is the first to implicate dysregulated epigenetic mechanisms of both DNA methylation and microRNA activity and the involvement of oxytocin in the brain among patients seeking treatment for hypersexuality."

Adrian Boström

Boström and colleagues do, nevertheless, note that their study encountered some limitations, including the fact that the mean difference in DNA methylation between individuals with and without compulsive sexual behavior is only 2.6%, approximately.

This, they admit, could mean that the impact is not important enough to actually influence individuals' behaviors.

"There is, however, now a growing body of literature on specific genes suggesting wide ranging [...] consequences of subtle methylation changes (1–5%), especially in complex multifactorial conditions like depression or schizophrenia," the researchers conclude, suggesting that further studies should not overlook their findings.

[Big Sexy]

What causes itching after sex?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326377.php
Medically reviewed by Valinda Riggins Nwadike — Written by Beth Sissons

Genital itching after sex can sometimes be due to dry skin or a lack of lubrication around the genital area. In cases where itching persists, this symptom could be a sign of an infection, allergic reaction, or sexually transmitted infection (STI).

In this article, we look at the possible causes of genital itching in females and males and discuss the treatment options.

Causes in males and females
Some causes of genital itching after sex are the same, regardless of biological sex. Some of the symptoms, however, can differ. Below, we discuss allergies and infections that can affect both males and females.

Latex allergy

A latex allergy means that the immune system reacts strongly to any product containing latex. Latex condoms or lubricants that contain latex can cause uncomfortable symptoms in people with a latex allergy. These symptoms can include itching, redness, and swelling around the genital area after sexual activity.

People can try using latex free condoms and lubricants to see whether this relieves their symptoms.

Latex can cause three different allergic reactions:

Contact dermatitis

When latex triggers contact dermatitis, the reaction may not occur until 12–36 hours after contact with the skin. Symptoms can include:

itching
redness and irritation
skin appearing scaly
Immediate allergic reaction

This type of reaction happens in people who have become sensitive to latex through previous exposure to it. Coming into contact with latex again triggers a response from the immune system, and people may experience:

a runny nose
sneezing
coughing
wheezing
watery eyes
itchy eyes and throat
Anaphylaxis

In some cases, latex can cause anaphylaxis, which is a very severe allergic reaction. If a person notices any signs of anaphylaxis, they should seek immediate medical attention or call 911 or the local emergency number.

STIs
STIs often do not produce any symptoms, but they can sometimes cause vaginal or penile itching. This itching and any other symptoms, which depend on the type of STI, may take several days to appear.

Common STIs that can cause itching include chlamydia, herpes, and gonorrhea.

Symptoms of STIs in females can include:

unusual or increased discharge from the vagina
unusual vaginal odor
pain when urinating
bleeding between periods
fever and chills
sores around the genitals or mouth
pain in the rectum
Symptoms of STIs in males can include:

unusual discharge from the penis, which may be yellow, green, or white
pain when urinating
in some cases, swollen or painful testicles
sores or warts around the genitals or mouth
flu-like symptoms
pain in the rectum


Causes in females
As we discussed above, itching around the vulva or vagina after sex can be due to allergic reactions or STIs. Vaginal dryness, a vaginal infection, or sperm allergy can also cause genital itching specific to females. We look at these causes in more detail below.

Vaginal dryness

A person with vaginal dryness may also experience a more frequent need to urinate. Vaginal dryness can cause itchiness and pain in or around the vagina during or after sex. People may also have:

soreness around the genitals
a more frequent need to urinate
repeated urinary tract infections (UTIs)
Changes in hormone levels can create vaginal dryness. People may experience this if they:

have gone or are going through menopause
use hormonal birth control
take antidepressants
are having chemotherapy
have had a hysterectomy
are breastfeeding
Using scented products in the vagina or douching can also cause vaginal dryness. Sometimes, vaginal dryness may be a sign of an underlying health condition, such as diabetes or Sjogren's syndrome.

Vaginal infections
Sexual intercourse can sometimes cause an imbalance in the pH balance and bacteria in the vagina. This imbalance can cause a yeast or bacterial infection.

A yeast infection occurs when there is an overgrowth of a fungus called Candida. People may also refer to it as vaginal thrush, vulvovaginal thrust, or candidiasis.

Along with itching, a vaginal yeast infection can cause:

painful urination
redness and swelling of the vagina and the area around the vulva
a burning sensation
painful sex, also called dyspareunia
thick, white, odorless discharge that looks like cottage cheese
Learn more about yeast infections after sex here.

Bacterial infections arise from an overgrowth of bacteria. Bacterial vaginosis is a common vaginal bacterial infection, which can cause:

vaginal itching
a fish-like odor from the vagina
grey or white discharge

Sperm allergy
Sperm allergy mostly affects women and is also called semen allergy or seminal plasma hypersensitivity.

An allergy to the proteins present in semen can affect any part of the body that has contact with semen, including the vagina, skin, and mouth. It typically causes symptoms to develop within 10–30 minutes of the bodily contact.

In addition to itching genitals, sperm allergy can cause:

redness
swelling
a burning sensation
pain

In more severe cases, people can also experience anaphylaxis from a sperm allergy.


Causes in males
As we mentioned earlier in the article, itching around the penis or testicles after sex can arise due to allergic reactions or STIs. Although it is uncommon, males may also develop thrush from sexual activity. A reaction to spermicide can also lead to genital itching. We look at these causes in more detail in the following sections.

Male candidiasis
Although yeast infections are less common in males than in females, males can also get thrush. Thrush can cause genital itching, and it has an association with sexual activity.

In males, thrush is sometimes called male candidiasis. It can affect the head of the penis and the foreskin, causing itching, soreness, and swelling. It sometimes also produces a thick, white, lumpy discharge.

Thrush can occur in males with a sexual partner who has vaginal candidiasis and in those with diabetes.

Read about thrush in men. (https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/246615.php)

A reaction to spermicides
A reaction to spermicides is more common in males, but it can also affect females. Substances in spermicides can cause sensitivity or allergic reactions that can create an itching sensation around the genitals. Nonoxynol-9 is a chemical in spermicides that can irritate the genitals.

Irritation to the genitals can increase the risk of infections, including HIV and other STIs, entering the body.

Treatment and relief
Using a condom can prevent an allergic reaction to sperm. People can also receive treatment for a sperm allergy. A doctor or allergist will place some diluted semen into the vagina and then gradually increase the amount to allow the body to develop a tolerance.

For people with a sperm or latex allergy, a doctor may prescribe an epinephrine auto-injector, known as an EpiPen, in case of a severe allergic reaction.

If people have vaginal dryness, they can use a vaginal moisturizer. It is important to use a moisturizer that manufacturers designed specifically for this purpose and avoid putting any other lotions into the vagina.

Foreplay may increase arousal during sex, which may help reduce vaginal dryness.

If itching is due to a vaginal infection, a doctor may prescribe antifungal or antibiotic medication to treat the infection.

Learn about home remedies for yeast infections and home remedies for bacterial vaginosis.

Anyone who thinks that they might have an STI should see a doctor, who will be able to diagnose the infection and provide medication to treat it.

Prevention

People may be able to help prevent an itching sensation after sex by doing the following:

avoiding douching
using nonlatex condoms if latex causes irritation
using a water based lubricant before having sex
changing spermicides or switching to another form of birth control
Stopping using other irritants that can cause itching of the genitals may also help. Try avoiding:

vaginal deodorants or sprays
scented sanitary products
the use of perfumed soaps and chemical bathing products around the genitals
People can wash their genitals with mild soap and warm water to keep them clean. Females can wash the vulva and avoid washing inside the vagina.

Summary

Itching genitals after sex can be normal, and this symptom is often no cause for concern if it goes away shortly. However, if itching continues, it may be a sign of an allergy or infection.

A person should see their doctor if the itching does not go away or if they notice any unusual symptoms alongside it, such as:

unexpected bleeding
unusual discharge
warts or sores around the genitals or mouth
redness or swelling
pain during sex or urination
If people have symptoms of a severe allergic reaction, they should seek medical help immediately.

[aurahiongka]

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[wonderfun]

https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/10353667/british-man-parasite-crawled-up-penis-africa-holiday/

[wonderfun]

PENIS PARASITE British man, 32, nearly died after parasite crawled up his penis and laids eggs as he swam in lake on Africa holiday.

[Big Sexy]

What to know about semen leakage
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326393.php
Medically reviewed by Kevin Martinez — Written by Jayne Leonard

Semen leakage, which occurs when semen seeps out of the penis, is a common occurrence. Semen is a whitish fluid that contains sperm. It often leaks out during sexual activity, regardless of whether ejaculation occurs.

Some people may also experience semen leakage while asleep or after urination. Occasionally, it can signal an underlying health condition that requires treatment.

In this article, we discuss common causes of semen leakage, potential treatment options, and when to see a doctor.

Causes
Semen leakage may occur at certain times or as a result of an underlying medical condition.

In the sections below, we list some potential causes.

During sexual arousal
Semen leakage may occur during sexual arousal, after urination, and during sleep.
Some semen may leak out during periods of sexual arousal.

For example, semen leakage may occur during any type of sexual activity or while having sexual thoughts. Leakage may also occur just before or just after ejaculation.

Another fluid, called pre-ejaculatory fluid, may also leak during sexual activity. Pre-ejaculatory fluid is also known as precum.

This fluid may sometimes contain sperm, which is why it is important to use a condom or another form of contraception to prevent unintended pregnancy.

Learn more about precum and pregnancy here.

After urination
Leakage after urination may occur if semen remains in the urethra after ejaculation. Sometimes, this can mix with the urine, which causes the urine to appear cloudy.

Semen leakage after ejaculation is not a cause for concern. However, not all discharge from the penis is semen.

Discharge may indicate the presence of a sexually transmitted infection (STI). It may also indicate urinary incontinence, or unintentional urine loss.

During sleep
Adolescents and younger adults commonly experience semen leakage during sleep, although it can affect males of any age.

Known as nocturnal emissions, or wet dreams, these nighttime leakages occur when dreams cause sexual arousal. Contact with bedding or clothing may also cause arousal and subsequent ejaculation of semen.

Learn more about wet dreams here.

Prostatitis
Prostatitis refers to inflammation of the prostate gland, which is a small gland between the bladder and the penis. The prostate produces semen.

Prostatitis is the most common urinary tract issue for males under 50, and the third most common for those over 50. It can cause the following symptoms:

discharge from the penis that can look like semen
pain in the genital area, lower abdomen, or lower back
painful, urgent, or frequent urination
flu-like symptoms
If prostatitis lasts for at least 3 months or recurs frequently, it is known as chronic prostatitis. It can cause erectile dysfunction, painful ejaculation, and other sexual problems.

Nervous system injury
The nervous system is the complex network of nerves and cells that transmits messages between the brain and other parts of the body. It controls all of the body's functions, including ejaculation.

Damage to the nervous system may cause semen leakage or other changes in ejaculation.

Injuries and serious medical conditions that can cause nervous system damage include:

injury to the head or spinal cord
brain tumor
exposure to poisons, such as carbon monoxide or heavy metals
degenerative conditions, such as Parkinson's disease or multiple sclerosis
infections in the brain or around the brain and spinal cord
drug or alcohol misuse
diabetes
Guillain–Barré syndrome
nutritional deficiencies, such as a vitamin B-12 deficiency

A side effect of medication
Taking certain medications can cause changes to ejaculation. For example, some drugs can result in semen leakage, a lack of sexual desire, or erectile dysfunction.

Examples of such medications include:

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, which are a class of antidepressants
mood stabilizers
hormone treatments

Prostate cancer
Cancer is another condition that affects the prostate gland. After skin cancer and lung cancer, prostate cancer is the most common cancer among males. It affects approximately 1 in every 9 males at some point in their lives.

In the early stages, prostate cancer may not cause any symptoms. As it progresses, however, symptoms may include:

changes in semen and ejaculation
difficulty urinating
blood in the semen
pelvic discomfort
erectile dysfunction
Although prostate cancer is a serious condition that requires medical treatment, the American Cancer Society report that most males with prostate cancer do not die from it.

It is important for people to seek treatment if they experience any of the symptoms listed above.

When to see a doctor
A person should speak to their doctor if they experience pain during ejaculation or urination.
Semen leakage during certain activities is normal. However, frequent or excessive leakage may cause distress. People who have concerns about semen leakage, or other aspects of sexual functioning, can speak to their doctor.

They will be able to provide reassurance and support. They can also investigate any concerns a person may have and prescribe treatments where necessary.

If semen leakage is accompanied by any of the following symptoms, it is a good idea to see a doctor for further investigation:

pain during ejaculation or urination
semen that is bloody or smelly or has an unusual appearance
changes in ejaculation or sexual functioning

Treatment options
Treatment for semen leakage depends on the underlying cause.

During sexual arousal
Semen leakage during sexual arousal is normal and common. It does not require any treatment.

If excessive amounts of fluid leak out and this causes discomfort or embarrassment, a doctor may recommend medication.

After urination
Semen leakage after urination is common for some males. If the leakage is as a result of an STI or urinary incontinence, however, treatment can help.

A doctor will typically treat an STI with antibiotics or other medications. People should not attempt to treat an STI with home remedies, nor should they avoid seeking treatment. Without treatment, STIs can cause serious complications.

Treatment for urinary incontinence includes:

pelvic floor exercises
bladder training techniques
medications
Learn more about how to cope with urinary incontinence here.

During sleep
No treatment is necessary for wet dreams, as they are a natural occurrence. They typically become less frequent after adolescence.

If wet dreams are causing distress or discomfort, the following tips may reduce or prevent them from occurring:

practicing relaxation techniques, such as meditation, before bed
discussing dreams with a psychotherapist
masturbating before going to sleep

Prostatitis
The treatment options for prostatitis depend on the underlying cause.

If prostatitis is due to a bacterial infection, a doctor will prescribe antibiotics. Other medications for prostatitis include muscle relaxants and anti-inflammatory drugs.

Home remedies can also relieve some discomfort from prostatitis. Examples include:

drinking plenty of water
taking warm baths
avoiding prolonged periods of sitting
not consuming things that may irritate the bladder, such as citrus fruits, alcohol, and caffeine

Nervous system injury
Treatment for semen leakage resulting from a nervous system injury depends on the cause of the damage.

In most cases, people will require a combination of medicine, lifestyle changes, and other interventions.

A side effect of medication
People who experience changes in sexual function as a result of taking prescription medications should speak to their doctor. There may be alternative treatments available that do not cause semen leakage.

However, it is important to balance the benefits of medication with any adverse reactions that occur. Never stop taking a prescription medication without first seeking medical advice.

Prostate cancer
To reduce the risk of prostate cancer, a person can follow a healthful diet.
The treatment options for cancer of the prostate depend on how fast the cancer is growing, how much it has spread, and the person's general health.

Treatment options for prostate cancer include:

active monitoring of the condition to see how much it progresses
chemotherapy
hormone treatment
radiation therapy
surgery
Learn more about surgery for prostate cancer here.

Prevention
To help reduce or prevent semen leakage, people can try:

masturbating before bed to prevent wet dreams
following a healthful diet to reduce the risk of prostate cancer
exercising regularly to manage weight, as excess weight can increase the risk of cancer and place extra stress on the bladder
discussing the side effects of any new medication with a doctor, and weighing these up against the potential benefits of the treatment
seeing a doctor for regular checkups or if issues arise with urination or sexual function

Summary
Although it may cause discomfort, most cases of semen leakage are normal and not a cause for concern.

Episodes of semen leakage tend to become less common as a person grows older.

Frequent or excessive semen leakage may indicate an underlying health condition, especially in older males. Anyone who has concerns should see their doctor.

[Big Sexy]

Tell your Malaysian friends to visit this forum for STI issue


Commentary: Stigma and shame hold Malaysians back from seeking help for STIs
https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/commentary/std-sti-stigma-taboo-malaysia-medical-help-diagnosis-hiv-12096352

Is a culture of shame about contracting sexually transmitted infections leading more Malaysians to find answers online? Dr Ilias Yee hits out at this problematic attitude.

KUALA LUMPUR: The Internet has increasingly become the place where Malaysians search for answers to their medical concerns at their fingertips.

In a study published in November, researchers from the University of San Diego found that a staggering 58 per cent of posts on a Reddit thread about sexually transmitted infections (STI) requested for public opinions or a “crowd diagnosis” of their symptoms.

Would that also be the case in Malaysia? You bet. Try typing in “STI forum Malaysia” on your search engine and you will be served with dozens of unregulated and unmonitored forums discussing how one can contract an STI, some of which have no medical basis.

Thankfully, some responses on a few local forums provide helpful suggestions, urging netizens to visit a certified clinic and discouraging verbal abuse that border on discrimination.

You might find it a surprising place to seek out answers to whether they might have an STI, but anecdotally, many Malaysians share that they search for home STI testing kits on online shopping platforms.

It is difficult to determine the veracity of these products despite personal reviews and the companies’ claims, but that does not stop Malaysians from buying them.

Such an approach could result in potential delays to diagnosis and treatment, increasing the risk of further spreading the disease. If such resistance to seeking diagnosis becomes more widespread, it could pose a public health concern.

WHY CROWD DIAGNOSIS IS PROBLEMATIC

Public forum sites allow users to ask questions anonymously and receive a variety of free and seemingly “legit” answers from the masses. However, this may give someone searching for answers misplaced confidence in the wisdom of crowds, as well as the notion that any health question can be tackled by harnessing the power of the Internet.

Given the sensitive nature of this topic, it is understandable that one would resort to online sources in hopes of a quick solution while remaining anonymous.

But such sentiments and secrecy could fuel an even larger tendency to self-diagnose and consume antibiotics or antiviral drugs that might not be necessary.

Notably, gonorrhoea infection is now resistant to most families of antibiotics, as a result of improper prescribing and misuse of antibiotics.

An incorrect diagnosis and mistreatment of an STI may not only lead to complications to a patient’s condition, but may also negatively impact public health.

THE STIGMA OF STDS IN MALAYSIA

The topic of STIs remains taboo in many societies, so it is not openly discussed. But what makes this subject even harder to talk about in Malaysia?

Almost half of the participants living with HIV claimed that they have been gossiped about over the past 12 months, according to a 2012 People Living with HIV Stigma Index carried out by the Positive Malaysian Treatment Access and Advocacy Group.

Almost one in six also say they have been excluded from social gatherings and religious activities, with more reporting being on the receiving end of verbal abuse or physical assault.

Research reveals disturbing attitudes about sex and STIs in Malaysia. Studies in 2017 suggest that while Malaysians’ awareness of HIV is high, it is less so for non-HIV STIs. Despite understanding the risks, many sexually active youths still engage in unprotected sex.

Moreover, sexual activity has become the leading cause of contracting HIV in Malaysia. Health Minister Dr Dzulkefly Ahmad highlighted in December 2018 that sexual transmission is responsible for 91 per cent of all reported HIV cases in 2017, compared to just 33 per cent in 2002.

Such statistics should encourage Malaysians to practise safer sex, yet they remain reluctant to do so. Perhaps some are unwilling to use contraception for fear of being judged or causing suspicion from their partners.

This mindset could have contributed to a 140 per cent increase in HIV transmission cases due to unprotected sexual intercourse from 2002 to 2017, according to the Malaysian Ministry of Health’s Country Report Progress 2018.

The high cost of diagnostic tests is an additional barrier to providing proper treatment to STIs. For example, the Nucleic Acid Amplification Test can detect common STIs such as gonorrhoea and chlamydia in the absence of symptoms.

However, it is an expensive test. Many cannot afford to pay out of pocket for it in private clinics, and likewise, it is not readily available in public clinics.

Since a significant proportion of gonorrhoea and chlamydia infections are asymptomatic, without diagnostic tests, many infections go undiagnosed. They only surface much later when complications begin to manifest.

OVERCOMING SHAME AND STIGMA

There should be more accessible options for professional consultation when it comes to STIs. They can come in the form of innovative online platforms that readily connect patients to doctors wherever they are, such as DoctorOnCall.

Such services guarantee patients experienced professionals who can advise them on proper treatment, while maintaining patient-doctor confidentiality.

Additionally, if the condition requires further investigation, a qualified doctor is in a better position to guide patients through suitable procedures, and can refer patients to a hospital or clinic equipped to conduct more complex tests.

Sex and sexual health have been taboo for too long and it’s time we embrace these topics with the right attitude. That includes being mature enough to acknowledge that sex is a part of life, and that a number of people contract STIs at some point of their lives.

Dr Ilias Yee is a Malaysian medical practitioner at the Community Health Care clinic, and has been championing issues related to sexual health, HIV and substance use disorders for over a decade.

Source: CNA/el(sl)

[Big Sexy]

What is the average size of testicles?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326432.php
Medically reviewed by J. Keith Fisher, M.D. on September 24, 2019 — Written by Jenna Fletcher

The testicles are oval-shaped male reproductive glands. They sit inside the scrotum, which is a thin membrane of skin that hangs below and behind the penis.

The function of the testicles is to produce sperm and male hormones, such as testosterone.

Most adult males have two testicles, and each typically measures around 4 x 3 x 2 centimeters (cm). However, testicle size can vary. It is also common to have one testicle that is smaller than the other.

Keep reading for more information about testicle size and growth and how to perform a self-examination.

Does size matter for health?

In general, the size of the testicles does not directly affect health. However, some studies in animals suggest that testicle size may affect the amount of sperm that a male produces.

For example, a 2011 study in sheep found that testicle size directly related to the production of both testosterone and sperm. This study also suggested that larger testicle size may be more attractive to females. However, researchers have yet to show whether these results apply to humans.

While a person with smaller testicles may produce less testosterone, there may also be some advantages. A 2013 study suggested that men with slightly smaller testicles may have a more nurturing parenting style.

The study looked at activity in a part of the brain involved in paternal nurturing behavior. Participants with smaller testicles showed greater activation in this area when viewing pictures of their children, compared with those who had larger testicles.

Hypogonadism
Some males have lower testosterone levels than others. Doctors refer to unusually low testosterone levels as testosterone deficiency or male hypogonadism. Typical symptoms can include:

testicles that are smaller than average
less facial hair or less male-pattern body hair
growth of breast tissue
symptoms similar to those of Klinefelter syndrome, which we describe below
Hypogonadism may develop during puberty, and a doctor will usually treat the condition with testosterone replacement therapy.

Klinefelter syndrome
Some males have smaller testicles as a result of Klinefelter syndrome. This results from being born with an extra X chromosome.

Klinefelter syndrome can cause the following symptoms:

undescended testicles
lower sperm activity
lower testosterone levels
certain female characteristics
infertility, in some cases

Growth over time
During puberty, the testicles start to grow to their full size.
The testicles start to grow to their full size during puberty. The growth stops when the testicles are fully developed.

In general, both testicles tend to grow at the same rate.

However, it is common for one testicle to be slightly smaller than the other. It is also common for one testicle to hang slightly lower than the other.

Do testicles ever shrink?
Testicle size can fluctuate due to changes in temperature. The size of the testicles may also decrease with age.

Temperature-related changes in testicle size
Changes in temperature can temporarily cause the testicles to draw in closer or descend farther from the body.

For example, the testicles may appear smaller when immersed in colder water. Once the body warms up again, the testicles generally return to their usual size.

This is a natural occurrence — the testicles shrink and expand to keep the sperm at a constant temperature.

Age-related changes in testicle size
As the body ages, the testicles grow smaller. The medical name for this is testicular atrophy (TA).

TA tends to be a gradual process. It may occur so slowly that the person does not notice the change in size.

Other symptoms of TA can include reduced muscle mass and a gradual loss of sex drive.

Health concerns to look out for
Some health conditions can cause the testicles to shrink. If signs of these occur, a person should seek medical treatment.

Examples of issues that can cause the testicles to shrink include:

sexually transmitted infections (STIs), such as syphilis and gonorrhea, tuberculosis, mumps, and some other viral infections
trauma to the testicles
Anyone who has had sex without protection should receive testing for STIs. An STI may cause one or more of the following symptoms:

difficulty urinating
burning while urinating
itchy rashes on or around the genitals
However, depending on the infection, a person may experience no symptoms at all.

If trauma to the testicles occurs, undergo a medical examination as soon as possible.

Tips for good testicle health
If someone discovers a lump on their testicle, they can talk to their doctor.
Males should examine their testicles at least once a month to check for any abnormalities.

Doctors usually recommend performing these examinations after a hot bath or shower. At this time, the skin of the scrotum is most relaxed, making it easier to feel the testicles within.

The American Urological Association provide the following tips for testicular self-examinations:

Perform the test standing up.
Look for any swelling in the scrotum.
Gently feel the scrotal sac to find one of the testicles.
Gently roll the testicle between the thumb and fingers to feel its entire surface.
Repeat the process with the other testicle.
Check carefully for any:

small, hard lump or lumps
swelling, soreness, or pain
changes in size or texture
changes in firmness
A person may feel a cord-like structure, called the epididymis, at the base of each testicle. These bundled tubes carry sperm from the testicles.

Contact a doctor about any changes or lumps in the testicles as soon as possible. The doctor will perform a close examination for signs of disease.

Testicular cancer is one rare but highly treatable disease involving the testicles. If a doctor diagnoses and treats this cancer in its early stages, it is usually curable.

Summary
Testicle size does not generally indicate a cause for concern. Most males have one testicle that is smaller than the other, a testicle that hangs lower than the other, or both.

Certain issues and health conditions, such as testicular cancer, can cause changes in the size and shape of the testicles. Performing regular testicular self-examinations can help catch these diseases early and allow for the best chance of successful treatment.

[Big Sexy]

What to know about vaginal lubrication
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326450.php

Medically reviewed by Carolyn Kay, M.D. on September 25, 2019 — Written by Zawn Villines

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The vagina naturally produces lubrication that helps facilitate sexual activity. If natural lubrication is not enough, people can use artificial lubricant, or lube, to make sexual activity more comfortable.

When a person becomes sexually aroused, their vagina produces extra lubrication. This lubrication reduces friction in the vagina, increasing comfort during sex and minimizing any feelings of soreness or irritation. However, vaginal dryness is a very common sexual issue.

Artificial lubricants reduce vaginal dryness. Lubes are available in many different textures, flavors, and materials to suit a person's needs and preferences.

In this article, we explain natural vaginal lubrication and discuss the types, benefits, and possible side effects of artificial lubrication.

What is natural vaginal lubrication?
Natural vaginal lubrication may occur when a person is experiencing arousal.
Vaginal tissue is naturally moist.

Fluid from the cervix and secretions from the Bartholin glands — two pea sized glands at the entrance to the vagina — help keep the vagina lubricated. During arousal, the Bartholin glands secrete extra fluid to reduce friction.

Occasional vaginal dryness is common, but chronic vaginal dryness can signal either menopause or a medical issue, such as vaginal atrophy. People who routinely struggle with vaginal dryness should talk to a healthcare professional.

As a person ages, the tissue of the vagina thinsTrusted Source. During and after menopause, the body produces less estrogen, which leads to fewer moisturizing secretions and can make the vagina feel dry.

Once the vaginal tissues become thinner, the individual may need more lubrication than they previously did to feel comfortable during sexual activity.

When to use lubricant
It is common, even among healthy people, for the vagina to produce insufficient lubrication. Artificial lubricant replaces the natural vaginal secretions, making the vagina feel more moist and reducing any discomfort resulting from vaginal dryness.

A person might choose to use synthetic lubricant when:

they experience vaginal dryness due to medication
changes in hormone levels during pregnancy or after childbirth cause temporary vaginal dryness
menopause causes vaginal dryness
their vagina does not produce sufficient lubrication — for example, if they "run out" of lubrication after a long session of sexual activity or find that their natural lubricant is insufficient to reduce the friction of sex
they experience pain or itching in their vagina, which can happen when sensitive vaginal tissue is very dry

Types of lubricant
A person who wants to try artificial lubricant has several options, including those below:

Vaginal lubricants
There are a number of vaginal lubricants available in pharmacies and online.
Drugstores stock dozens of vaginal lubricants, which come in different flavors depending on a person's preference.

These products provide short term moisture for various forms of vaginal contact, including sexual activities and vaginal health examinations.

They comprise varying substances with different benefits:

Water based lubricants containing glycerin are popular. However, glycerin free options may be more suitable for people who get frequent yeast infections.

Silicone based lubricants last longer than water based lubricants, making them a good option for people with severe vaginal dryness or a history of pain during sex. They are not safe to use with silicone sex toys, though, and they can be greasy.

Oil based lubricants include many readily available products, such as kitchen oils. They are usually edible and are safe for the vagina, but they can be messy. Synthetic oil based lubricants, such as mineral oil and petroleum jelly, can work well but may also irritate the vulva.
Read more about using Vaseline or olive oil as a sexual lubricant.

Silicone and water based lubricants are safe to use with latex condoms. However, oil based lubricants may destroy latex condoms.

Some lubricants may affect sperm function, potentially decreasing the chances of a person getting pregnant, so those who are trying to conceive should choose a sperm friendly lubricant. People hoping to prevent pregnancy and use lubricants can consider using spermicides along with other contraceptives.

Vaginal moisturizers
Vaginal moisturizers are long acting lubricants that can help with chronic dryness. Their effects usually last for several days.

These products are a good option for people who experience intense vaginal dryness, even when they are not having sex. These moisturizers are safe to use alongside vaginal lubricants.

Some people use coconut oil for vaginal dryness. Studies suggest that coconut oil is an effective moisturizer for other body parts, but there is a lack of research on its benefits for the vagina. People should avoid using coconut oil with a latex condom, as it can break down the latex and make the condom ineffective.

Read about other home remedies for vaginal dryness.

Estrogen creams

Estrogen based creams can treat vaginal dryness that occurs due to low estrogen levels. These creams work by replacing lost estrogen, potentially reversing some of the effects of menopause and medical conditions that cause low estrogen.

Most of these creams require the user to decrease the dosage over time.

Estrogen creams can work well, but they are not safe for people who do not tolerate estrogen well. It is important to discuss with a doctor the risks and benefits of using estrogen cream.

How to use lubricant
When using over-the-counter lubricants and moisturizers, people should always follow the directions on the box.

It is best to start with a small amount of the product and then gradually increase the amount until the vagina feels comfortable. Some people find that reapplying the lubricant several times provides the best results.

A person may find it helpful to experiment with several different lubricants, paying attention to how their body responds to each one. If the vagina feels itchy or sore after using one of these products, this could indicate an allergy or sensitivity to an ingredient in the lubricant.

People should only try estrogen based creams after discussing their use with a healthcare professional. These creams often require a prescription. It is important to follow the directions for use and not exceed the dosage that a healthcare professional recommends.

Estrogen creams can take time to work, and it takes a few weeks for most people to see results.

Risks and side effects
Staying hydrated may help prevent vaginal dryness.
Commercial lubricants are safe for most people.

However, as with any healthcare product, they present some risks, including:

allergic reactions
skin irritation
yeast infections
interfering with fertility
drying up quickly, requiring frequent reapplication
When a person has clinical vaginal dryness, artificial lubricants do not treat the underlying problem. They will not increase estrogen or revive thinning vaginal tissue. People may, therefore, find that these products do not fully resolve the issue.

For those who do not get relief from vaginal dryness when they use commercial lubricants, estrogen creams may be a good option. Some other strategies that may help improve lubrication include:

remaining hydrated
having sex only when aroused
spending more time on foreplay
masturbating before sex
increasing the frequency of masturbation or sex

Summary
Vaginal lubrication can help people have better and more comfortable sexual experiences.

For people with vaginal dryness, the symptoms can be very uncomfortable or frustrating. A healthcare professional can help determine the cause of the dryness and then recommend a suitable solution.

Sex should not be painful, and the vagina should not be a source of discomfort. A person can see a doctor if vaginal dryness persists or does not get better with the use of a commercial lubricant.

[wonderfun]

https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/prep.html

[wonderfun]

Good news. The above CDC website says that PrEP, a new medicine, can be eaten before sex. Then heterosexual or gay couples can have sex without condoms. They will not get HIV. PrEP is basically anti retroviral HIV drugs that can be eaten before sex. Another advance against HIV and AIDS. HIV is now like a chronic medical condition like being a Hepatitis carrier. We must remove the stigma against AIDS.

[Big Sexy]

just afew correction....PrEP isnt new and it isnt just something to pop just before sex.....
it is a preventive measure and not 100% guarantee against getting HIV..
and it also uses the same drug combo as PEP..

https://sammyboyforum.com/showpost.php?p=13804681&postcount=857



Good news. The above CDC website says that PrEP, a new medicine, can be eaten before sex. Then heterosexual or gay couples can have sex without condoms. They will not get HIV. PrEP is basically anti retroviral HIV drugs that can be eaten before sex. Another advance against HIV and AIDS. HIV is now like a chronic medical condition like being a Hepatitis carrier. We must remove the stigma against AIDS.

[Big Sexy]

everyone should read this..

Crisis Looms in Antibiotics as Drug Makers Go Bankrupt By Andrew Jacobs
Published Dec. 25, 2019 Updated Dec. 26, 2019
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/25/health/antibiotics-new-resistance.html

Crisis Looms in Antibiotics as Drug Makers Go Bankrupt

First Big Pharma fled the field, and now start-ups are going belly up, threatening to stifle the development of new drugs.

At a time when germs are growing more resistant to common antibiotics, many companies that are developing new versions of the drugs are hemorrhaging money and going out of business, gravely undermining efforts to contain the spread of deadly, drug-resistant bacteria.

Antibiotic start-ups like Achaogen and Aradigm have gone belly up in recent months, pharmaceutical behemoths like Novartis and Allergan have abandoned the sector and many of the remaining American antibiotic companies are teetering toward insolvency. One of the biggest developers of antibiotics, Melinta Therapeutics, recently warned regulators it was running out of cash.

Experts say the grim financial outlook for the few companies still committed to antibiotic research is driving away investors and threatening to strangle the development of new lifesaving drugs at a time when they are urgently needed.

“This is a crisis that should alarm everyone,” said Dr. Helen Boucher, an infectious disease specialist at Tufts Medical Center and a member of the Presidential Advisory Council on Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria.

The problem is straightforward: The companies that have invested billions to develop the drugs have not found a way to make money selling them. Most antibiotics are prescribed for just days or weeks — unlike medicines for chronic conditions like diabetes or rheumatoid arthritis that have been blockbusters — and many hospitals have been unwilling to pay high prices for the new therapies. Political gridlock in Congress has thwarted legislative efforts to address the problem.

The challenges facing antibiotic makers come at time when many of the drugs designed to vanquish infections are becoming ineffective against bacteria and fungi, as overuse of the decades-old drugs has spurred them to develop defenses against the medicines.

Drug-resistant infections now kill 35,000 people in the United States each year and sicken 2.8 million, according a report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention released last month. Without new therapies, the United Nations says the global death toll could soar to 10 million by 2050.

The newest antibiotics have proved effective at tackling some of the most stubborn and deadly germs, including anthrax, bacterial pneumonia, E. coli and multi-drug-resistant skin infections.

The experience of the biotech company Achaogen is a case in point. It spent 15 years and a billion dollars to win Food and Drug Administration approval for Zemdri, a drug for hard-to-treat urinary tract infections. In July, the World Health Organization added Zemdri to its list of essential new medicines.

By then, however, there was no one left at Achaogen to celebrate.

This past spring, with its stock price hovering near zero and executives unable to raise the hundreds of millions of dollars needed to market the drug and do additional clinical studies, the company sold off lab equipment and fired its remaining scientists. In April, the company declared bankruptcy.

Public health experts say the crisis calls for government intervention. Among the ideas that have wide backing are increased reimbursements for new antibiotics, federal funding to stockpile drugs effective against resistant germs and financial incentives that would offer much needed aid to start-ups and lure back the pharmaceutical giants. Despite bipartisan support, legislation aimed at addressing the problem has languished in Congress.

“If this doesn’t get fixed in the next six to 12 months, the last of the Mohicans will go broke and investors won’t return to the market for another decade or two,” said Chen Yu, a health care venture capitalist who has invested in the field.

The industry faces another challenge: After years of being bombarded with warnings against profligate use of antibiotics, doctors have become reluctant to prescribe the newest medications, limiting the ability of companies to recoup the investment spent to discover the compounds and win regulatory approval. And in their drive to save money, many hospital pharmacies will dispense cheaper generics even when a newer drug is far superior.

“You’d never tell a cancer patient, ‘Why don’t you try a 1950s drug first and if doesn’t work, we’ll move on to one from the 1980s,’” said Kevin Outterson, the executive director of CARB-X, a government-funded nonprofit that provides grants to companies working on antimicrobial resistance. “We do this with antibiotics and it’s really having an adverse effect on patients and the marketplace.”

Many of the new drugs are not cheap, at least when compared to older generics that can cost a few dollars a pill. A typical course of Xerava, a newly approved antibiotic that targets multi-drug-resistant infections, can cost as much as $2,000.

“Unlike expensive new cancer drugs that extend survival by three-to-six months, antibiotics like ours truly save a patient’s life,” said Larry Edwards, chief executive of the company that makes Xerava, Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals. “It’s frustrating.”

Tetraphase, based in Watertown, Mass., has struggled to get hospitals to embrace Xerava, which took more than a decade to discover and bring to market, even though the drug can vanquish resistant germs like MRSA and CRE, a group of resistant bacteria that kills 13,000 people a year.

Tetraphase’s stock price has been hovering around $2, down from nearly $40 a year ago. To trim costs, Mr. Edwards recently shuttered the company’s labs, laid off some 40 scientists and scuttled plans to move forward on three other promising antibiotics.

For Melinta Therapeutics based in Morristown, N.J., the future is even grimmer. Last month, the company’s stock price dropped 45 percent after executives issued a warning about the company’s long-term prospects. Melinta makes four antibiotics, including Baxdela, which recently received F.D.A. approval to treat the kind of drug-resistant pneumonia that often kills hospitalized patients. Jennifer Sanfilippo, Melinta’s interim chief executive, said she was hoping a sale or merger would buy the company more time to raise awareness about the antibiotics’ value among hospital pharmacists and increase sales.

“These drugs are my babies, and they are so urgently needed,” she said.

Coming up with new compounds is no easy feat. Only two new classes of antibiotics have been introduced in the last 20 years — most new drugs are variations on existing ones — and the diminishing financial returns have driven most companies from the market. In the 1980s, there were 18 major pharmaceutical companies developing new antibiotics; today there are three.

“The science is hard, really hard,” said Dr. David Shlaes, a former vice president at Wyeth Pharmaceuticals and a board member of the Global Antibiotic Research and Development Partnership, a nonprofit advocacy organization. “And reducing the number of people who work on it by abandoning antibiotic R & D is not going to get us anywhere.”

A new antibiotic can cost $2.6 billion to develop, he said, and the biggest part of that cost is the failures along the way.

Some of the sector’s biggest players have coalesced around a raft of interventions and incentives that would treat antibiotics as a global good. They include extending the exclusivity for new antibiotics to give companies more time to earn back their investments and creating a program to buy and store critical antibiotics much the way the federal government stockpiles emergency medication for possible pandemics or bioterror threats like anthrax and smallpox.

The DISARM Act, a bill introduced in Congress this year, would direct Medicare to reimburse hospitals for new and critically important antibiotics. The bill has bipartisan support but has yet to advance.

One of its sponsors, Senator Bob Casey, Democrat of Pennsylvania, said some of the reluctance to push it forward stemmed from the political sensitivity over soaring prescription drug prices. “There is some institutional resistance to any legislation that provides financial incentives to drug companies,” he said.

Washington has not entirely been sitting on its hands. Over the past decade, the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority, or BARDA, a federal effort to counter chemical, nuclear and other public health threats, has invested a billion dollars in companies developing promising antimicrobial drugs and diagnostics that can help address antibiotic resistance.

“If we don’t have drugs to combat these multi-drug-resistant organisms, then we’re not doing our job to keep Americans safe,” Rick A. Bright, the director of the agency, said.

Dr. Bright has had a firsthand experience with the problem. Two years ago, his thumb became infected after he nicked it while gardening in his backyard. The antibiotic he was prescribed had no effect, nor did six others he was given at the hospital. It turned out he had MRSA.

The infection spread, and doctors scheduled surgery to amputate the thumb. His doctor prescribed one last antibiotic but only after complaining about its cost and warning that Dr. Bright’s insurance might not cover it. Within hours, the infection began to improve and the amputation was canceled.

“If I had gotten the right drug on Day 1, I would have never had to go to the emergency room,” he said.

Achaogen and its 300 employees had held out hope for government intervention, especially given that the company had received $124 million from BARDA to develop Zemdri.

As recently as two years ago, the company had a market capitalization of more than $1 billion and Zemdri was so promising that it became the first antibiotic the F.D.A. designated as a breakthrough therapy, expediting the approval process.

Dr. Ryan Cirz, one of Achaogen’s founders and the vice president for research, recalled the days when venture capitalists took a shine to the company and investors snapped up its stock. “It wasn’t hype,” Dr. Cirz, a microbiologist, said. “This was about saving lives.”

In June, investors at the bankruptcy sale bought out the company’s lab equipment and the rights to Zemdri for a pittance: $16 million. (The buyer, the generic-drug maker Cipla USA, has continued to manufacture the drug.) Many of Achaogen’s scientists have since found research jobs in more lucrative fields like oncology.

Dr. Cirz lost his life savings, but he said he had bigger concerns. Without effective antibiotics, many common medical procedures could one day become life-threatening.

“This is a problem that can be solved, it’s not that complicated,” he said. “We can deal with the problem now, or we can just sit here and wait until greater numbers of people start dying. That would be a tragedy.”

Matt Richtel contributed reporting.

[Big Sexy]

Antibiotics maker Melinta files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy
Reporting by Dania Nadeem in Bengaluru; Editing by Anil D'Silva
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-melinta-bankruptcy/antibiotics-maker-melinta-files-for-chapter-11-bankruptcy-idUSKBN1YV1AT

(Reuters) - Melinta Therapeutics Inc said on Friday it had filed for bankruptcy protection, becoming the latest casualty of a persistent cash burn in the antibiotic industry.

The drugmaker, which has four antibiotics on the market, warned that it was running out of cash last month.

Global health officials have repeatedly warned about the rise of bacteria and other microbes that are resistant to most drugs due to their overuse, prompting health agencies to push for newer versions of antibiotics.

However, antibiotics are relatively cheap and are more effective the less they are used, making profitability hard to achieve.

Larger drugmakers, including AstraZeneca Plc, Novartis and Sanofi SA, have stopped developing antibiotics, while smaller players such as Achaogen Inc have filed for bankruptcy.

Melinta, which filed for Chapter 11 in the U.S. Bankruptcy Court for the District of Delaware, said lenders would acquire the company by exchanging $140 million of claims under their credit facility for all of the company’s equity.

The company’s shares were down 53% at 70 cents on Friday. They are down 62% for the year through Thursday close.

[Big Sexy]

What causes sores on the penis?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326583.php

A sore is a painful bump or wound. Sores can appear on any part of the skin, including on the penis. Penis sores often result from a sexually transmitted infection or a skin condition.

While some penis sores will clear up on their own, many require treatment to prevent symptoms from getting worse, complications, and transmission to others.

In this article, we list 12 potential causes of penis sores and the treatments available for each one.

1. Genital herpes
Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that passes from one person to another during sexual activity. In the United States, more than 1 in every 6 people aged 14–49 have genital herpes.

The herpes simplex virus causes genital herpes. Its symptoms can include painful, itchy, fluid-filled, blistering sores on the penis and other parts of the genitals. When these blisters burst, they can leave scars.

Treatment

There is no cure for herpes, but antiviral medications can help prevent or treat outbreaks.

Individuals should avoid sexual activity until the sores go away. People should also refrain from touching the sores, as this may cause them to spread the virus to other areas.
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2. Genital warts
Genital warts are another type of viral STI, caused by the human papillomavirus. They appear on the penis as small, bumpy, sometimes stalky, cauliflower-like growths. Genital warts can cause itching and discomfort.

Approximately 1% of sexually active people in the U.S. have genital warts at any given time.

Treatment

If the warts do not cause pain and discomfort, then no treatment is necessary. For up to 1 in 3 people with the condition, the warts will go away on their own within 2 years.

To remove the warts, a doctor can freeze them off, perform laser surgery, or prescribe a topical medication to destroy the warts. These treatments do not kill the virus that causes the warts, however, so they may return in the future.

Individuals should avoid sex for at least 2 weeks after the warts have gone away. It is still possible to spread the virus to others after this time, so it is important to use barrier protection when having sex.
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3. Syphilis
Syphilis is a severe bacterial infection and another type of STI.

In the early stages of infection, syphilis usually causes a hard, painless, red sore on the penis. This sore lasts for 3–6 weeks.

Untreated, syphilis can lead to:

cardiovascular problems
dementia
hearing or vision loss
increased risk of HIV infection
meningitis
pregnancy, childbirth, and fetal complications
stroke

Treatment

If a person suspects syphilis, they must seek medical attention as early as possible to prevent the infection from progressing and causing severe, lasting health complications.

A penicillin injection is the main form of treatment for syphilis.

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4. Scabies

Scabies is a contagious skin condition that can affect many parts of the body, including the penis.

People get scabies when the Sarcoptes scabiei mite burrows into the skin. Sexual contact increases the risk of scabies in the penis.

Scabies causes tiny blisters or sores on the skin that are extremely itchy, especially at night. These sores typically occur in thin, irregular lines showing the path of the mite under the skin.

After an infestation occurs, a person who has never had scabies before may not develop symptoms until after 4–6 weeks. Symptoms typically show up within 1–4 days in cases of a second or subsequent infestation.

Treatment

Prescription creams and lotions are the first line of treatment for scabies. If these do not work, a doctor may prescribe oral medications.

Cold compresses and antihistamines can relieve itching until the scabicide medication takes effect.
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5. Molluscum contagiosum
Molluscum contagiosum is a viral skin infection. Anyone can catch molluscum contagiosum from direct contact with others or from sharing towels or personal items. Sexual contact can cause it to develop on the penis.

Symptoms include itchy, round, raised, pink or flesh-colored sores on the penis. These can occur alone or in clusters.

Many cases clear up without treatment within 12–18 months. While sores are present, people can transmit molluscum contagiosum to others.

Treatment

To remove the sores and to avoid transmitting the infection to others, doctors recommend:

topical creams or lotions
surgical removal of the lesions with a curette, which is a small hooked tool
cryotherapy
laser surgery
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6. Chancroid
Chancroid is a bacterial infection that the Haemophilus ducreyi bacterium can cause. It spreads from one person to another through sex without barrier protection.

The infection causes small, red, raised sores to form on the penis. These are itchy and painful, and they ooze blood or other fluid when they later open and become ulcerative.

Other symptoms include pain during sexual activity or urination, and swelling in the groin.

Treatment

As with other bacterial infections, the main treatment for chancroid is antibiotic medication. Treatment can cure the infection and prevent it from spreading to others.

Chancroid is a risk factor for HIV infection.

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7. Granuloma inguinale
Granuloma inguinale is a bacterial STI that causes ulcers to form on the genitals and anus. It is rare in the U.S., but common in some developing regions.

In the beginning, the infection causes small, painless bumps. Over time, these sores slowly develop into deepening ulcers that bleed.

Treatment

Antibiotics treat the infection and reduce the risk of scarring.

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8. Psoriasis
Psoriasis is an autoimmune skin condition that causes red, scaly patches of skin. On the penis and genitals, it can cause:

a red rash with silvery scales
dry, cracking skin that may bleed
itching, pain, and discomfort
Symptoms vary from one person to another. In some, it may appear as just a few spots, while others experience a widespread rash.

Treatment

There is no cure for psoriasis, but treatment aims to keep symptoms under control. Medical treatments include:

topical creams and ointments
oral medications
injected medications
UV light therapy
Lifestyle changes and home remedies can relieve discomfort. These include cool compresses, moisturizing lotions, and stress management.

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9. Atopic dermatitis
Atopic dermatitis, or eczema, is a chronic skin condition. It can affect many body parts, including the penis.

An eczema rash causes red, flaky bumps that itch. The bumps may blister and burst before forming a scab.

Eczema occurs in people who have a gene variant that affects their skin's ability to protect against irritants and allergens. Eczema rashes on the penis may result from contact with scented cleansing products, laundry detergents, or from chafing from clothing.

Treatment

Mild eczema may respond to the following home remedies:

cool compresses
warm oatmeal baths
loose clothing
moisturizing with an unscented lotion
If these do not work, a doctor may prescribe oral or injectable medications or topical creams.

Learn more about home remedies for eczema here.

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10. Lichen planus
Lichen planus is another autoimmune skin condition. It causes an itchy rash characterized by flat, purple-red bumps. The rash may develop on the penis, inner arms, wrists, ankles, or other body parts.

These sores may form blisters that ooze and crust over. Painful, white sores that look like lace may also develop in the mouth.

Treatment

Treatment for mild cases of lichen planus includes oatmeal baths, cool compresses, and over-the-counter (OTC) hydrocortisone creams.

If these options do not work, a doctor may prescribe medication.
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11. Diabetes ulcers
Diabetes ulcers typically appear on the feet. However, at least one case report describes penile ulcers as a result of diabetes. In this case, treatment involved antifungal cream and medication to control blood sugar levels.

More common symptoms of diabetes mellitus include:

slow healing sores on the skin
frequent skin infections
increased thirst and urination
extreme hunger
fatigue and irritability
blurred vision

Treatment

Diabetes treatment varies from one person to another. Options include medication, a balanced diet, physical activity, and other lifestyle changes.

12. Penile cancer

Penile cancer is a rare form of cancer. Typically, the first symptom is a change in the skin of the penis, such as:

a lump or small, crusty sore or ulcer that may bleed
changes in skin color
thickening of the skin
a rash under the foreskin
odorous discharge or bleeding under the foreskin
flat growths

Treatment

Penile cancer requires prompt treatment to stop it from progressing. A doctor may recommend one of the following options:

surgical removal of the foreskin or cancerous tissue
chemotherapy
radiation therapy

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Outlook
The outlook for people with penis sores depends on the underlying cause. Typically, penis sores occur due to a STI or chronic skin condition. It is important to avoid sexual activity until a doctor determines the precise cause of the sores.

Seek prompt medical attention if other symptoms accompany the sore, such as:

painful urination or ejaculation
unusual discharge from the penis or the sores
fever or chills
fatigue or a general feeling of illness
unexplained weight loss
The earlier a person seeks treatment, the better the outcome.

[Big Sexy]

How often should a man release sperm?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326586.php
Medically reviewed by Kevin Martinez, M.D. on October 8, 2019 — Written by Zawn Villines

For most men, ejaculating is synonymous with having an orgasm, although some men can have an orgasm without ejaculating.

Ejaculate contains fluid from the prostate, seminal vesicles, and bulbourethral glands. Though it contains a wide variety of substances, including citric acid, cholesterol, mucus, and water, its primary job is to deliver sperm.

Research shows that the frequency with which a man ejaculates may affect his health, sperm count, and overall well-being.

While no evidence says that not ejaculating causes serious health problems, frequent ejaculation may reduce a man's risk of prostate cancer. Having satisfying sex with a partner may also improve a man's health.

This article looks at how often a man should release sperm, whether there is a link between ejaculation and cancer, and the effects of ejaculation on the body.

What is normal?

Many men may wonder whether their sexual behavior is normal. They may fear that they are not having as much sex as their peers, or that they are masturbating too frequently.

The truth is that there is no "normal" number of times a man should ejaculate. Average ejaculation frequency varies according to many factors, including a man's:

age
health
relationship status
According to the 2015 Sexual Exploration in America Study, partnered sex — and the ejaculation that usually accompanies it — is most frequent among men ages 25–29, with 68.9% reporting vaginal intercourse during the last month. The figure drops slightly to 63.2%, among men in their 30s, and declines with each decade of advancing age.

Research published in the Journal of Sexual Medicine found that masturbation was common across a man's lifespan. Men of all age groups reported masturbation in the past month. Solo masturbation was more common than partnered sex during adolescence and in those about 70. Partnered masturbation was highest among men ages 30–39.

What is safe?
No guidelines state the ideal frequency with which a man should ejaculate, whether on his own or with a partner. Myths exist about the dangers of regular masturbation. However, according to Planned Parenthood, there is no evidence that frequent masturbation is harmful.

Likewise, most people do not consider frequent consensual sex with a partner to be harmful to either party as long as both partners:

feel comfortable in their actions
avoid sexual activities that cause pain
adopt safer sex strategies
A 2015 study found that men who ejaculated daily over 14 days experienced slight decreases in the number of sperm in their ejaculate. However, the reduction did not cause sperm count to fall below normal thresholds. Also, frequent ejaculation did not affect other measures of sperm health, such as sperm motility and morphology.

Research published in the journal Social Psychological and Personality Science found that partners who have sex at least weekly report being happier with their relationships. More frequent sex did not increase relationship satisfaction, but it also did not cause it to decline.

Is there a cancer link?

Men who ejaculate frequently may have a lower risk of prostate cancer, according to a 2016 study that followed men for nearly 2 decades.

Researchers found that men ages 40–49 that ejaculated more frequently had a lower risk of prostate cancer. Men with the lowest risk ejaculated at least 21 times per month.

The study did not establish that ejaculation could prevent cancer in younger men. The researchers remain unsure whether frequent ejaculation fights prostate or any other cancer in men under 40.

There is no evidence that frequent ejaculation is harmful to younger men.

Effects on the body

Ejaculation may offer numerous health benefits. Ejaculation from partnered sex may be particularly beneficial because:

Sex is a form of exercise. Exercise reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease, obesity, diabetes, and many other health problems.
Sex may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Research that followed men with erectile dysfunction found that those who had sex less than once a month were more likely to develop heart disease.
Sex may relieve stress and improve mood.
Having sex at least once per week may improve the immune system.
Ejaculation may offer pain relief for chronic pain and the pain associated with several conditions.
Many men also find that ejaculation, whether alone or with a partner, helps them sleep.

Men who worry about sperm production should know that the body continually produces sperm. Frequent ejaculation will not cause the body to run out. Although it takes the average sperm about 74 days to fully mature, the body makes millions of sperm each day.

Men with healthy, normal sperm counts should not worry about the effects of regular ejaculation. Those with a low or marginal sperm count should discuss ejaculation frequency with a knowledgeable doctor or reproductive endocrinologist.

Summary
Most research suggests that frequent ejaculation offers several health benefits. There is no evidence that regular ejaculation causes any health issues. More frequent ejaculation may mean a man gains more health benefits.

The positive benefits of ejaculation do not mean that all men must ejaculate frequently. Men who prefer to avoid sex, asexual men, men for whom ejaculation is painful, and many other men may find that the discomfort of ejaculation outweighs any benefits.

Men who only want to have sex with a partner may limit their ejaculation because of relationship problems, fatigue, or because their partner does not want to have sex.

Ultimately, there is no right number of times a man should ejaculate. While frequent ejaculation may offer several health benefits, no evidence proves that never or infrequently ejaculating causes specific health issues.

[Big Sexy]

What causes cysts on the penis?
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326622.php
Medically reviewed by Kevin Martinez, M.D. on October 10, 2019 — Written by Jamie Eske

Cysts are sac-like structures in the skin that contain fluid, pus, or gas. They usually appear on the face, ears, neck, or back, but they can develop in other areas, including the penis.

Most penile cysts do not require treatment. However, anyone who thinks that they may have a cyst should see a doctor for a diagnosis. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and other health issues can cause bumps that resemble cysts to form on the penis.

The causes of penile cysts vary, and each has distinct symptoms. In this article, we discuss the causes, symptoms, treatment options, and risk factors of penile cysts.

Pearly penile papules
Pearly penile papules are noncancerous, dome-shaped lesions that develop along the corona, which is the border of the tip of the penis.

On average, 14–48% of males develop these penile papules, according to one 2016 review of studies published in the American Journal of Men's Health.

Pearly penile papules have no known cause. They do not develop as the result of an infection or any other underlying medical issue.

Usually, these papules clear up on their own and do not require treatment.

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Epidermoid cyst
Epidermoid cysts are sac-like structures that contain keratin, which is a fibrous protein. Keratin exists in the hair, skin, and nails.

In one 2019 article, researchers report that, while epidermoid cysts can occur anywhere on the body, they usually develop on the:

face
scalp
neck
back
scrotum
These cysts are not typically a cause for concern, but they can become inflamed, which may result in discomfort or pain in the area.
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Tyson glands
Tyson glands are small, sebaceous glands on either side of the frenulum. The frenulum is the elastic band of connective tissue that connects the foreskin to the penis.

If a person has enlarged Tyson glands, they may develop tiny yellow or white bumps on the underside of the penis.
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Median raphe cyst
Median raphe cysts are rare, and they develop on the bottom of the head of the penis.

These cysts form before birth. However, the authors of one 2019 case report note that people tend only to realize that they have median raphe cysts in adolescence or adulthood, or when the cyst grows large enough to cause inflammation in the surrounding skin tissue.

Fordyce spots
Fordyce spots are small, yellow or white bumps that can form on the lips, inner cheeks, penis, or scrotum. These bumps develop in sebaceous glands that do not contain hair follicles.

According to a 2015 case report, Fordyce spots affect 70–80% of adults and occur twice as often in males as in females.

Fordyce spots may appear during puberty, when fluctuations in hormone levels lead to enlarged sebaceous glands.

These spots do not usually require treatment because they do not result from an infection or any other health issue. In rare cases, Fordyce spots on the genitals can cause discomfort or pain during sex.
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Penile cancer

A lump on the penis can result from penile cancer, which is rare. According to the American Cancer Society, cancers affecting the penis account for fewer than 1% of all cancer diagnoses in males in the United States.

Symptoms of penile cancer include:

a lump on the penis that may grow larger over time
an ulcer or open sore on the penis
a rash under the foreskin
thickening of the skin on the penis
brown, crusty bumps on the penis
bleeding or unusual discharge
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The American Cancer Society recommend that anyone with a growth or any other abnormality on the penis consult a doctor. They suggest seeing a doctor if any change to the penis lasts longer than 4 weeks.

Treatment and removal
Usually, cysts clear up on their own without treatment.

The following tips can help manage any pain or discomfort while a cyst heals:

Keep the skin clean: Gently cleanse the skin around the cyst with warm water and fragrance free, antibacterial soap. Pat the skin dry immediately after washing it.

Apply a warm compress: Soak a clean towel or cloth in warm water and wring it out. Place the cloth over the cyst for a few minutes. As the cloth cools, soak it again and repeat. Applying this heat will help drain the cyst.
Avoid popping or squeezing the cyst: Squeezing a cyst can cause irritation, which may make it grow larger. Popping a cyst can lead to an infection.
Some people ask doctors to remove cysts for aesthetic reasons. The doctor may drain the cyst or surgically remove it.

A doctor may recommend draining a cyst if it bursts under the skin or an infection develops. After draining the cyst, a doctor will likely prescribe a course of antibiotics to treat an existing infection and prevent future infections.

A doctor can remove a cyst by making a small cut on the skin above the cyst. They will use forceps and a scalpel to remove the cyst and the surrounding tissue. After removing the cyst, they will close the wound with dissolvable stitches.

If a person may have an STI, they should see a doctor for an evaluation. Certain STIs can cause cysts to form on the penis.

Risk factors

The following factors can increase a person's risk of developing a penile cyst:

hormonal changes
injury to the penis
poor personal hygiene
vigorous sexual activity
genetics or family history

Summary
Cysts can develop anywhere on the body, including the shaft and head of the penis. Usually, a cyst on the penis does not require medical treatment.

People can treat a cyst at home by:

keeping the skin around the cyst clean and dry
applying a warm compress to help drain fluid from the cyst
refraining from popping or squeezing the cyst
A person can have a cyst drained or surgically removed if it causes discomfort.

[Big Sexy]

Everything you need to know about man boobs
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326637.php
Medically reviewed by Daniel Bubnis, M.S., NASM-CPT, NASE Level II-CSS on October 11, 2019 — Written by Jenna Fletcher

Everyone, including males, has some breast tissue. For many males, the breast tissue never enlarges. For some, however, it expands due to hormonal changes, certain medications, or an underlying medical condition.

Some people call this condition "man boobs," which may feel like an uncomfortable or bothersome term. Some males may also feel embarrassed to seek a doctor's advice about enlarged breast tissue.

However, it is important to note that enlarged breast tissue is a common concern. As such, there are many possible treatments available for those who wish to change the look of their chest.

Keep reading for more information about the causes of male breast expansion and possible exercises, dietary changes, and treatments to reduce their appearance.

Causes

Testosterone in the male body usually prevents the breast tissue from expanding.

However, some males develop enlarged breasts due to hormonal changes or fluctuations. When this occurs, doctors call it gynecomastia.

Gynecomastia is more common in certain groups, including:

infants, due to their mother's estrogen
teenagers, due to changing hormone levels
those over the age of 50
There are several potential causes of gynecomastia, including:

hormone changes
taking certain antibiotics
taking medications that block the action of testosterone
excessive alcohol consumption
taking certain psychiatric medications
taking anti-ulcer medications
taking herbal supplements that contain phytoestrogens
using tea tree oil or lavender lotions
using illicit drugs, such as anabolic steroids or androgens
excessive body fat
liver or kidney disease
certain types of tumor
overactive thyroid
other conditions that cause lower testosterone levels
However, for many males, excess breast tissue is not the cause of "man boobs."

Like the abdomen, the chest can accumulate fat. In these cases, exercise and dietary changes can reduce their appearance.

Exercises
When excess fat stores are the cause of male breast expansion, one of the best remedies is a combination of diet and exercise.

When exercising, people can focus on both cardiovascular workouts to reduce weight overall and chest exercises that focus on developing the pectoral and other chest muscles.

Before starting a new exercise routine, it is best to speak to a doctor to determine what is safe and appropriate for a person's individual needs and abilities.

Some cardiovascular workouts and activities for weight loss include:

walking
running
team sports
high intensity interval training
jogging
cycling
swimming
According to the United States Department of Health & Human Services, an adult should perform 150–300 minutes of moderate intensity exercise or 75–150 minutes of high intensity exercise per week.

Although it is impossible for a person to lose weight in a specific place on the body, targeted chest exercises can help them gain more muscle in the chest, which may help reduce the appearance of breast tissue.

In addition, the more muscle a person has, the faster their metabolism works and the more calories they will burn.

Chest exercises to build muscle include:

If a person has a gym membership, they can take advantage of a number of different machines that target the chest muscles. It is always best to talk to a trainer about how to use each machine for maximum benefit and to reduce the risk of injury.

Dietary changes
If excess weight is causing or contributing to enlarged male breasts, a person can focus on changing their eating habits.

In general, the best dietary changes to make are ones that are small and sustainable. Significantly overhauling the diet is often very difficult to maintain and can lead to regaining lost weight.

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommend losing weight at a rate of around 1–2 pounds per week. Gradual weight loss is more sustainable and can lead to overall health improvements.

Before making changes to the diet, it can be helpful to keep a food journal. A food journal can give a person insight into what they can cut out and what nutrients are lacking.

The CDC also put together some recommendations for reducing caloric intake. These include:

eating whole, raw fruits and vegetables whenever possible
avoiding fruit juices, as they do not contain fiber
using no or low fat cooking techniques, such as steaming, boiling, or baking
choosing whole fruit over dried fruit
substituting unhealthful snacks with fruits or vegetables

Treatment

Treatment options vary based on what is causing the enlarged appearance of male breasts.

If it is a matter of extra weight, a doctor may recommend that a person makes changes to their diet and exercise routines.

If medications are responsible, a doctor may be able to prescribe alternatives. Sometimes, however, the benefits of a current medication outweigh the side effects.

If a medical issue is causing the breast tissue to enlarge, treating the underlying condition can help.

Some people may choose to undergo surgery to remove the excess breast tissue. However, unless it is for the treatment of breast cancer, insurance companies tend to consider the removal of male breast tissue a cosmetic issue and will not cover the costs.

Summary
All males have some breast tissue. However, some medical conditions, medications, and hormonal changes can cause male breasts to grow larger than usual.

In other cases, excess weight in the area may make the breast tissue look as though it has grown. People put on weight in different places, and some people first put on weight in their breast area.

If enlarged male breasts do not reduce with dietary changes, exercise, or other treatments, a person may consider surgery to reduce the appearance.

[Big Sexy]

Most common 3 STDs on the rise, according to CDC report
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326604.php#1
Written by Tim Newman on October 11, 2019 - Fact checked by Paula Field


According to a report published this week by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the number of people with chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis is rising.

Yesterday, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) released its annual Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance Report, containing data from 2018.

In it, they outline some worrying trends in the numbers of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).

According to the report, the combined number of syphilis, gonorrhea, and chlamydia cases reached an all time high in 2018.

In a companion press release, Dr. Gail Bolan, Director of the Division of Sexually Transmitted Disease Prevention, writes that this is the "fifth consecutive year of increases" for the three STDs.

STDs in numbers
Between 2017 and 2018, the number of gonorrhea cases increased by 5% to a total of 580,000 cases; this is the highest number of cases since 1991.

As for chlamydia, cases hit the highest numbers ever recorded by the CDC. Compared with 2017, they were 3% higher, making a total of 1.7 million cases.

The number of primary and secondary syphilis cases, which are the most infectious stages of syphilis, increased by 14% to 35,000 cases; this is also the highest level since 1991.

Syphilis can pass between a mother and her unborn child, which doctors refer to as congenital syphilis. In 2018, there were 1,300 cases of syphilis in newborns, an increase of 40%. In all, 70% of congenital syphilis cases occurred in five states: California, Florida, Texas, Arizona, and Louisiana.

Congenital syphilis increases the risk of stillbirth, miscarriage, newborn death, and lifelong medical issues.

There was an increase in newborn deaths from 77 in 2017 to 94 in 2018. Dr. Bolan injects the statistics with emotion:

"This goes beyond data and surveillance, beyond numbers and calculations — we lost 94 lives before they even began to an entirely preventable infection."

Antibiotics can effectively treat all three of the above STDs. However, if they are left untreated, they can lead to infertility and ectopic pregnancies. STDs can also increase the risk of contracting HIV.

These increases are particularly striking given that STDs had, seemingly, been on the ropes. As the CDC report states in the foreword written by Dr. Bolan, "not that long ago, gonorrhea rates were at historic lows, and syphilis was close to elimination."

Why the increase?
Several factors are likely to play a part in the increase in STDs. According to the CDC press release, these factors include poverty, drug use, and unstable housing, all of which "reduce access to STD prevention and care."

The CDC also noted a reduction in condom use among some at risk demographics, such as young people, and gay and bisexual men.

Added to this, the CDC explain in the press release how certain financial restraints have played a part:

"[I]n recent years, more than half of local programs have experienced budget cuts, resulting in clinic closures, reduced screening, staff loss, and reduced patient follow-up and linkage to care services."


What can we do?
According to the CDC report, reversing these changes will take pointed, combined efforts from multiple stakeholders.

They call for "federal, state, and local programs [to] employ strategies that maximize long term population impact by reducing STD incidence and promoting sexual, reproductive, maternal, and infant health."

They explain that as health infrastructure erodes, fragile populations are missing out on the healthcare and preventive services that they deserve.

The CDC also explain the need for increased surveillance. It is imperative that reports do not only count those who have access to treatment and diagnosis. It is crucial to uncover hidden populations; otherwise, it is impossible to prevent infections from spreading.

According to the CDC, healthcare providers should make STD screening and treatment a "standard part of medical care."

They also place pressure on state and local health departments, asking them to "strengthen the local public health infrastructure" to stem the tide of STDs and protect the most vulnerable members of society.

The take-home message of the report is that it is crucial to take action. However, Dr. Bolan ends her press release with positivity:

"Together, we can turn the tide to protect the people we diligently serve day in and day out."